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- A Tale of Two Collectives: Sulfur versus Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reduction in Europe Reduction sulfur and nitrogen oxides Indices of civil liberties and political freedom (Gastil, 1983; 1988; and 1989) OLS 25 European countries; 1985, 1987, 1990, and 1992 Positive impact on sulfur cutbacks not for nitrogen oxides Midlarsky (1998). Democracy and the environment: an empirical assessment. Deforestation, carbon dioxide emission, soil erosion by water, and protected land area Democracy OLS Panel regression No evidence of democracies improving soil erosion by chemicals, and freshwater availability, and even negative effects of democracies over CO2, deforestation, and soil erosion by water. The study only finds a positive effect of democracy on protected land.
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- “Global warming and the neglected greenhouse gas: a cross-national study of the social causes of methane emissions intensity CH4 intensity Index of democratization Cross-section OLS with listwise deletion 39-68 countries for 1995 Democratization has no effect on methane intensity Li and Reuveny (2006). Democracy and Environmental Degradation.
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Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., and Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth. Handbook of Economic Growth, 1, 385–472.
Aghion, P. and Howitt, P. (1992). A Model of growth through creative destruction. Econometrica, 60(2), 323-351.
- An empirical analysis. 17-35 countries, 1977-1988 smoke and heavy particulates.
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Anokhin, S., Schulze and W. S. (2009). Entrepreneurship, innovation and corruption. Journal of Business Venturing 24, 465–476.
Asiedu, E., Freeman, J. (2009). The effect of corruption on investment growth: Evidence from firms in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and transition countries. Review of Development Economics 13, 200–214.
Ayyagari, M., Demirguc-Kunt, A., Maksimovic, V. (2010). Are innovating firms victims or perpetrators? Tax evasion, bribe payments and the role of external finance in developing countries. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 5389.
Bardhan, Pranab. (1997). "Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues," Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXV (September): 1320-1346.
Bellos, S. and Subasat, T. (2012). Corruption and Foreign Direct Investment: A Panel Gravity Model Approach. Bulletin of Economic Research, 64(4), 565–574.
- Bellos, S., and T. Subasat (2012). ‘Corruption and foreign direct investment: A panel gravity model approach’. Bulletin of Economic Research, 565–75.
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Bhattarai and Hammig (2001). Institutions and the Environmental Kuznets curve for deforestation: A cross-country analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia.
- Bhattarai, M. and M. Hammig. (2001). Institutions and the environmental Kuznets Curve for deforestation: A cross-country analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia. World Development 29: 995-1010.
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- Biglaiser, G., and K. DeRouen (2006). ‘Economic reforms and inflows of foreign direct investment in Latin America’. Latin American Research Review, 41(1): 51–75.
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- Binder and Neumayer (2005). Environmental pressure group strength and air pollution: Sulphur dioxide, smoke, and heavy particles ENGOs’ strength and Democracy (Policy IV) Panel OLS, RE, and IV regression ENGO strength is effective in reducing air pollution levels in the form of SO2,
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Binder, S. and E. Neumayer (2005). “Environmental pressure group strength and air pollution: an empirical analysisâ€. Ecological Economics 55 (4): 527-538 Brunetti, A., G. Kisunko and B. Wider (1997), ‘Institutional Obstacles to Doing Business: Region-by-Region Results from a Worldwide Survey of the Private Sector’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 1759, Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bosetti, V. and Verdolini, E. (2013). Clean and Dirty International Technology Diffusion.
Botta, E. and T. Koźluk (2014), "Measuring Environmental Policy Stringency in OECD Countries: A Composite Index Approach", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1177, OECD Publishing, Paris. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjnc45gvg-en Barret, S. and K. Graddy (2000). “Freedom, growth and the environmentâ€. Environment and Development Economics 5: 433-456.
- Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
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Busse, Matthias, and Carsten Hefeker. (2007). "Political risk, institutions and foreign direct investment." European Journal of Political Economy 23:397-415.
- Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, organic pollution in water, deforestation, and land degradation Democracy and autocracy (Polity IV), Panel and cross-section OLS 105-143 countries 1961-1997 Democracy improves environmental quality regarding all the dependent variables.
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- Carlsson and Lundstrom (2003). The Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on CO2 Emissions.
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- Carlsson, F. and S. Lundstrom (2003). “The effects of economic and political freedom on CO2 emissionsâ€. Göteborg University department of Economics Working Papers in Economics 29.
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Carraro, C., De Cian, E., Nicita, L., Massetti, M., Verdolini, E. (2010), Environmental Policy and Technical Change: A Survey. International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics 4, 163â€219.
- Castiglione C., Infante D. and Smirnova J. (2013). Institutional enforcement, environmental quality and economic development. A panel VAR approach. In: Proceedings of the IV CICSE Conference on Structural Change, Dynamics and Economic Growth. Livorno, Italy, 12-14 September 2013. Coe, D.T, E. Helpman, and A.W. Hoffmaister International R&D Spillovers and Institutions. NBER Working Paper 14069.
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Castiglione et al. (2012). Rule of Law and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence for Carbon Emissions.
Castiglione, C., D. Infante, and J. Smirnova (2012). ‘Rule of law and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: evidence for carbon emissions’. International Journal of Sustainable Economics, 4(3): 254–69.
- Change in installed capacity of renewable and fossil efficient as a fraction total capacity Policy instruments supporting either renewable or fossil efficient technologies-WEO Policy Database FE difference-in-differences 27 OECD countries over the years 1990-2007 Environmental policy has a positive effect on investment in renewable energy technologies but fossil efficient technologies seem less affected.
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- Clean or “Dirty†Energy: Evidence on a Renewable Energy Resource Curse Number of wind plants and total capacity installed Number of charges made by police for criminal association activity and total criminal activity -Panel OLS, difference-indifferences 34 South-Italian provinces 1990-2007 Expansion of the wind energy sector has been driven by quality of political institutions, through their effect on criminal association.
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- Climate variability, economic growth, and civil conflict. 1st stage: Economic growth 2nd stage: Onset of civil conflict Polity (Polity IV) 2SLS Global dataset 1980–2004 No evidence that climate variability affects economic growth. Weak evidence that non-democratic countries are more likely to experience civil conflict when economic conditions deteriorate.
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- CO2 emissions Political and civil freedom (Freedom House) Box-Cox regression 75 countries 1975-1995 Political freedom has no effect on reducing levels of emission of CO2.
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- Cole (2007). Corruption, income and the environment: An empirical Analysis.
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Cole, M. A., and Fredriksson, P. G. (2009). Institutionalized pollution havens. Ecological Economics, 68(4), 1239–1256.
Cole, M.A. (2007). “Corruption, income and the environment: an empirical analysis,†Ecological Economics, 62, 647-647.
- Congleton, R. (1992). “Political institutions and political controlâ€. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74 (3): 412-421.
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- Corruption (Political Risk Services and ICRG) and Democracy (Freedom House) Cross-section OLS 63 countries for 1990 More corrupt countries have less stringent environmental regulations while democratic countries also have less stringent regulations.
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- Cross-section Propensity score matching 163 countries from late 1990’s. Parliamentary democracies achieve greater reductions in greenhouse gases. While presidential democracies act similar to autocracies.
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- Culas (2007). Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective.
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Culas, R. J. (2007). Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: an institutional perspective. Ecological Economics 61(2–3):429–437 Damania, R. (2002). “Environmental controls with corrupt bureaucrats,†Environment and Development Economics, 7, 407-427.
Damania et al. (2003). The Persistence of Corruption and Regulatory Compliance Failures: Theory and Evidence. Compliance with international environmental agreements. Judicial efficiency (Kauffman), political stability (Kauffman), civic freedom (Frasier Institute), and corruption (TI) Cross-section OLS and 2SLS Corruption reduces the level of compliance of environmental regulations while civic freedom and judicial efficiency increases compliance.
Damania, R., Fredriksson, P. and List, J. (2003). Trade Liberalization, Corruption, and Environmental Policy Formation: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 46: pp.490-512.
Damania, R., Fredriksson, P.G., and Mani, M. (2004). “The persistence of corruption and regulatory failures: theory and evidence,†Public Choice, 121, 363-390.
Dasgupta, De Cian, and Verdolini (2016). The political economy of energy innovation.
Dasgupta, Partha and Maler, Karl-Goran. (1995). Poverty, institutions, and the environmental - resource base. World Bank environment paper; no. 9. Washington, DC : The World Bank.
- Dasgupta, S., E. De Cian and E. Verdolini (2016). ‘The Political Economy of Energy Innovation’. 2016/17. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.
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Deacon (1999). The Political Economy of EnvironmentDevelopment Relationships: A Preliminary Framework.
Deacon (2003). Dictatorship, Democracy, and the Provision of Public Goods.
- Deacon, Robert .( 2003). “Dictatorship, Democracy, and the Provision of Public Goods.†University of California, Santa Barbara, working paper. Accessed May. 13, 2016, at http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/9h54w76c.
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- Deacon, Robert (1999).†Dictatorship, democracy and the provision of public goodsâ€. University of California at Santa Barbara Economics Working Paper 11-99.
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- Deforestation and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Cross-National Investigation of Intervening Mechanisms Annual rate of deforestation Scope of governmental actions and Democracy (Polity II) OLS with White correction LDCs 1980-1995 Weak democracies are unable to reduce deforestation.
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- Deforestation Average of political rights and civil liberties (Freedom House) Cross-section OLS 67 countries around 1990 Deforestation increases in nations with higher levels of repression.
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- Deforestation of forests and woodlands Enforceability of contract FE and RE OLS 14 countries from Latin America, Africa and Asia 1972–1994 Better enforceability of Contracts reduce deforestation.
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- Deforestation Sum of political rights and civil liberty (Freedom House) FGLS 66 countries from Latin America, Africa, and Asia 1972–1991 Political rights and civil liberty reduces annual deforestation rate of forest and woodlands.
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- doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2553 Jaggers, Keith, and Ted Robert Gurr. (1995). POLITY III: Regime Change And Political Authority, 1800-1994. 2nd ICPSR version. Boulder, CO: Keith Jaggers/College Park, MD: Ted Robert Gurr [producers], 1995. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
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- Domestic dynamics and international influence: What explains the passage of climate change legislation? Number of climate laws passed and flagship legislation Polity2 (Polity IV), partypolitical orientation of the government, and international influences Negative binomial and FE Logit 63 countries 1990-2012 No significant impact of political orientation. Propensity to legislate is heavily influenced by the passage of similar laws in other countries. Source: Compiled by the Authors. This table summarizes 16 studies on institutions, governance, and environmental policy. Ä° ÅŸ Ä° ÅŸ Åš
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- Economics Letters. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/millimet/40/ Frediksson, P., Neumayer, E. Damamia, R., and Scott G. (2005). “Environmentalism, democracy and pollution controlâ€. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 49: 343-365.
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Ehrhardt-Martinez, K., Crenshaw E., and J. Craig Jenkins (2002). ‘Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: a cross national investigation of intervening mechanismsâ€. Social Science Quarterly 83 (1): 226-243.
- EKC and carbon emissions Rule of law Kaufman (2010) 2SLS 28 countries 1996 to 2008 Negative relationship between pollution and rule of law, when rule of law is strong, the turning point of the EKC occurs at a lower level of income per capita, thus, decreasing emissions Castiglione et al. (2013). Institutional enforcement, environmental quality and economic development.
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- Environmental protection and pollution taxation Veto, bicameralism, political instability, and corruption Kaufmann et al. (2003) index Three-stage game Cross-section 86 countries Bicameralism has a positive effect on gasoline taxes, which is magnified as political stability increases and veto players are less corruptible. Similar interaction effect of bicameralism and the degree of corruptibility for several other measures of environmental policy stringency.
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- Esty, D. and M. Porter (2005). “National environmental performance: an empirical analysis of policy results and determinantsâ€. Environment and Development Economics 10: 391–434.
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Etsy and Porter (2005). National Environmental Performance: An Empirical Analysis of Policy Results and Determinants . Urban particulate levels, and sulphur dioxide Civil and political Liberties -Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI) OLS 40–70 countries Civil and political liberties help reduce urban particulates and SO2.
- Fankhauser, S., C. Gennaioli, and M. Collins (2014). ‘Domestic dynamics and international influence: What explains the passage of climate change legislation?’. Working Paper 156 Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
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- Feng, Yi. (2001). “Political Freedom, Political Instability, and Policy Uncertainty.†International Studies Quarterly 45(2): 271–94.
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- Frediksson et al. (2005). Environmentalism, democracy and pollution control.
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- Frediksson, P. and J. Wollscheid (2007). “Democratic institutions versus autocratic regimesâ€. Public Choice 130: 381-393.
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- Frediksson, P. and Ujhely G. (2005). Political institutions, interest groups, and the Ratification of international environmental agreements. University of Houston Working Paper. Available at: http://web.stanford.edu/group/peg/Papers%20for%20call/nov05%20papers/Ujhelyi.pd f
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Fredriksson and Millimet (2004). Electoral rules and environmental policy. Environmental Sustainability Index, Environmental Governance Index, Environmental Efficiency Index, International Environmental Agreements Participation Index, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Index Rules governing the assignment of legislative seats Cross-section OLS and 2SLS 86 countries Governments set stricter environmental policies under proportional, as opposed to majoritarian systems.
- Fredriksson and Millimet (2007). Legislative Organization and Pollution Taxation.
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Fredriksson and Svensson (2003). Political instability, corruption and policy formation: the case of environmental policy. Index of stringency of environmental regulations on agricultural sector.
- Fredriksson and Ujhelyi (2005). Political institutions, interest groups, and the Ratification of international environmental agreements.
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Fredriksson and Wollscheid (2007). Democratic institutions versus autocratic regimes: The case of environmental policy Greenhouse gases - reductions in carbon dioxide per unit of GDP, and carbon dioxide emitted per capita Democracies - parliamentary, presidential-congressional, proportional, and/or majoritarian systems compared to dictatorships.
- Fredriksson et al. (2004). Corruption and Energy Efficiency in OECD Countries: Theory and Evidence.
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Fredriksson et al. (2005). Environmentalism, democracy, and pollution control.
- Fredriksson, P. and J. Svensson. (2003). Political Instability, Corruption and Policy Formation: the Case of Environmental Policy. Journal of Public Economics 87(8):1383–1405.
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- Fredriksson, P. and Millimet, D.L. (2004). "Electoral Rules and Environmental Policy".
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Fredriksson, P.G. and Millimet, D.L. (2007). Legislative Organization and Pollution Taxation. Public Choice, 131, Issue 1: 217-242 Fredriksson, P. G., Neumayer, E., and Ujhelyi, G. (2007). Kyoto protocol cooperation: does government corruption facilitate environmental lobbying? Public Choice, 133 (1-2): 231-251.
Fredriksson, P.G., H.R.J. Vollebergh, and E. Dijkgraaf. (2004). ‘Corruption and energy efficiency in OECD countries: theory and evidence’. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 47(2): 207–31. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2003.08.001.
- Freeman C. (1987), Technology policy and economic performance: lessons from Japan, London/New York: Frances Printer Publishers.
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Gani, A. (2007). ‘Governance and foreign direct investment links: evidence from panel data estimations’. Applied Economics Letters, 14(10).
- Globerman, S., and D. Shapiro. (2003). ‘Assessing recent patterns of foreign direct investment in Canada and the United States’. In R. Harris (ed.), North American Linkages: Opportunities and Challenges for Canada. Calgary: University of Calgary Press.
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- Grossman, G. M. and Helpman, E. (2001). Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Seventh printing.
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Hughes, L., & Lipscy, P. Y. (2013). The Politics of Energy. Annual Review of Political Science, 16(1), 449–469. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-072211-143240 Ivanova, K. (2011). Corruption and air pollution in Europe. Oxford Economic Papers, 63(1), 49–70. http://doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpq017 Iyer, G. C., Clarke, L. E., Edmonds, J. A., Flannery, B. P., Hultman, N. E., Mcjeon, H. C., & Victor, D. G. (2015). Improved representation of investment decisions in assessments of CO 2 mitigation, 5(May), Nature Climate Change 436–440.
- Income and pollution (carbon dioxide) Rule of law Kaufman (2010) Panel VAR 33 high-income countries 1996–2008 Higher income implies stronger rule of law and vice-versa. Rule of law has a negative relationship with pollution.
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- Income, inequality, and pollution: a reassessment of the environmental Kuznets Curve Sulfur dioxide, smoke, heavy particles, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform, safe water, sanitation Political rights and civil liberties GLS 18–52 cities in 19–58 countries 1977–1991 Civil liberties improve environmental quality, particularly in low-income countries.
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- Innovation measured by power and energy R&D intensity and power and environmental patent intensity Institutional quality (WGI), governments’ political orientation, and lobbying FE OLS 20 countries 1995-2010 Stringent environmental policies better governance provide incentives for energy innovation while left-leaning governments and market size attract energy R&D investments but not patents.
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- Institutionalized pollution havens. 1st stage: FDI stock 2nd stage: Environmental policy Government checks and balances; political constraints within the legislature; and government honesty (ICRG) FE 2SLS 33 countries 1982-1992 FDI raises environmental policy stringency where number of legislative units is high.
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Ivanova (2011). Corruption and air pollution in Europe.
- Iyer et al. (2015). Improved representation of investment decisions in assessments of CO2 mitigation. Investment risks across technologies and regions in the electricity generation sector Institutional quality IAM - Global Change Assessment Model Investment in low-carbon technologies is lower in regions with inferior institutions. Source: Compiled by the Authors. This table summarizes 39 studies on institutions, governance, and environmental performance. Studies dealing with investments and innovation not explicitly related to the energy and environmental domains are not included in this table.
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Jacobsson, S. and Lauber, V. (2006) ‘The politics and policy of energy system transformation – explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology’ Energy Policy 34, pp. 256-276 Jensen, N. (2003). “Democratic Governance and Multinational Corporations: Political Regimes and Inflows of Foreign Direct Investment.†International Organization 57(3): 587–616.
- Jensen, N. (2006). Nation States and the Multinational Corporation: A Political Economy of Foreign Direct Investment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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- Jensen, N. (2008). Political Risk, Democratic Institutions, and Foreign Direct Investment.
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- Jorgenson, A. K. (2006). Global Warming and the Neglected Greenhouse Gas: A CrossNational Study of the Social Causes of Methane Emissions Intensity, 1995. Social Forces, 84(3), 1779–1798. http://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0050 Kaufmann, Daniel, and Shang-Jin Wei (1999). “Does ‘Grease Payment’ Speed Up the Wheels of Commerce?†NBER Working Paper 7093, April.
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- Kaufman, D. A. Kraay, and M. Mastruzzi (2010). ‘The worldwide governance indicators: Methodology and analytical issues’. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5430. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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Kolstad, I., and Søreide, T. (2009). Corruption in natural resource management: Implications for policy makers. Resources Policy, 34(4), 214–226. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2009.05.001 Koubi, V., Bernauer, T., Kalbhenn, A., and Spilker, G. (2012). Climate Variability, Economic Growth, and Civil Conflict. Journal of Peace Research 49(1):113-127 Koyuncu, C. and Yilmaz, R. (2009). “The impact of corruption on deforestation: a crosscountry evidence,†Journal of Developing Areas, 42, 213-222.
Koyuncu and Yilmaz (2009). The Impact of Corruption on Deforestation: a Cross-Country Evidence.
- KunÄiÄ, A. (2014). Institutional quality dataset. Journal of Institutional Economics, 10, pp 135-161. doi:10.1017/S1744137413000192.
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- Kyoto Protocol cooperation: Does government corruption facilitate environmental lobbying? Kyoto Protocol ratification Democracy (Freedom House, corruption (TI), integrity (WB, TI, ICRG), and Cox proportional hazard model 170 countries Democratic countries ratify earlier, environmental lobbying raises the ratification probability, while environmental lobbying 1998-2002 increased environmental lobby group activity raises the probability of Kyoto Protocol ratification and the effect raises with the degree of corruption.
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López, R. and Mitra, S. (2000). Corruption, Pollution, and the Kuznets Environment Curve. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 40: 137.
- Lead content of gasoline Number of environmental lobby groups, democratic participation, and political competition Cross-section OLS, Tobit, and 2SLS 104 countries Around the year 1996 Increase in the number of environmental lobby groups, democratic competition and participation reduces lead content in gasoline.
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- Lead content Types of Democracy (CrossNational Time-Series Data Archive and Polity III) Panel OLS 1972 – 1992 48 countries Lead content declines with democratic regimes compared to dictatorships.
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Levchenko, A. (2007), “Institutional Quality and International Tradeâ€, Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 74, pp. 791-819.
- Li, Q. and R. Reuveny (2006). “Democracy and environmental degradationâ€. International Studies Quarterly 50: 935–956.
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- Liberal Democracy and Sustainability Carbon footprint Polity score, political system Cross-sectional analysis 60-128 countries around the year 2000 Stable core autocracies perform worse on strong sustainability than stable core democracies. Liberal democracy too generally promotes weak sustainability Bernauer and Koubi (2009). Political Determinants of Environmental Quality.
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- Lockwood, M. (2013b). ‘The political sustainability of climate policy: The case of the UK Climate Change Act’. Global Environmental Change, 23: 1339–48.
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- Lundvall, B. A. (eds.) (1992), National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning, London: Pinter Publishers.
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Masini and Menichetti (2013). Investment Decisions in the Renewable Energy Sector: an Analysis of Non-Financial Drivers. Renewable energy share in the investment portfolio Institutional pressure from industry peers, consultants, and published technical information Cross-section OLS and logistic regression. Survey data from 93 investors in Europe Institutional pressure of both peers and outside consultants has a strong negative impact on portfolio - forces them to concentrate investments on a few specific technologies.
Meon, P.-G. and Sekkat, K. (2005) “Does Corruption Grease or Sand the Wheels of Growth.†Public Choice. Vol. 122: 69-97.
- Methane and CFC Democracy (Gastil, 1987) 2SLS and Cross-section Logit 118 countries Democratic regimes produce more methane in total but significantly less per unit of national output.
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- Meyer et al. (2003). Institutional, social and economic roots of deforestation: a cross-country comparison. Rate of deforestation Control of corruption Cross-section OLS 99-115 countries Improved control of corruption reduces rate of deforestation.
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- Meyer et al. (2003). Institutional, Social and Economic Roots of Deforestation: Further Evidence of an Environmental Kuznets Relation? Deforestation Property Rights (Freedom House) and Control of Corruption Index (WB) Cross-section OLS 117 countries Countries with less corruption are less likely to liquidate forest assets.
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- Meyer, A. L., Van Kooten, G. C., and Wang, S. (2003). Institutional, social and economic roots of deforestation: a cross-country comparison. International Forestry Review, 5(1), 29–37.
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- Meyer, A.L., G.C. van Kooten and S. Wang, 2003. Institutional, Social and Economic Roots of Deforestation: Further Evidence of an Environmental Kuznets Relation? International Forestry Review 5(1 March): 29-37.
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Midlarsky, M. (1998). ‘Democracy and the environment: an empirical assessmentâ€. Journal of Peace Research 35 (special issue on environmental conflict): 341-361.
Murdoch, J. and T. Sandler (1997). “The voluntary provision of a public good. The case of reduced CFC emissions and the Montreal protocolâ€. Journal of Public Economics 63: 331-349.
Murdoch, J. C., Sandler, T., and Vijverberg, W. P. (2003). The participation decision versus the level of participation in an environmental treaty: a spatial probit analysis. Journal of Public Economics, 87(2), 337–362.
Murdoch, J., Sandler, T. and K. Sargent (1997). “A tale of two collectives; sulphur and nitrogen oxides emissions reduction in Europeâ€. Economica 64: 281-301.
Murphy, K. M., Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. W. (1993). Why is rent-seeking so costly to growth? American Economic Review 83, 409–414.
- National Institutions and Global Public Goods: Are Democracies More Cooperative in Climate Change Policy? Policy Index: commitment to mitigation process Policy outcomes: in terms of emission levels and trends Democracy Panel regression 185 countries 1990–2004 Effect of democracy on commitment to global public goods provision is positive while effect of democracy on policy outcomes are ambiguous.
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Neumayer (2002). Do democracies exhibit stronger international environmental commitment? A cross-country analysis.
- Neumayer (2002). Do democracies exhibit stronger international environmental commitment? A cross-country analysis. Percentage of their land area under protections status Combined index of political rights and civil (Freedom House,), combined index of democracy and autocracy (Polity IV), Vanhanen’s index of democracy, and Voice and accountability (WB) Cross-section OLS 206 countries Democracies and countries with higher Freedom Index put greater percentage of their land area under protections status.
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Neumayer (2003). Are left-wing party strength and corporatism good for the environment? Evidence from panel analysis of air pollution in OECD countries.
- Neumayer, E. (2002). “Do democracies exhibit stronger international environmental commitment? A cross country analysisâ€. Journal of Peace Research 39 (2): 139-164.
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- Neumayer, E. (2003). “Are left-wing party strength and corporatism good for the environment. Evidence from panel analysis of air pollution in OECD countriesâ€. Ecological Economics 45: 213-220.
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- Number of fires Corruption (TI) Non-parametric sign test and OLS 37 countries 2002-2004 Reserves are least effective at reducing fire frequency in many poorer countries and in countries beset by corruption.
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- Olson, Mancur. (1982). The Rise and Decline of Nations, New Haven, CT, Yale University Press.
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- Parliamentary (Mesquita et al., 2003), Civil liberties (Freedom House) RE GLS 107 cities in 42 countries from 1971-1996 Democracy reduces pollution, presidential democracies provide a cleaner environment than parliamentary democracies, and civil liberties improve the environment.
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- Pellegrini and Gerlagh (2011). Corruption, Democracy, and Environmental Policy: An Empirical Contribution to the Debate Environmental Protection Stringency (Eliste and Fredriksson, 2002) and Environmental Regulatory Regime Index (Esty and Porter, 2002) Corruption (TI), Democracy (Polity IV), and Index of democracy (Vanhanen, 2000) Cross-section OLS 51-62 countries Effect on environmental policy stringency is negative for corruption but no evidence significant effect of democracy.
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- Pellegrini, L. and R. Gerlagh. (2006). Corruption, Democracy, and Environmental Policy: An empirical Contribution to the Debate. Journal of Environment and Development 15(3):332–354.
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- Polity IV. (2009). ‘Polity IV Project: Dataset Users’ Manual’, www.systemicpeace.org/ inscr/p4manualv2009.pdf.
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- Polity IV. (2011). ‘Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800– 2010’, www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
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- Probability of Kyoto protocol ratification Government units, environmental lobby, democracy (Freedom House), Logit and stratified hazard model 170 countries 1998-2002 Greater environmental lobby strength raises the probability of ratification but greater number of government unites reduce the impact of agreements.
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- Rate of deforestation Corruption (TI, BI, and ICRG) WLS 100 countries 1980-90, 1990-95, 19902000 Corruption increases rate of deforestation.
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- Regulation of lead content in gasoline Environmental lobby; Democratic participation; and Democratic competition Cross-section OLS, 2SLS, Tobit 104 countries, 1993, 1996, and 2000 Greater political competition and number of environmental groups raises the stringency of environmental policies. However, democratic participation affects environmental policy stringency only in countries with sufficiently high degree of political competition.
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- Roberts et al. (2004). Who Ratifies Environmental Treaties and Why? Institutionalism, Structuralism and Participation by 192 Nations in 22 Treaties.
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Roberts, J. T. Parks, B.C. and Vásquez, A. A. (2004). Who Ratifies Environmental Treaties and Why? Institutionalism, Structuralism and Participation by 192 Nations in 22 Treaties. Global Environmental Politics 4:3, 22-64 Romer, P. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98, S71S102.
Sala-i-Martin, Xavier X. (2002), “15 Years of New Growth Economics: What Have We Learnt?†Central Bank of Chile Working Paper, 172, 2 Scott, W. R. (1995). Institutions and Organizations. Ideas, Interests and Identities. Publisher: Sage Scruggs, L., and Rivera, C. (2008). Political regimes, democratic institutions and environmental sustainability: A cross-national analysis. In Proceedings of the Midwest Political Science Association Meeting in Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (Vol.
- Scruggs and Rivera (2008). Political Regimes, Democratic Institutions and Environmental Sustainability: A Cross-national analysis. Carbon monoxide, biochemical oxygen demand, SO2, NO2, CO2, CH4, protected areas, and forest land Democracy (Freedom House and Polity IV) Cross-section OLS 169 countries, No evidence that long-established democratic countries perform better.
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- Sector specific energy policy stringency Corruption (TI), worker influence, and lobbying Panel OLS 12 OECD countries (11 sectors) 1982–1996 Corruption increases energy waste by reducing stringency of energy regulations. Worker lobby is relatively influential in those sectors in which the capital owners have relatively minor impact, and vice versa.
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- Shandra (2007). Economic dependency, repression, and deforestation: A quantitative, cross-national analysis.
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- Signature of Vienna and Montreal Protocol on CFC Democracy (Gastil, 1987) Cross-section Logit 118 countries Authoritarian regimes enact less stringent environmental standards than democratic regimes. Liberal democracies are more willing to regulate environmental effluents and international agreements on environmental matters attract more signatories as the number of democratic regimes increases.
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- Signing and ratification of multilateral environmental agreements; membership in environmental intergovernmental organizations; reporting requirements for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora; percentage of a country’s land area under protection; existence of a National Council on Sustainable Development; and availability of environmental information Democracy (Freedom House, Polity IV, Vanhanen’s Index, and Voice and Accountability - WB) Cross-section Probit and OLS 100-175 countries, around the year 2000 Democracies sign and ratify more multilateral environmental agreements, participate in more environmental intergovernmental organizations, comply better with reporting requirements under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora.
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- Silve F., A.Plekhanov (2015). ‘Institutions, innovation and growth: cross-country evidence’. European Bank for reconstruction, Working paper no. 177.
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- Staats, J. L., and G. Biglaiser (2012). ‘Foreign direct investment in Latin America: The importance of judicial strength and rule of law’. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1): 193–202.
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Stavins, R. N. (2004). Introduction to the Political Economy of Environmental Regulations. RFF Discussion Paper 04–12.
- Sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide Corruption (ICRG) Instrumental Variable RE 94 countries 1987–2000 Corruption is estimated to have a positive direct impact on per capita emissions. Indirect effects are found to be negative and larger in absolute value than direct effects for the majority of the sample income range.
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- Sulphur dioxide; nitrogen dioxide; carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide Left-wing party strength (the share of green/left-libertarian party seats as a percentage of all seats, the share of traditional left-wing party seats, and the share of cabinet portfolios of left-wing parties -Comparative Parties Data Set of Swank, 2002) FE/RE regression 21 OECD countries, 1980, 1990 and 1999 Green or left-libertarian parliamentary strength is associated with lower levels for all five air pollutants. Traditional left-wing party strength is possibly also associated with lower pollution levels, but the evidence is less consistent and robust.
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- Sulphur emissions Corruption and law and order (ICRG) ML with FE and SUR 39 European countries 1999-2003 Decline in corruption and improvements in law and order reduces sulphur emissions. Actual emission levels in countries with more effective regulations are likely to be lower.
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- Table 2A: Literature Survey: Institutions and Environmental Performance Paper Dependent Variable(s) Explanatory Variables Methodology Result Congleton (1992). Political Institutions and Pollution Control.
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- Table 3A: Literature Survey: Institutions, Governance, and Environmental Policy (Adoption and Implementation) Paper Dependent Variable (s) Explanatory Variables Methodology Result Congleton (1992). Political Institutions and Pollution Control.
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- Tavoni, M. and Gennaioli, C. (2011). Clean or “Dirty†Energy: Evidence on a Renewable Energy Resource Curse. Working Papers 2011.63, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
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Tebaldi, E. and Elmslie, B. (2008). Institutions, innovation and economic growth. Journal of Economic Development, 33(2): 1-27.
Tebaldi, E., and Elmslie, B. (2013), ‘Does institutional quality impact innovation? Evidence from cross-country patent grant data’, Applied Economics, Vol. 45, pp. 887-900.
- The participation decision versus the level of participation in an environmental treaty: a spatial probit analysis Helsinki protocol ratification and sulfur emissions (1990 levels minus 1980 levels) Democracy proxy - civil and political freedom Gastil (1989) Two-stage game and spatial probit 25 European countries Democracy reduces probability of protocol ratification.
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Torras, M. and J. Boyce (1998). “Income, inequality and the pollution: a reassessment of the environmental Kuznets curveâ€. Ecological Economics 25: 147-160.
Transparency International. (2015). Corruption Perceptions Index 2015. Available online at: http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015#results-table Turnheim, B., Berkhout, F., Geels, F., Hof, A., McMeekin, A., Nykvist, B., & Van Vuuren, D. (2015). Evaluating sustainability transitions pathways: Bridging analytical approaches to address governance challenges. Global Environmental Change, 35, 239–253. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.08.010 van Vuuren, D.P., M. Kok. (2012). Integrated Assessment Modelling, Ch 16, In: Encyclopedia Of Global Environmental Governance And Politics, Edited by Philipp H. Pattberg, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Fariborz Zelli, Lund University, Sweden Verdolini, E. and Galeotti, M. (2011). At home and abroad: An empirical analysis of innovation and diffusion in energy technologies. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 61, 119-134.
- Urban SO2 concentration, Urban NO2 concentration, urban total suspended particulate concentration, dissolved oxygen demand, phosphorus concentration, suspended solids, SO2, NO2, volatile organic compound emissions, fertilizer consumption, pesticide use, industrial organic pollutants Corruption (ESI) Cross-section OLS and SUR 122 countries Most recent year available; 1990– 1996 Corruption generally increases pollution and the effect is particularly strong in low income countries.
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- Verdolini, Elena and Vona, Francesco. (2015). Drivers of investments in cleaner energy. Green Growth Knowledge Platform Working Paper. Available online at: http://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/Vona_Drivers_of_investme nts_in_cleaner_energy.pdf.
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- Vona and Verdolini (2015). Drivers of investments in cleaner energy.
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Waldemar, F.S. (2012). "New Products and Corruption: Evidence from Indian Firms," The Developing Economies, Institute of Developing Economies, vol. 50(3), pages 268284, 09.
- Ward, Hugh. (2008). "Liberal Democracy and Sustainability," Environmental Politics, 17: 386-409.
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- Welsch (2004). Corruption, growth, and the environment: a cross-country analysis.
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Welsch, H. (2004). Corruption, Growth, and the Environment: a Cross-country Analysis. Environment and Development Economics 9:663–693.
- Working Paper 2013.43, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milan, Italy.
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- WORLD GOVERNANCE INDICATORS (WB WGI ) http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#home GOVERNANCE Strength of Intellectual Property Rights Data on the strength of the legal environment for patenting in five yearâ€time steps from 1960 to 2005. The index contains the impacts of five categories: the coverage of research fields in which inventions can be patented, the membership in international agreements, criteria regarding the loss of patent protection, the enforcement rules, and the duration of patent protection.
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- Wright et al. (2007). Poverty and corruption compromise tropical forest reserves.
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