Zumari
Zumari (kutoka jina la Kiarabu; kwa Kiingereza "flute") ni ala ya muziki inayopigwa kwa kupulizwa mdomoni.
Umbo lake ni kama bomba jembamba upande wa mdomoni na pana upande unaotokea sauti.
Inapatikana kote duniani. Hewa inapulizwa ndani kwa mdomo kupitia shimo; mkondo wa hewa unapita kwenye kona kali ambako unaanza kutingatinga ukisababisha nguzo ya hewa iliyopo ndani ya bomba kutingatinga pia; mitetemo hii ni sauti.
Urefu wa bomba unafanya tabia ya sauti; kama ni fupi linatoa sauti ya juu; kama ni refu lina sauti ya chini.
Zumari nyingi huwa na mashimo kanda yanayofunikwa na kufunguliwa kwa vidole. Kwa kufungua shimo mchezaji anafupisha au kurefusha nguzo ya hewa ndani ya zumari inayotingatinga na kubadilisha sauti hivyo.
Kuna muundo kadhaa:
- shimo la kupulizia liko upande wa pembeni wa filimbi
- shimo liko mwanzoni wa bomba la filimbi
- kuna bomba moja lenye mashimo ya pembeni kwa kubadilisha sauti
- kuna mabomba bila mashimo ya pembeni yaliyounganishwa pamoja; kila filimbi ina sauti yake na mchezaji anateleza mdomo wake juu ya mashimo ya mabomba akipiga muziki yake.
Tanbihi
haririMarejeo
hariri- Buchanan, Donna A. 2001. "Bulgaria §II: Traditional Music, 2: Characteristics of Pre-Socialist Musical Culture, 1800–1944, (iii): Instruments". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Crane, Frederick. 1972. Extant Medieval Musical Instruments: A Provisional Catalogue by Types. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-022-6
- Galway, James. 1982. Flute. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Macdonald. ISBN 0-356-04711-3 (cloth); ISBN 0-356-04712-1 (pbk.) New York: Schirmer Books. ISBN 0-02-871380-X Reprinted 1990, London: Kahn & Averill London: Khan & Averill ISBN 1-871082-13-7
- Phelan, James, 2004. The Complete Guide to the [Flute and Piccolo], second edition. [S.l.]: Burkart-Phelan, Inc., 2004. ISBN 0-9703753-0-1
- Putnik, Edwin. 1970. The Art of Flute Playing. Evanston, Illinois: Summy-Birchard Inc. Revised edition 1973, Princeton, New Jersey and Evanston, Illinois. ISBN 0-87487-077-1
- Toff, Nancy. 1985. The Flute Book: A Complete Guide for Students and Performers. New York: Charles's Scribners Sons. ISBN 0-684-18241-6 Newton Abbot: David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8771-5 Second Edition 1996, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510502-8
- Wye, Trevor. 1988. Proper Flute Playing: A Companion to the Practice Books. London: Novello. ISBN 0-7119-8465-4
- Maclagan, Susan J. "A Dictionary for the Modern Flutist", 2009, Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6711-6
Viungo vya nje
hariri- Ardal Powell. "Flute." Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. (by subscription)
- Essay on the Jiahu flutes from the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- A selection of historic flutes from around the world at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- nature.com New flutes document the earliest musical tradition in southwestern Germany
- Zumari katika Open Directory Project
- Flute acoustics Resources on flute acoustics from the University of New South Wales.
- Folk flutes (Polish folk musical instruments) Ilihifadhiwa 20 Machi 2023 kwenye Wayback Machine.
| Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya muziki bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Zumari kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |