Tazama chanzo cha Ziwa Balkhash

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{{Infobox Ziwa
|image=STS039-085-00E_Lake_Balkhash,_Kazakhstan_April_1991.jpg
|caption=Picha ya satelaiti mnamo Aprili 1991
|image_bathymetry=Lakebalkhashbasinmap.png
|caption_bathymetry=Ramani ya beseni ya Ziwa Balkhash
|location=Kazakhstan
|coords={{coord|46|10|N|74|20|E|type:waterbody_region:KZ_scale:2500000|display=title}}
|type=Ziwa la chumvi
|inflow=mito ya [[Ili River|Ili]], [[Karatal River|Karatal]], [[Aksu River (Kazakhstan)|Aksu]], [[Lepsy River|Lepsy]], [[Byan River|Byan]], [[Kapal River|Kapal]], [[Koksu River|Koksu]] 
|outflow=''[[uvukizaji]]''
|catchment=
|basin_countries=[[Kazakhstan]] 85%<br />[[China]] 15%
|length=km 605
|width=Mashariki km 19, magharibi km  74
|area=km<small><sup>2</sup></small> 16400 
|depth=m 5.8
|max-depth=m 26 
|volume=km<small><sup>3</sup></small> 106
|residence_time=|shore=
|elevation=m  341.4|islands=|cities=
|frozen=Novemba hadi Machi}}

'''Ziwa Balkhash''' (kwa [[Kikazakhi]]: ''Балқаш көлі'', ''Balqaş kóli''; kwa [[Kirusi]]: ''Озеро Балхаш'', ''Ozero Balkhash'') ni moja ya [[Ziwa|maziwa]] makubwa zaidi [[Bara|barani]] [[Asia]] na ziwa kubwa la tano [[duniani]].  Liko katika [[Asia ya Kati]], [[mashariki]] mwa [[Kazakhstan]] ndani ya [[beseni]] linaloshirikiwa na Kazakhstan na [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|China]], pamoja na sehemu ndogo ya [[Kirgizia]]. Beseni halina njia ya [[maji]] kutoka nje.   

==Jiografia==
Maji huingia ndani ya ziwa kupitia mito saba ilhali  mkubwa ni Mto Ili. Chanzo cha maji ni [[usimbisaji]] hasa kutoka kwa kuyeyuka kwa [[theluji]] kwenye milima ya jimbo la [[Xinjiang]] wa China . 

Ziwa kwa sasa linajumuisha eneo la karibu km<small><sup>2</sup></small> 16400. Walakini, kama [[Aral (ziwa)|Ziwa Aral]] maji yake huzidi kupungua kama matokeo ya kupunguka kwa maji kutoka [[mito]] inayolilisha. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085418/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-54.html Lake Balkhash], International Lake Environment Committee</ref> 

Ziwa limegawanywa na [[shingo]] nyembamba kwa sehemu mbili tofauti. Sehemu ya [[magharibi]] ni [[Maji matamu|maji safi]], wakati [[nusu]] ya [[mashariki]] ni [[maji ya chumvi|ya chumvi]]. <ref name="britanica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50390/Lake-Balkhash|title=Lake Balkhash|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> <ref name="ground">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NueJf_WhSw4C&pg=PA76&dq=Balkhash|title=Groundwater and the Environment: Applications for the Global Community|last=Igor S. Zektser, Lorne G Everett|publisher=CRC Press|year=2000|isbn=1-56670-383-2|page=76}}</ref> <ref name="phys_geo">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CFiT3qbN5UC&pg=PA140&dq=Balkhash|title=The Physical Geography of Northern Eurasia|last=Maria Shahgedanova|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-823384-1|pages=140–141}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yoshiko Kawabata|displayauthors=etal|year=1997|title=The phytoplankton of some saline lakes in Central Asia|journal=International Journal of Salt Lake Research|volume=6|issue=1|pages=5–16|doi=10.1007/BF02441865}}</ref> Sehemu ya mashariki iko kwa [[wastani]] kubwa mara 1.7 zaidi kuliko sehemu ya magharibi. 

[[Mji]] mkubwa karibu na ziwa pia unaitwa [[Balkhash (mji)|Balkhash]] na una wenyeji wapatao 66,000. Shughuli kubwa za kiuchumi katika eneo hilo ni pamoja na [[uchimbaji]] [[madini]] na [[uvuvi]]. 

Wakati ukubwa wa ziwa hilo unaongezeka kwa muda, kuna wasiwasi juu ya kuzidi kwa ziwa kwa sababu ya [[Kuongezeka Majangwa|jangwa]] na shughuli za [[Viwanda|viwandani]]. 

==Tabianchi==
{{Climate chart|Mji wa Balkhash
|−18.1|-9.2|13
|−17.8|-8.1|10
|−10.0|0.0|10
|2.8|14.2|11
|10.0|22.1|15
|16.0|27.9|12
|18.3|30.0|10
|15.7|28.0|8
|9.4|21.9|4
|1.7|12.7|9
|−6.3|2.6|14
|−13.1|-4.8|15
|float=left
| Source = [http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/35796.htm Weather and Climate – The climate of Lake Balkhash]<ref>data [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi -54.html ILEC]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} for 1986–1990 are slightly different</ref>
}}

== Masuala ya mazingira na ya siasa ==
Kuna wasiwasi mkubwa juu ya [[Ekolojia|mazingira]] ya ziwa, hasa kwa kukumbuka matatizo ya [[mazingira]] katika [[Aral (ziwa)|Ziwa Aral]] ambalo limegeuzwa kuwa jangwa kutokana na machafuko na matumizi ya maji yake. <ref name="undp2">{{Cite web|date=4 November 2004|url=http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/1030-25100.pdf|publisher=UNDP Kazakhstan|accessdate=2009-02-14|language=Russian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722144213/http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/1030-25100.pdf|archivedate=22 July 2011}}</ref> 

Tangu [[mwaka]] [[1970]], km<sup>3</sup> 39 matumizi ya maji kujaza [[Bwawa la Kapchagay]] yalisababisha kupungua kwa 2/3 kwa maji yaliyoingia ziwani kutoka [[Mto Ili]]. <ref name="britanica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/50390/Lake-Balkhash|title=Lake Balkhash|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2009-01-29}}</ref> Uso wa maji ziwani ulishuka kila mwaka [[sentimita]] 15.6<ref name="undp">{{Cite web|date=April 19, 2004|url=http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/2496-24188.pdf|title=Water resources of Kazakhstan in the new millennium|publisher=UNDP Kazakhstan|accessdate=2009-02-14|language=Russian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306235829/http://www.undp.kz/library_of_publications/files/2496-24188.pdf|archivedate=March 6, 2007}}</ref>.

Kushuka kwa maji ya Balkhash kunaonekana sana katika sehemu yake ya magharibi na kusababisha pia kupotea kwa maziwa madogo karibu nayo.<ref name="unep">{{Cite web|author=Guillaume Le Sourd, Diana Rizzolio|year=2004|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/|title=United Nations Environment Programme – Lake Balkhash|publisher=UNEP Global Resource Information Database|accessdate=2009-01-29|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/612K6exVN?url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/|archivedate=2011-08-18}}</ref> Kati ya maziwa madogo 16 ya ziwa iliyopo karibu na maziwa matano tu ndiyo yaliyobaki. Mchakato wa [[Kuongezeka Majangwa|kuenea kwa jangwa]] uliathiri karibu 1/3 ya beseni lake. <ref name="centrasia">{{Cite web|author=N. Borovaya|date=4 October 2005|url=http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1128411000|title=Спасти уникальное озеро. Стремительно мелеет казахстанский Балхаш|publisher=Экспресс К, No. 186 (15844)|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718181423/http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php?st=1128411000|archivedate=2011-07-18}}</ref> [[Vumbi]] la [[chumvi]] limepulizwa mbali na kuchangia kutokea kwa [[dhoruba]] za vumbi katika sehemu za Asia, kuongezeka kwa chumvi ya [[udongo]] na kuathiri vibaya [[hali ya hewa]]. 

[[Ekolojia]] ya bonde la Ili-Balkhash inaathiriwa pia na [[uchafuzi wa hewa]] kutokana na viwanda ambako madini yanayeyushwa, hasa kwenye Kiwanda cha Madini cha Balkhash. Katika miaka baada ya [[1990]], [[uzalishaji]] wa [[metali]] mbalimbali ulipeleka [[tani]] 280-320,000 kwa mwaka [[Hewa|hewani]], pamoja na tani 76 za [[shaba]], tani 68 za [[zinki]] na tani 66 za [[plumbi]] kuteremka kwenye uso wa ziwa.<ref name="zakon">{{Cite web|date=2005-10-01|url=http://www.zakon.kz/64827-osnovnaja-problema-ozera-balkhash.html|title=The main problem of Balkhash Lake is poor water quality|author=A. Samakova|publisher=zakon.kz|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-01-29|archivedate=2018-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307121817/http://www.zakon.kz/64827-osnovnaja-problema-ozera-balkhash.html}}</ref> 

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-54.html|title=Information on Balkhash's geography and biology|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305164812/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-54.html|archivedate=5 March 2001}} 
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4286916.stm Kazakh 'hazina ya kitaifa' chini ya tishio] 
* [http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/index.php Maelezo ya Programu ya Mazingira ya Umoja wa Mataifa juu ya Ziwa Balkhash] {{Wayback|url=http://www.grid.unep.ch/activities/sustainable/balkhash/index.php |date=20061018023138 }} 
* [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/3/CC0D14E0-0C50-4A02-97F6-CFB13B6BE11E.html "Asia ya Kati: Kazakhstan, miili ya kusaidia kufanya kazi kuokoa ziwa kuu" 13 Machi 2007] RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty 
{{mbegu-jio-Asia}}
[[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kazakhstan]]
[[Jamii:Maziwa ya Kirgizia]]
[[Jamii:Maziwa ya China]]

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Rudia Ziwa Balkhash.

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