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In May 2022 over 70,000 developers told us how they learn and level up, which tools they’re using, and what they want.

Read the overview → Methodology →

Overview

The questions we ask in our annual survey help us improve the Stack Overflow community and the platform that serves them.

The challenge and opportunity for us is to continue expanding and improving our ability to help all developers and to make them feel welcome in our community.

Read on for more great insights about the attitudes, tools, and environments that are shaping the art and practice of software today.

Developer Profile
Learning to code

Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.

Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.

Learning how to code →
Technology
Most popular technologies

Last year we saw Git as a fundamental tool to being a developer. This year it appears that Docker is becoming a similar fundamental tool for Professional Developers, increasing from 55% to 69%.

People learning to code are more likely to be using 3D tools than Professional Developers - Unity 3D (23% vs 8%) and Unreal Engine (9% vs 3%) - teaching themselves skills for 3D VR and AR.

Other tools →
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted

Rust is on its seventh year as the most loved language with 87% of developers saying they want to continue using it.

Rust also ties with Python as the most wanted technology with TypeScript running a close second.

Programming, scripting, and markup languages →
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted

Phoenix overtakes Svelte’s spot as the most loved web framework.

Angular.js is in its third year as the most dreaded. React.js completes its fifth year as most wanted.

Web frameworks and technologies →
Technology
Most loved, dreaded, and wanted

Docker and Kubernetes are in first and second place as the most loved and wanted tools.

The desire to start using Docker does not appear to be slowing down as Docker increased from 30% last to 37% this year for wanted.

Other tools →
Technology
Top paying technologies

Clojure remains the highest-paid language to know. Chef developers are the highest paid but Chef is also the most dreaded other tool.

Big-data and data streaming skills are well compensated with Apache Spark, Apache Kafka, and Hadoop all in the top three other frameworks and libraries.

Additionally, developers that have colocation experience are paid more than their cloud-only counterparts.

Top paying technologies →
Work
Employment

Full-time employment went up by 4 percentage points for all respondents. Professional Developers that are “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” have grown significantly in the last year (up by 5 percentage points).

In 2022 this question was changed to multi-select.

Employment status →
Work
Employment

85% of developers say their organizations are at least partially remote.

Smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with 20% of 2-19 employee organizations in-person.

The largest organizations, with 10k+ employees, are most likely to be hybrid.

Work environment →
Professional Developers
Productivity impacts

62% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems.

25% spending more than an hour each day. Regardless of being an independent contributor or people manager, this is time that could be spent learning or building.

For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent searching for answers/solutions adds up to between 333-651 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.

Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions →

Developer Profile

What we know about the global community of developers

Developer Profile

Education

Most developers (87%) have a post-secondary education, having some college or more.

Educational attainment

38% of those learning to code already have a degree, learning doesn’t have to stop after you graduate.

70% of all respondents and 80% of Professional Developers have completed some form of higher education, a bachelor’s degree being the most common.

73,268 responses
Primary/elementary school 2.46% 1,806
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 10.79% 7,904
Some college/university study without earning a degree 12.73% 9,326
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.05% 2,236
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 41.32% 30,276
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 21.14% 15,486
Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) 1.53% 1,121
Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) 2.96% 2,169
Something else 1.7% 1,247
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
53,507 responses
Primary/elementary school 0.77% 413
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 6.28% 3,360
Some college/university study without earning a degree 12.41% 6,638
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.21% 1,715
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 47.9% 25,630
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 23.95% 12,817
Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) 1.62% 868
Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) 2.47% 1,320
Something else 1.23% 658
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *
6,309 responses
Primary/elementary school 7.01% 442
Secondary school (e.g. American high school, German Realschule or Gymnasium, etc.) 31.78% 2,005
Some college/university study without earning a degree 19.42% 1,225
Associate degree (A.A., A.S., etc.) 3.69% 233
Bachelor’s degree (B.A., B.S., B.Eng., etc.) 27.26% 1,720
Master’s degree (M.A., M.S., M.Eng., MBA, etc.) 5.75% 363
Professional degree (JD, MD, etc.) 1.09% 69
Other doctoral degree (Ph.D., Ed.D., etc.) 0.49% 31
Something else 2.96% 187
Which of the following best describes the highest level of formal education that you’ve completed? *

Developer Profile

Learning to code

We see that learning how to code is a very unique experience, with people using a variety of tools and resources to build their skills.

Learning how to code

Learning to code online increased from 60% to 70% year over year.

Respondents older than 45 years are most likely to have learned from books, while younger ones are learning online. Younger (under 18) respondents rely most on online resources and are most likely to have learned from online courses or certifications.

71,580 responses
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 70.91% 50,756
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 62.18% 44,506
Books / Physical media 54.48% 38,994
Online Courses or Certification 46.63% 33,379
On the job training 39.85% 28,523
Colleague 18.42% 13,188
Friend or family member 13.95% 9,987
Coding Bootcamp 10.8% 7,731
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 7.36% 5,269
How did you learn to code? Select all that apply.
69,809 responses
Under 18 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 84.95% 3,211
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 30.74% 1,162
Books / Physical media 37.06% 1,401
Online Courses or Certification 43.04% 1,627
On the job training 4.39% 166
Colleague 2.91% 110
Friend or family member 20.98% 793
Coding Bootcamp 10.53% 398
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 6.64% 251
18-24 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 78.62% 12,983
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 65.47% 10,811
Books / Physical media 39.71% 6,557
Online Courses or Certification 50.87% 8,400
On the job training 28.44% 4,697
Colleague 14.13% 2,334
Friend or family member 15.23% 2,515
Coding Bootcamp 12.64% 2,087
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 9.96% 1,644
25-34 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 71.39% 19,935
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 66.2% 18,486
Books / Physical media 50.9% 14,215
Online Courses or Certification 49.55% 13,837
On the job training 45.72% 12,767
Colleague 21.24% 5,932
Friend or family member 12.78% 3,568
Coding Bootcamp 11.8% 3,296
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 8.24% 2,301
35-44 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 66.93% 9,298
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 62.88% 8,735
Books / Physical media 69.98% 9,722
Online Courses or Certification 43.69% 6,070
On the job training 47.21% 6,558
Colleague 22.21% 3,086
Friend or family member 14.99% 2,083
Coding Bootcamp 8.79% 1,221
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 5.13% 713
45-54 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 61.1% 3,188
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 60.46% 3,155
Books / Physical media 84.29% 4,398
Online Courses or Certification 40.25% 2,100
On the job training 50.54% 2,637
Colleague 20.76% 1,083
Friend or family member 12.61% 658
Coding Bootcamp 7.9% 412
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 3.55% 185
55-64 years old
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 52.73% 1,024
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 63.65% 1,236
Books / Physical media 83.63% 1,624
Online Courses or Certification 34.19% 664
On the job training 53.45% 1,038
Colleague 18.9% 367
Friend or family member 7.16% 139
Coding Bootcamp 6.95% 135
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 2.37% 46
65 years or older
Other online resources (e.g., videos, blogs, forum) 48.23% 259
School (i.e., University, College, etc) 58.85% 316
Books / Physical media 80.26% 431
Online Courses or Certification 28.31% 152
On the job training 53.26% 286
Colleague 17.69% 95
Friend or family member 4.66% 25
Coding Bootcamp 6.15% 33
Hackathons (virtual or in-person) 2.61% 14
How did you learn to code? Select all that apply.

Online resources to learn how to code

The most relied upon online resources for people to learn how to code are technical documentation and Stack Overflow. This shows how important it is for companies to have well-written documentation available and an active community providing answers on Stack Overflow.

It’s also interesting that we see such variety in the way that people teach themselves how to code. Written material, a variety of video formats, books, courses - there’s no one size fits all approach to learning how to code. Everyone can piece together the resources and formats that work best for their learning style.

50,685 responses
Technical documentation 88.13% 44,669
Stack Overflow 86.14% 43,658
Blogs 75.35% 38,192
How-to videos 59.92% 30,371
Written Tutorials 58.08% 29,436
Video-based Online Courses 51.42% 26,064
Online books 43.87% 22,238
Online forum 40.34% 20,446
Written-based Online Courses 34.38% 17,424
Coding sessions (live or recorded) 28.86% 14,626
Interactive tutorial 26.21% 13,287
Online challenges (e.g., daily or weekly coding challenges) 25.1% 12,723
Certification videos 14.88% 7,541
Programming Games 13.32% 6,752
Auditory material (e.g., podcasts) 7.21% 3,652
What online resources do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.

Online course platforms to learn how to code

Udemy leads as the most popular online course or certification program for learning how to code. This may be popular for the same reasons we saw above - people can purchase the individual courses they want, creating their own learning path.

29,389 responses
Udemy 66.49% 19,540
Coursera 34.91% 10,261
Codecademy 26.24% 7,712
Pluralsight 22.44% 6,594
Other 22.21% 6,528
edX 15.62% 4,590
Udacity 13.59% 3,995
Skillsoft 1.88% 553
What online courses or certifications do you use to learn to code? Select all that apply.

Developer Profile

Experience

The majority of developers in their early to mid-career stage.

Years coding

Similar to last year 50% of respondents have been coding for ten years or less.

The United States and United Kingdom respondents are the most experienced respondents, with an average of 15 and a half years of experience coding.

71,331 responses
Less than 1 year 1.98% 1,413
1 to 4 years 18.95% 13,519
5 to 9 years 29.28% 20,889
10 to 14 years 18.88% 13,466
15 to 19 years 10.04% 7,161
20 to 24 years 8.01% 5,714
25 to 29 years 4.47% 3,189
30 to 34 years 3.28% 2,341
35 to 39 years 2.39% 1,702
40 to 44 years 1.9% 1,355
45 to 49 years 0.48% 342
More than 50 years 0.34% 240
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?
41,279 responses
United States of America 15.58 13,227
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 15.55 4,117
Canada 14.32 2,433
Netherlands 14.06 1,537
Germany 13.57 5,339
Spain 13.11 1,502
France 12.3 2,291
Brazil 11.55 2,046
Poland 11.01 1,703
India 7.29 6,254
Including any education, how many years have you been coding in total?

Years coding professionally

A majority of respondents (75%) have been working for 14 or fewer years as a professional developer, meaning they’ve never worked in a world without Stack Overflow.

51,833 responses
Less than 1 year 3.8% 1,972
1 to 4 years 28.43% 14,734
5 to 9 years 27.45% 14,230
10 to 14 years 16.16% 8,375
15 to 19 years 8.94% 4,633
20 to 24 years 7.24% 3,751
25 to 29 years 3.59% 1,863
30 to 34 years 2.21% 1,147
35 to 39 years 1.2% 624
40 to 44 years 0.66% 341
45 to 49 years 0.21% 108
More than 50 years 0.11% 55
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?

Years of professional coding experience by developer type

Years of professional coding experience by developer type

51,833 responses
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 17.04 1,645
Engineering manager 14.5 3,372
Product manager 14.42 2,221
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 13.75 8,276
Designer 13.71 2,889
Project manager 13.66 3,401
Database administrator 13.62 4,255
Security professional 13.53 1,594
Marketing or sales professional 13.34 337
Educator 13.12 1,596
System administrator 13.02 4,059
Developer, embedded applications or devices 12.86 3,275
Data or business analyst 12.77 2,637
Scientist 12.05 1,298
Engineer, site reliability 11.94 1,703
Developer, game or graphics 11.9 1,334
DevOps specialist 11.65 5,548
Cloud infrastructure engineer 11.58 4,777
Developer, QA or test 11.19 2,620
Engineer, data 11.17 3,055
Academic researcher 10.89 1,723
Developer, back-end 10.69 22,810
Developer, mobile 10.51 6,295
Developer, full-stack 10.23 24,247
Developer, front-end 9.95 12,960
Data scientist or machine learning specialist 9.7 2,629
Blockchain 9.63 971
Student 4.86 677
NOT including education, how many years have you coded professionally (as a part of your work)?

Developer Profile

Developer roles

Few developers consider themselves to be a single developer type, showing us their skill diversity.

Developer type

Full-stack, back-end, front-end, and desktop developers continue to account for the majority of all respondents. We asked about Cloud infrastructure engineer for the first time this year - almost 9% classify themselves as this type of developer.

Developers are wearing multiple hats. The majority of respondents said they considered themselves to be more than one type of developer - with DBAs, SREs, and Security professionals reporting the most variety. On average each of these roles reported being seven other developer types.

61,302 responses
Developer, full-stack 46.82% 28,701
Developer, back-end 43.38% 26,595
Developer, front-end 25.96% 15,915
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 15.57% 9,546
Developer, mobile 12.45% 7,634
DevOps specialist 10.06% 6,170
Student 9.13% 5,595
Cloud infrastructure engineer 8.62% 5,283
Database administrator 8.05% 4,934
System administrator 8.01% 4,908
Developer, embedded applications or devices 6.4% 3,923
Project manager 6.36% 3,897
Designer 6.14% 3,764
Engineer, data 5.87% 3,600
Engineering manager 5.83% 3,574
Data scientist or machine learning specialist 5.59% 3,424
Data or business analyst 5.22% 3,201
Developer, QA or test 5.05% 3,096
Academic researcher 4.42% 2,709
Product manager 4.1% 2,514
Educator 3.41% 2,090
Engineer, site reliability 3.18% 1,947
Security professional 3.15% 1,928
Developer, game or graphics 3% 1,837
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 2.94% 1,805
Scientist 2.87% 1,762
Blockchain 2.12% 1,302
Marketing or sales professional 0.84% 518
Which of the following describes your current job? Please select all that apply.
59,988 responses

Average count of other roles

Database administrator 7 4,934
Product manager 7 2,514
Security professional 7 1,928
Blockchain 6 1,302
Data or business analyst 6 3,201
Designer 6 3,764
Developer, game or graphics 6 1,837
Developer, QA or test 6 3,096
Educator 6 2,090
Engineer, site reliability 6 1,947
Project manager 6 3,897
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) 6 1,805
System administrator 6 4,908
Academic researcher 5 2,709
Cloud infrastructure engineer 5 5,283
Data scientist or machine learning specialist 5 3,424
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications 5 9,546
Developer, embedded applications or devices 5 3,923
DevOps specialist 5 6,170
Engineer, data 5 3,600
Engineering manager 5 3,574
Scientist 5 1,762
Developer, back-end 4 26,595
Developer, front-end 4 15,915
Developer, mobile 4 7,634
Student 4 5,595
Developer, full-stack 3 28,701
Which of the following describes your current job? Please select all that apply.

Developer Profile

Key territories

Across the world, developers and technologists turn to Stack Overflow to gain and share knowledge. Our survey received responses from almost every country on Earth.

Geography

The United States and India continue to provide the highest volume of survey responses, followed by Germany and UKI (UK and Ireland).

The top ten countries account for almost 60% of all respondents. This year we saw Spain just barely overtake Italy for the number ten spot. To see the top ten countries, refer to the methodology section.

41,502 responses
United States of America 18.88% 13,543
India 9.26% 6,639
Germany 7.52% 5,395
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 5.84% 4,190
Canada 3.47% 2,490
France 3.25% 2,328
Brazil 2.94% 2,109
Poland 2.41% 1,732
Netherlands 2.17% 1,555
Spain 2.12% 1,521
Where do you live? *
71,771 responses
Response Percentage Responses
United States of America 18.88% 13,543
India 9.26% 6,639
Germany 7.52% 5,395
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 5.84% 4,190
Canada 3.47% 2,490
France 3.25% 2,328
Brazil 2.94% 2,109
Poland 2.41% 1,732
Netherlands 2.17% 1,555
Spain 2.12% 1,521
Italy 2.11% 1,514
Australia 2.04% 1,462
Russian Federation 1.71% 1,229
Sweden 1.42% 1,020
Turkey 1.42% 1,020
Switzerland 1.3% 932
Austria 1.16% 833
Israel 1.11% 795
Iran, Islamic Republic of... 1.01% 723
Pakistan 0.99% 711
Czech Republic 0.96% 692
China 0.88% 632
Belgium 0.87% 626
Bangladesh 0.85% 613
Ukraine 0.83% 593
Romania 0.81% 581
Mexico 0.8% 574
Portugal 0.78% 563
Greece 0.76% 548
Denmark 0.76% 547
Indonesia 0.75% 537
Argentina 0.73% 521
Nigeria 0.72% 517
South Africa 0.69% 493
Norway 0.67% 479
Finland 0.65% 468
Hungary 0.65% 466
New Zealand 0.61% 440
Egypt 0.56% 400
Philippines 0.51% 366
Bulgaria 0.51% 364
Colombia 0.48% 341
Japan 0.46% 333
Ireland 0.46% 332
Viet Nam 0.44% 317
Sri Lanka 0.41% 296
Slovenia 0.4% 286
Serbia 0.39% 282
Kenya 0.38% 270
Taiwan 0.32% 233
Slovakia 0.32% 229
South Korea 0.32% 229
Morocco 0.32% 226
Singapore 0.32% 226
Nepal 0.31% 222
Lithuania 0.3% 212
Malaysia 0.29% 206
Chile 0.28% 203
Croatia 0.27% 192
Hong Kong (S.A.R.) 0.26% 184
Thailand 0.24% 175
United Arab Emirates 0.23% 165
Estonia 0.2% 141
Belarus 0.19% 136
Peru 0.19% 136
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of... 0.17% 119
Saudi Arabia 0.16% 116
Uruguay 0.15% 106
Georgia 0.15% 105
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.14% 103
Tunisia 0.14% 101
Latvia 0.13% 95
Armenia 0.13% 93
Ghana 0.12% 86
Uzbekistan 0.12% 84
Dominican Republic 0.12% 83
Ecuador 0.12% 83
Costa Rica 0.11% 76
Ethiopia 0.1% 75
Republic of Korea 0.1% 72
Lebanon 0.1% 71
Kazakhstan 0.1% 70
Afghanistan 0.1% 69
Azerbaijan 0.1% 69
Jordan 0.09% 64
Uganda 0.09% 63
Cyprus 0.09% 61
Albania 0.08% 59
Luxembourg 0.08% 56
Guatemala 0.08% 54
Iraq 0.08% 54
Myanmar 0.07% 53
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 0.07% 51
El Salvador 0.06% 45
Bolivia 0.06% 44
Paraguay 0.06% 42
Malta 0.05% 39
Republic of Moldova 0.05% 37
Algeria 0.05% 36
Cambodia 0.05% 35
Syrian Arab Republic 0.05% 35
Cameroon 0.05% 34
Palestine 0.05% 34
Sudan 0.04% 32
Cuba 0.04% 31
Zimbabwe 0.04% 30
Kosovo 0.04% 29
Honduras 0.04% 28
Iceland 0.04% 28
Panama 0.04% 28
United Republic of Tanzania 0.04% 28
Madagascar 0.04% 26
Jamaica 0.03% 22
Kyrgyzstan 0.03% 22
Mauritius 0.03% 21
Kuwait 0.03% 20
Qatar 0.03% 20
Rwanda 0.03% 20
Zambia 0.03% 20
Mongolia 0.03% 19
Montenegro 0.03% 19
Nicaragua 0.03% 18
Turkmenistan 0.02% 16
Andorra 0.02% 15
Bahrain 0.02% 14
Côte d'Ivoire 0.02% 14
Malawi 0.02% 14
Yemen 0.02% 14
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 0.02% 13
Oman 0.02% 13
Senegal 0.02% 13
Trinidad and Tobago 0.02% 13
Angola 0.02% 12
Congo, Republic of the... 0.02% 12
Isle of Man 0.02% 12
Maldives 0.02% 12
Somalia 0.02% 12
Benin 0.02% 11
Mozambique 0.02% 11
Tajikistan 0.02% 11
Mali 0.01% 10
Togo 0.01% 9
Democratic Republic of the Congo 0.01% 7
Lao People's Democratic Republic 0.01% 7
Swaziland 0.01% 7
Barbados 0.01% 6
Botswana 0.01% 6
Guyana 0.01% 6
Bhutan 0.01% 5
Guinea 0.01% 5
Namibia 0.01% 5
Bahamas 0.01% 4
Cape Verde 0.01% 4
North Korea 0.01% 4
Suriname 0.01% 4
Timor-Leste 0.01% 4
Belize 0% 3
Chad 0% 3
Haiti 0% 3
Niger 0% 3
Saint Lucia 0% 3
Antigua and Barbuda 0% 2
Fiji 0% 2
Gabon 0% 2
Gambia 0% 2
Lesotho 0% 2
Liberia 0% 2
Mauritania 0% 2
Palau 0% 2
Papua New Guinea 0% 2
Sierra Leone 0% 2
Brunei Darussalam 0% 1
Burkina Faso 0% 1
Djibouti 0% 1
Monaco 0% 1
Saint Kitts and Nevis 0% 1
San Marino 0% 1
Seychelles 0% 1
Solomon Islands 0% 1
Where do you live? *

Developer Profile

Demographics

Developers and technologists are a diverse group of individuals across many spectrums. We are committed to continuing to ensure our platform is inclusive and welcoming to all.

Age

46% of Professional Developers are 25-34 years old. But we see that more than half of the respondents learning to code are 18-24 years old.

70,946 responses
Under 18 years old 5.45% 3,866
18-24 years old 23.46% 16,646
25-34 years old 39.62% 28,112
35-44 years old 19.72% 13,988
45-54 years old 7.44% 5,281
55-64 years old 2.79% 1,978
65 years or older 0.78% 554
Prefer not to say 0.73% 521
What is your age?
53,041 responses
Under 18 years old 0.71% 379
18-24 years old 20.13% 10,677
25-34 years old 45.91% 24,350
35-44 years old 21.96% 11,647
45-54 years old 7.66% 4,063
55-64 years old 2.71% 1,437
65 years or older 0.56% 295
Prefer not to say 0.36% 193
What is your age?
6,206 responses
Under 18 years old 17.66% 1,096
18-24 years old 55.59% 3,450
25-34 years old 17.31% 1,074
35-44 years old 5.16% 320
45-54 years old 1.84% 114
55-64 years old 0.66% 41
65 years or older 0.27% 17
Prefer not to say 1.51% 94
What is your age?

Gender

Those learning to code are slightly less likely to identify as a man and slightly more likely to prefer to not identify. Both of these are indications that the industry (and our survey) could continue to become more diverse as more people join the workforce.

92% of all respondents and 93% of Professional Developers identify as a man. The United States has the highest percentage of gender minorities (Woman, Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming). We have considerable work to do to ensure our platform is inclusive and that our survey is representative of developers everywhere.

70,853 responses
Man 91.88% 65,097
Woman 5.17% 3,662
Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming 1.67% 1,186
Prefer not to say 1.65% 1,172
Or, in your own words: 0.74% 521
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
52,927 responses
Man 92.85% 49,141
Woman 4.8% 2,542
Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming 1.39% 735
Prefer not to say 1.28% 678
Or, in your own words: 0.62% 327
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
6,207 responses
Man 87.9% 5,456
Woman 7.96% 494
Prefer not to say 2.55% 158
Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming 1.98% 123
Or, in your own words: 0.89% 55
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
70,853 responses

Percent who identify as Woman, Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming

United States of America 9.8% 1,328
Canada 8% 199
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 7.89% 332
Netherlands 7.06% 110
Spain 6.74% 102
Brazil 6.68% 142
France 5.97% 139
Germany 5.68% 307
India 5.63% 367
Poland 4.43% 77
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.

Transgender

1.5% of all respondents identify as transgender. Like we see with gender identification, those learning to code are slightly more likely to prefer to not say if they identify as transgender.

70,315 responses
No 95.84% 67,392
Prefer not to say 1.96% 1,379
Yes 1.51% 1,064
Or, in your own words: 0.68% 480
Do you identify as transgender?
52,555 responses
No 96.65% 50,794
Prefer not to say 1.59% 837
Yes 1.17% 615
Or, in your own words: 0.59% 309
Do you identify as transgender?
6,123 responses
No 93.91% 5,750
Prefer not to say 3.18% 195
Yes 2.16% 132
Or, in your own words: 0.75% 46
Do you identify as transgender?

Sexual orientation

Those learning to code are less likely to identify as straight/heterosexual than Professional Developers, with 10% preferring not to say.

66,565 responses
Straight / Heterosexual 84.09% 55,975
Prefer not to say 6.53% 4,350
Bisexual 5.45% 3,626
Gay or Lesbian 2.67% 1,778
Prefer to self-describe: 2.15% 1,429
Queer 1.7% 1,131
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
50,070 responses
Straight / Heterosexual 85.96% 43,040
Prefer not to say 5.57% 2,790
Bisexual 5.11% 2,558
Gay or Lesbian 2.52% 1,264
Prefer to self-describe: 1.71% 856
Queer 1.54% 770
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
5,641 responses
Straight / Heterosexual 77.98% 4,399
Prefer not to say 9.98% 563
Bisexual 6.9% 389
Prefer to self-describe: 3.49% 197
Gay or Lesbian 2.52% 142
Queer 1.63% 92
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.

Race and ethnicity

Those learning to code are less likely to identify as European and/or White than Professional Developers. Like we saw with other demographic questions, the new group of developers who may enter the workforce soon, could be more diverse.

69,474 responses
White 39.38% 27,360
European 37.25% 25,877
Indian 9.7% 6,739
Asian 9.48% 6,586
Hispanic or Latino/a 5.71% 3,967
Middle Eastern 4.1% 2,850
South American 3.78% 2,624
North American 3.36% 2,331
African 3.3% 2,294
South Asian 2.59% 1,797
Prefer not to say 2.49% 1,732
Southeast Asian 2.33% 1,618
Or, in your own words: 2.19% 1,524
Multiracial 1.76% 1,222
East Asian 1.75% 1,214
Black 1.48% 1,028
Biracial 1.15% 798
I don't know 1.01% 701
North African 0.88% 611
Caribbean 0.66% 460
Central American 0.6% 416
Central Asian 0.57% 397
Ethnoreligious group 0.5% 348
Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) 0.47% 330
Pacific Islander 0.21% 147
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
51,945 responses
White 40.75% 21,166
European 38.13% 19,807
Indian 9.01% 4,678
Asian 8.53% 4,430
Hispanic or Latino/a 6.04% 3,137
Middle Eastern 4.21% 2,187
South American 4.1% 2,131
North American 3.24% 1,681
African 2.82% 1,466
South Asian 2.39% 1,242
Prefer not to say 2.2% 1,143
Or, in your own words: 2.08% 1,081
Southeast Asian 2% 1,038
Multiracial 1.68% 871
East Asian 1.5% 779
Black 1.27% 661
Biracial 1.06% 551
North African 0.82% 424
I don't know 0.8% 417
Caribbean 0.64% 334
Central American 0.56% 290
Central Asian 0.5% 262
Ethnoreligious group 0.45% 232
Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) 0.44% 231
Pacific Islander 0.17% 90
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.
6,086 responses
European 25.94% 1,579
White 24.33% 1,481
Indian 18.17% 1,106
Asian 16.86% 1,026
African 8.4% 511
Hispanic or Latino/a 4.65% 283
Southeast Asian 4.45% 271
South Asian 4.34% 264
Middle Eastern 4.27% 260
South American 3.12% 190
Black 3.07% 187
Prefer not to say 2.81% 171
East Asian 2.6% 158
North American 2.3% 140
Or, in your own words: 2.22% 135
I don't know 1.91% 116
Multiracial 1.81% 110
North African 1.5% 91
Biracial 1.27% 77
Central Asian 1.18% 72
Central American 0.81% 49
Caribbean 0.77% 47
Ethnoreligious group 0.43% 26
Indigenous (such as Native American or Indigenous Australian) 0.41% 25
Pacific Islander 0.36% 22
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.

Disability status

2,547 respondents have a physical difference, with the majority of these respondents being blind or having difficulty seeing.

2,547 responses
I am blind / have difficulty seeing 1.7% 1,142
Or, in your own words: 0.97% 650
I am deaf / hard of hearing 0.85% 570
I am unable to / find it difficult to walk or stand without assistance 0.44% 298
I am unable to / find it difficult to type 0.35% 232
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.

Neurodiversity

Response to this question increased from 20% last year to 22% this year.

This year we see more developers identifying as having a concentration and/or memory disorder (10.6%), anxiety disorder (10.3%), mood or emotional disorder (9.7%).

16,163 responses
I have a concentration and/or memory disorder (e.g., ADHD, etc.) 10.57% 7,026
I have an anxiety disorder 10.31% 6,848
I have a mood or emotional disorder (e.g., depression, bipolar disorder, etc.) 9.71% 6,449
I have autism / an autism spectrum disorder (e.g. Asperger's, etc.) 4.27% 2,834
I have learning differences (e.g., Dyslexic, Dyslexia, etc.) 2.77% 1,840
Or, in your own words: 1.23% 815
Which of the following describe you, if any? Please check all that apply.

Technology

Each year we explore the tools and technologies developers are currently using and what they want to use.

We have the favorite Loved, Dreaded, and Wanted data as well as Worked With vs. Want to Work With, which shows us precisely what developers used in the past year and what they want to work on in the following year. If you need a refresher on how we structure Loved, Dread and Wanted, or if you want to read about the intuition behind Worked With vs. Want to Work With, check out this post our meta post.

Technology

Most loved, dreaded, and wanted

Always one of the most popular series, we have some technologies/tools that are maintaining their position as most loved (Rust), and some that have unseated leaders (PostgreSQL).

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Rust is on its seventh year as the most loved language with 87% of developers saying they want to continue using it.

Rust also ties with Python as the most wanted technology with TypeScript running a close second.

71,467 responses
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
71,467 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

Rust 17.6% 11,409
Python 17.59% 6,564
TypeScript 17.03% 7,956
Go 16.41% 10,425
JavaScript 12.98% 3,249
Kotlin 8.08% 5,250
C++ 7.67% 4,255
SQL 6.51% 2,365
C# 6.11% 3,154
Java 5.6% 2,679
Dart 4.83% 3,226
C 4.34% 2,506
Swift 4.3% 2,920
HTML/CSS 4.09% 1,322
Elixir 3.07% 2,150
Haskell 2.98% 2,085
Solidity 2.82% 1,987
Ruby 2.66% 1,787
Bash/Shell 2.65% 1,346
Assembly 2.5% 1,687
R 2.33% 1,589
Scala 2.21% 1,540
PHP 2.17% 1,227
F# 2.14% 1,513
Julia 2.05% 1,445
Lua 1.72% 1,178
Clojure 1.63% 1,148
PowerShell 1.55% 976
Erlang 1.25% 887
LISP 1.02% 716
OCaml 0.77% 547
MATLAB 0.76% 519
Objective-C 0.71% 495
APL 0.55% 391
Perl 0.53% 370
Crystal 0.51% 366
Groovy 0.47% 324
VBA 0.39% 268
Fortran 0.39% 277
COBOL 0.37% 263
SAS 0.33% 237
Delphi 0.23% 162
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Databases

PostgreSQL becomes the most loved and wanted database after five years of Redis being the most loved.

62,594 responses
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
62,594 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

PostgreSQL 19.05% 6,870
MongoDB 17.26% 7,831
Redis 14.3% 7,024
Elasticsearch 8.29% 4,575
SQLite 8.18% 3,524
MySQL 7.99% 2,723
Firebase Realtime Database 5.08% 2,908
DynamoDB 4.82% 2,772
Cassandra 4.39% 2,676
Neo4j 2.95% 1,808
MariaDB 2.71% 1,398
Microsoft SQL Server 2.62% 1,212
Cloud Firestore 2.54% 1,476
Oracle 2.24% 1,247
CouchDB 1.55% 957
Couchbase 0.98% 606
IBM DB2 0.4% 248
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Cloud platforms

AWS remains not only the most used cloud platform but also the most loved and wanted.

55,648 responses
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
55,648 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

AWS 34.34% 10,201
Google Cloud 18.14% 7,623
Microsoft Azure 15.57% 6,392
Firebase 8.38% 3,762
DigitalOcean 6.47% 3,084
Heroku 5.09% 2,316
Linode 2.64% 1,417
OpenStack 2.24% 1,224
VMware 1.86% 954
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 1.59% 866
IBM Cloud or Watson 1.49% 815
OVH 0.77% 416
Managed Hosting 0.75% 398
Colocation 0.43% 237
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Web frameworks and technologies

Phoenix overtakes Svelte’s spot as the most loved web framework.

Angular.js is in its third year as the most dreaded. React.js completes its fifth year as most wanted.

57,654 responses
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
57,654 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

React.js 22.54% 7,750
Node.js 16.12% 5,146
Vue.js 14.6% 6,916
Next.js 11.28% 5,669
Svelte 9.34% 5,154
Django 7.89% 3,916
Angular 7.18% 3,339
Deno 5.67% 3,214
FastAPI 4.94% 2,687
Express 4.89% 2,204
Blazor 4.69% 2,590
Nuxt.js 4.68% 2,602
ASP.NET Core 4.43% 2,104
Flask 4.32% 2,146
Angular.js 4.32% 2,276
Ruby on Rails 3.3% 1,798
jQuery 2.79% 1,174
Laravel 2.4% 1,261
ASP.NET 2.37% 1,173
Phoenix 1.79% 1,011
Gatsby 1.72% 961
Fastify 1.51% 857
Symfony 0.94% 523
Play Framework 0.47% 269
Drupal 0.43% 241
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Other frameworks and libraries

Hugging Face Transformers surfaces as the most loved library while Tensorflow remains the most wanted.

This suggests that developers want to build machine learning models but enjoy using pre-trained models more. The popular cross-platform libraries, Flutter and React Native also remain in the top three most wanted.

53,442 responses
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
53,442 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

TensorFlow 15.33% 7,283
Flutter 13.52% 6,439
React Native 13.05% 6,223
Apache Kafka 8.64% 4,207
Torch/PyTorch 8.57% 4,239
Electron 7.93% 3,891
NumPy 7.49% 3,018
Pandas 6.7% 2,811
.NET 5.38% 2,022
Apache Spark 4.29% 2,195
Scikit-learn 3.91% 1,862
Qt 3.55% 1,757
Spring 3.52% 1,619
Keras 3.34% 1,672
Hadoop 3.23% 1,673
Xamarin 3.12% 1,594
Ionic 2.02% 1,030
GTK 1.96% 1,023
Hugging Face Transformers 1.73% 907
Capacitor 0.94% 494
Cordova 0.8% 412
Uno Platform 0.79% 419
Tidyverse 0.39% 204
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Other tools

Docker and Kubernetes are in first and second place as the most loved and wanted tools.

The desire to start using Docker does not appear to be slowing down as Docker increased from 30% last to 37% this year for wanted.

59,164 responses
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
59,164 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

Docker 37.08% 8,966
Kubernetes 23.82% 11,087
Unreal Engine 8.48% 4,830
Terraform 8% 4,239
Unity 3D 7.79% 4,153
npm 7.09% 1,658
Ansible 5.45% 2,941
Yarn 4.63% 2,038
Homebrew 1.73% 772
Pulumi 1.38% 809
Puppet 1.37% 795
Chef 1.33% 778
Flow 0.64% 376
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Integrated development environment

Neovim is the most loved editor for the second year in a row, with Visual Studio Code the next most loved.

However, Visual Studio Code is the most wanted tool, followed by Android Studio.

70,832 responses
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
70,832 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

Visual Studio Code 10.98% 2,011
Android Studio 4.14% 2,354
Xcode 3.31% 2,098
IntelliJ 3.29% 1,681
Visual Studio 2.75% 1,322
Vim 2.65% 1,440
PyCharm 2.43% 1,425
GoLand 1.65% 1,128
Neovim 1.59% 1,049
Webstorm 1.55% 1,008
IPython/Jupyter 1.52% 952
Rider 1.5% 1,011
CLion 0.99% 669
Emacs 0.99% 667
Atom 0.85% 544
Sublime Text 0.82% 483
Eclipse 0.8% 496
PhpStorm 0.72% 478
Qt Creator 0.68% 472
Notepad++ 0.61% 313
RStudio 0.52% 356
RubyMine 0.39% 275
NetBeans 0.39% 262
Spyder 0.34% 232
Nano 0.26% 166
RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) 0.18% 123
TextMate 0.12% 84
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

Asynchronous tools

Notion is the most loved asynchronous collaboration tool and the third most wanted tool.

Jira and Confluence - the two most used tools by Professional Developers, are almost evenly split between being loved and dreaded. But Jira is the most wanted tool, followed by Trello, Notion, and Stack Overflow for Teams.

48,310 responses
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
48,310 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

Jira Work Management 7.2% 1,734
Trello 4.77% 1,525
Notion 4.76% 1,839
Stack Overflow for Teams 3.75% 1,743
Confluence 2.83% 814
Asana 1.4% 620
Microsoft Planner 1.39% 642
monday.com 1.33% 619
ClickUp 1.16% 528
Airtable 0.95% 443
Microsoft Lists 0.79% 372
Adobe Workfront 0.59% 283
Smartsheet 0.29% 137
Workzone 0.22% 107
Swit 0.21% 100
Wrike 0.2% 94
DingTalk (Teambition) 0.16% 79
Cerri 0.13% 61
Wimi 0.12% 57
Leankor 0.12% 56
Planview Projectplace or Clarizen 0.11% 54
Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Synchronous tools

Slack is the most loved synchronous collaboration tool and the most wanted tool. Zoom, one of the most used tools by Professional Developers, is almost evenly split between being loved and being dreaded.

63,012 responses
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
63,012 responses

% of developers who are not developing with the language or technology but have expressed interest in developing with it

Slack 12.73% 3,637
Microsoft Teams 4.78% 1,286
Zoom 2.99% 803
Google Chat 2.04% 1,018
Mattermost 0.98% 589
Rocketchat 0.61% 378
Cisco Webex Teams 0.57% 325
Wire 0.3% 191
Symphony 0.22% 135
Wickr 0.17% 106
Unify Circuit 0.13% 80
RingCentral 0.12% 78
Coolfire Core 0.12% 77
Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Technology

Worked with vs. want to work with

Developers are naturally curious and interested in new technologies. We look at what technologies they are interested in trying based on what they are using now.

Programming, scripting, and markup languages

Similar to last year we see over 10k Javascript developers that want to start or continue developing in Go or Rust.

69,362 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
51,756 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
5,825 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which programming, scripting, and markup languages have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the language and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Databases

Those learning to code that currently use MySQL are more likely to want to start or continue to use MongoDB over any other database.

57,378 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
44,804 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,753 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which database environments have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the database and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Cloud platforms

Similar to 2021, we see a large number of AWS developers wanting to develop in Google Cloud or Microsoft Azure next year.

Professional developers are curious about the other cloud platforms that they haven’t worked with before. Each platform offers something slightly different for developers, whether it’s features (e.g., advanced data analytics tools), scalability, pricing options, etc. that can make it appealing to build on.

48,974 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
39,114 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
2,848 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which cloud platforms have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the platform and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Web frameworks and technologies

React.js developers are very interconnected with other frameworks and technologies, most notably Node.js.

49,625 responses

Minimum 4,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
38,332 responses

Minimum 4,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
3,118 responses

Minimum 400 respondents per connection.

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Which web frameworks and web technologies have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Other frameworks and libraries

NumPy and Pandas are the most interconnected other frameworks/libraries for all respondents, Professional Developers, and those learning to code.

44,176 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
33,591 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
2,835 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which other frameworks and libraries have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the framework and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Other tools

Similar to 2021, we see a lot of people working with npm and Docker who also want to work with those same technologies.

51,741 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
41,720 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)
2,884 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

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Which developer tools have you done extensive development work in over the past year, and which do you want to work in over the next year? (If you both worked with the technology and want to continue to do so, please check both boxes in that row.)

Integrated development environment

VS Code is the most interconnected IDE among all respondents, Professional Developers, and those learning to code.

People who are learning to code have more IDEs they want to work with - IPython/Jupyter, Eclipse, Atom - than Professional Developers.

67,765 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
50,803 responses

Minimum 5,000 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.
5,727 responses

Minimum 500 respondents per connection.

Click to toggle the visibility of a language.
Which development environments did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Please check all that apply.

Asynchronous tools

Jira and Confluence are most closely interconnected, which makes sense given they are under the same company.

We see interest in working with other asynchronous tools, likely because each of these tools serves a different purpose in a developer’s workflow.

44,307 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
36,835 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
1,855 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which collaborative work management tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Synchronous tools

With Professional Developers, we see some interest in wanting to use other chat and video platforms than they are using now.

61,833 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
48,973 responses

Minimum 1,000 respondents per connection.

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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply
4,176 responses

Minimum 100 respondents per connection.

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Which communication tools did you use regularly over the past year, and which do you want to work with over the next year? Select all that apply

Technology

Top paying technologies

Top paying technologies

Clojure remains the highest-paid language to know. Chef developers are the highest paid but Chef is also the most dreaded other tool.

Big-data and data streaming skills are well compensated with Apache Spark, Apache Kafka, and Hadoop all in the top three other frameworks and libraries.

Additionally, developers that have colocation experience are paid more than their cloud-only counterparts.

37,960 responses
Clojure $106,644 681
Erlang $103,000 371
F# $95,526 426
LISP $95,000 366
Ruby $93,000 2,850
Elixir $92,959 995
Scala $92,780 1,135
Perl $90,073 894
Go $89,204 4,567
Rust $87,047 3,076
OCaml $86,948 132
Groovy $85,320 1,605
Crystal $84,690 162
Objective-C $83,165 990
Bash/Shell $81,666 11,913
Haskell $80,250 530
Fortran $80,000 292
Lua $79,568 1,130
Swift $78,468 1,902
PowerShell $78,084 4,934
Julia $77,966 426
APL $75,932 128
COBOL $75,592 210
Assembly $75,000 1,202
Python $71,105 16,288
Solidity $70,368 439
TypeScript $70,276 15,077
C# $69,516 11,121
Kotlin $69,318 3,413
SQL $69,108 20,150
C++ $68,000 6,332
R $67,734 1,414
C $67,186 4,988
JavaScript $65,580 25,147
Java $64,572 11,333
SAS $64,243 184
Delphi $63,984 1,161
HTML/CSS $63,984 20,231
VBA $62,328 1,652
MATLAB $57,588 1,039
PHP $50,496 7,475
Dart $43,724 1,989
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
33,325 responses
DynamoDB $94,244 3,516
Couchbase $90,000 424
Cassandra $81,049 905
Neo4j $80,000 675
Elasticsearch $78,916 5,167
Redis $76,783 8,808
IBM DB2 $74,826 720
CouchDB $72,112 430
PostgreSQL $70,385 16,017
Microsoft SQL Server $69,318 10,132
SQLite $63,986 9,801
Oracle $59,720 3,830
MongoDB $57,588 8,587
Cloud Firestore $56,221 2,121
MariaDB $55,455 5,783
MySQL $55,455 14,466
Firebase Realtime Database $42,657 2,365
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
28,873 responses
Colocation $111,196 364
AWS $81,387 16,808
IBM Cloud or Watson $75,504 371
Linode $74,651 1,057
Microsoft Azure $74,651 9,367
OpenStack $74,472 543
Google Cloud $73,140 7,460
DigitalOcean $67,055 4,648
VMware $65,000 2,104
Managed Hosting $61,428 1,643
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure $56,521 463
Heroku $53,322 4,632
OVH $53,322 1,044
Firebase $46,430 5,159
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
29,552 responses
Phoenix $94,644 761
Ruby on Rails $90,000 2,127
Play Framework $88,800 253
Deno $78,084 403
Gatsby $77,948 1,158
Svelte $71,202 1,160
ASP.NET Core $70,740 6,502
Blazor $70,385 1,485
React.js $69,480 13,026
FastAPI $69,345 1,772
Drupal $68,460 721
Flask $67,104 3,809
ASP.NET $65,776 4,938
Node.js $65,000 13,440
Angular.js $63,828 2,891
Next.js $62,820 3,911
Fastify $61,708 556
Angular $60,528 6,812
Vue.js $60,148 5,816
Django $60,000 3,763
Express $59,712 6,463
jQuery $57,000 8,490
Symfony $52,728 1,197
Nuxt.js $51,189 1,111
Laravel $38,388 2,770
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
24,234 responses
Apache Spark $87,948 1,317
Apache Kafka $83,182 3,173
Hadoop $76,000 827
Tidyverse $74,651 475
.NET $70,920 9,252
Hugging Face Transformers $70,920 411
Uno Platform $70,385 135
Pandas $67,409 5,303
NumPy $66,600 5,604
Torch/PyTorch $66,480 1,576
Spring $66,372 4,504
Electron $63,986 2,116
Qt $63,984 1,660
Scikit-learn $63,500 2,465
Xamarin $63,384 1,317
GTK $62,187 470
TensorFlow $60,000 2,387
Keras $54,840 1,284
React Native $54,000 3,048
Capacitor $53,322 645
Cordova $49,232 1,116
Ionic $48,876 1,352
Flutter $42,657 2,526
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
30,553 responses
Chef $120,000 503
Pulumi $111,504 320
Terraform $100,511 4,497
Puppet $95,979 602
Homebrew $87,907 9,320
Kubernetes $85,104 8,556
Ansible $83,232 3,461
Flow $78,177 202
Docker $74,340 21,989
Yarn $68,252 9,034
npm $64,333 19,714
Unreal Engine $63,460 800
Unity 3D $59,327 2,111
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
37,780 responses
TextMate $93,701 299
Emacs $93,039 1,674
RubyMine $87,284 615
GoLand $83,183 1,344
Neovim $80,204 2,252
Vim $79,983 9,165
Rider $77,740 2,086
CLion $75,384 1,324
Xcode $70,452 4,218
IntelliJ $68,252 10,284
IPython/Jupyter $67,308 3,457
RStudio $67,000 995
Visual Studio Code $65,332 27,681
Visual Studio $65,000 11,723
PyCharm $64,008 5,292
RAD Studio (Delphi, C++ Builder) $63,984 907
Webstorm $62,903 3,046
Notepad++ $61,853 10,176
Sublime Text $60,915 5,700
Nano $60,000 3,111
Qt Creator $57,588 818
Atom $55,558 2,665
Eclipse $51,360 3,970
Android Studio $50,256 6,340
PhpStorm $50,256 2,697
Spyder $44,796 557
NetBeans $31,992 1,498
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.

Change in salaries between 2021 and 2022

On average, median salaries increased about 23% between 2021 and 2022. With Flow, COBOL, Couchbase, and IBM Cloud/Watson seeing the largest salary increases year over year.

COBOL
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,340 230
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,592 210
Erlang
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,077 401
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $103,000 371
Assembly
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,211 1,651
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,000 1,202
Swift
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,910 2,472
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,468 1,902
LISP
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,669 516
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,000 366
Objective-C
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,859 1,437
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $83,165 990
Delphi
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $46,704 1,031
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,984 1,161
Scala
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,832 1,411
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $92,780 1,135
F#
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,037 502
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,526 426
Kotlin
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,071 3,935
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,318 3,413
C
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $53,184 6,925
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,186 4,988
C++
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 8,465
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,000 6,332
Go
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,669 5,053
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $89,204 4,567
Haskell
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,021 708
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,250 530
Ruby
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,000 3,872
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $93,000 2,850
Elixir
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,077 1,013
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $92,959 995
SQL
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,228 23,791
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,108 20,150
Julia
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,228 475
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,966 426
Java
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,888 14,916
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,572 11,333
Crystal
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $72,400 243
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $84,690 162
Python
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,454 19,915
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $71,105 16,288
Clojure
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,000 1,074
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $106,644 681
PHP
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $38,916 10,014
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,496 7,475
JavaScript
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 31,506
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,580 25,147
C#
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,368 13,704
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,516 11,121
TypeScript
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,172 16,670
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,276 15,077
HTML/CSS
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,980 25,738
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,984 20,231
Dart
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $32,986 2,423
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $43,724 1,989
Bash/Shell
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $71,340 13,723
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,666 11,913
Groovy
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,002 1,747
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $85,320 1,605
Perl
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,000 1,227
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,073 894
Rust
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,530 2,938
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $87,047 3,076
PowerShell
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,824 5,483
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,084 4,934
VBA
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $53,825 2,202
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $62,328 1,652
R
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,454 2,050
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,734 1,414
APL
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,631 160
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,932 128
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Couchbase
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,018 704
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,000 424
Cassandra
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,930 1,180
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,049 905
DynamoDB
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,936 3,803
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $94,244 3,516
SQLite
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,704 12,496
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,986 9,801
Redis
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,548 10,453
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $76,783 8,808
MongoDB
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,401 11,150
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $57,588 8,587
MySQL
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $43,404 19,324
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,455 14,466
Elasticsearch
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,021 6,923
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,916 5,167
Microsoft SQL Server
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,167 12,692
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,318 10,132
Oracle
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $48,644 5,235
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,720 3,830
PostgreSQL
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,454 18,784
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,385 16,017
IBM DB2
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,044 945
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $74,826 720
MariaDB
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,678 7,200
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,455 5,783
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
IBM Cloud or Watson
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,942 637
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,504 371
DigitalOcean
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,704 6,028
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,055 4,648
AWS
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $66,810 20,108
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $81,387 16,808
Microsoft Azure
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,630 11,251
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $74,651 9,367
Heroku
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,000 6,588
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $53,322 4,632
Oracle Cloud Infrastructure
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,888 462
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,521 463
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Gatsby
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,129 1,645
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,948 1,158
Drupal
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,429 961
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,460 721
FastAPI
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 1,492
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,345 1,772
Django
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,379 4,778
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,000 3,763
Angular.js
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,450 4,649
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,828 2,891
Ruby on Rails
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,556 3,220
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,000 2,127
Flask
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,876 5,349
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,104 3,809
Express
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $47,850 8,640
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,712 6,463
Angular
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $48,852 9,613
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,528 6,812
React.js
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $58,128 15,540
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $69,480 13,026
jQuery
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,797 12,808
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $57,000 8,490
Vue.js
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,000 7,598
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,148 5,816
ASP.NET Core
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,744 7,876
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,740 6,502
ASP.NET
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,220 6,584
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,776 4,938
Laravel
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $29,196 3,881
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $38,388 2,770
Svelte
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $62,520 1,011
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $71,202 1,160
Symfony
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 1,596
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,728 1,197
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Apache Spark
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,464 1,736
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $87,948 1,317
Hadoop
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,624 1,260
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $76,000 827
Torch/PyTorch
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,869 2,147
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $66,480 1,576
Pandas
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 6,841
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,409 5,303
NumPy
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,049 7,517
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $66,600 5,604
Qt
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,888 2,240
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,984 1,660
Flutter
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $32,429 3,224
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $42,657 2,526
Cordova
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $39,192 2,207
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,232 1,116
TensorFlow
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,000 3,660
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,000 2,387
React Native
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $44,160 4,162
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,000 3,048
Keras
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 2,165
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,840 1,284
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
Chef
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,000 659
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $120,000 503
Flow
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,887 567
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $78,177 202
Puppet
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $76,000 883
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $95,979 602
Unreal Engine
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,228 880
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,460 800
Unity 3D
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 2,749
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $59,327 2,111
Ansible
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $72,000 3,983
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $83,232 3,461
Docker
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $63,469 24,507
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $74,340 21,989
Yarn
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $57,696 8,574
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,252 9,034
Kubernetes
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $75,000 8,804
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $85,104 8,556
Terraform
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $90,482 4,293
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $100,511 4,497
Pulumi
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $109,824 248
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $111,504 320
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
RubyMine
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,264 815
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $87,284 615
Sublime Text
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,401 8,684
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $60,915 5,700
Emacs
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,832 2,503
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $93,039 1,674
Xcode
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,680 5,605
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $70,452 4,218
IPython/Jupyter
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $52,942 4,742
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,308 3,457
TextMate
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,000 394
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $93,701 299
Webstorm
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $49,725 3,987
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $62,903 3,046
Neovim
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,052 2,076
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $80,204 2,252
PyCharm
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,228 7,323
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $64,008 5,292
RStudio
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,289 1,539
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,000 995
Vim
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $67,452 11,886
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $79,983 9,165
IntelliJ
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $56,427 12,977
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,252 10,284
Android Studio
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $38,508 9,012
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,256 6,340
Notepad++
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $50,262 13,276
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $61,853 10,176
Visual Studio Code
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $54,000 32,733
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,332 27,681
Atom
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $45,396 4,571
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,558 2,665
Eclipse
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $41,508 6,171
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $51,360 3,970
Visual Studio
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $55,224 14,785
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $65,000 11,723
Rider
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $68,724 2,087
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $77,740 2,086
NetBeans
2021 Median yearly salary (USD) $25,128 2,661
2022 Median yearly salary (USD) $31,992 1,498
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.

Technology

Version Control

A new section for 2022, we ask about use of version control systems - both professionally and personally - as well as how people prefer to interact with it.

Version control systems

No other technology is as widely used as Git. Especially among Professional Developers. But for those learning to code, 17% still do not use a version control system.

71,379 responses
Git 93.87% 67,006
SVN 5.18% 3,700
I don't use one 4.31% 3,080
Mercurial 1.13% 808
What are the primary version control systems you use? Select all that apply.
53,374 responses
Git 96.65% 51,586
SVN 5.96% 3,183
I don't use one 1.38% 737
Mercurial 1.22% 653
What are the primary version control systems you use? Select all that apply.
6,157 responses
Git 81.87% 5,041
I don't use one 17.18% 1,058
SVN 1.41% 87
Mercurial 0.45% 28
What are the primary version control systems you use? Select all that apply.

Interacting with version control systems

The command line is the primary way developers interact with their version control system

68,156 responses
Command-line 83.57% 56,961
Code editor 54.49% 37,137
Version control hosting service web GUI 28.44% 19,382
Dedicated version control GUI application 26.37% 17,976
How do you interact with your version control system? Select all that apply.
52,556 responses
Command-line 84.58% 44,450
Code editor 54.38% 28,582
Version control hosting service web GUI 28.74% 15,104
Dedicated version control GUI application 27.46% 14,430
How do you interact with your version control system? Select all that apply.
5,054 responses
Command-line 77.48% 3,916
Code editor 57.58% 2,910
Version control hosting service web GUI 22.42% 1,133
Dedicated version control GUI application 20% 1,011
How do you interact with your version control system? Select all that apply.

Version control platforms

GitHub is the most popular Version Control for both personal and professional use. GitLab, Bitbucket, and Azure Repos are more likely used for professional purposes instead of personal.

67,035 responses
GitHub
Personal use 87.02% 58,336
Professional use 55.93% 37,491
GitLab
Personal use 20.51% 13,749
Professional use 28.9% 19,370
Bitbucket
Personal use 10.48% 7,026
Professional use 18.42% 12,350
Azure Repos
Personal use 4.25% 2,847
Professional use 9.94% 6,661
Custom built solution
Personal use 2.44% 1,636
Professional use 3.96% 2,656
AWS CodeCommit
Personal use 1.29% 866
Professional use 2.7% 1,811
Cloud Source Repositories
Personal use 0.47% 316
Professional use 0.67% 447
What version control hosting service are you using?

Technology

Web3

Blockchain

Developers are torn on blockchain, crypto, and decentralization. 32% are at least favorable, 31% are unfavorable and 26% are indifferent.

While those learning to code are more favorable than Professional Developers, more of them are also unsure.

73,268 responses
Very favorable 10.99% 7,809
Favorable 20.58% 14,629
Indifferent 25.79% 18,331
Unfavorable 14.84% 10,549
Very unfavorable 16.36% 11,625
Unsure 11.44% 8,128
How favorable are you about blockchain, crypto, and decentralization?
53,507 responses
Very favorable 11.04% 5,861
Favorable 20.23% 10,741
Indifferent 26.06% 13,837
Unfavorable 15.12% 8,029
Very unfavorable 17.17% 9,116
Unsure 10.38% 5,511
How favorable are you about blockchain, crypto, and decentralization?
6,309 responses
Very favorable 13.83% 850
Favorable 25.24% 1,552
Indifferent 22.87% 1,406
Unfavorable 11.78% 724
Very unfavorable 8.08% 497
Unsure 18.2% 1,119
How favorable are you about blockchain, crypto, and decentralization?

Work

Work

Employment

Employment status

Full-time employment went up by 4 percentage points for all respondents. Professional Developers that are “Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed” have grown significantly in the last year (up by 5 percentage points).

In 2022 this question was changed to multi-select.

71,709 responses
Employed, full-time 68.61% 49,199
Student, full-time 15.24% 10,932
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 14.95% 10,721
Employed, part-time 5.79% 4,154
Student, part-time 5.19% 3,722
Not employed, but looking for work 4.71% 3,381
Not employed, and not looking for work 1.73% 1,244
I prefer not to say 0.85% 611
Retired 0.55% 396
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
53,491 responses
Employed, full-time 80.76% 43,199
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 16.6% 8,882
Student, full-time 6.78% 3,629
Employed, part-time 5.84% 3,123
Student, part-time 4.06% 2,174
Not employed, but looking for work 2.28% 1,221
Not employed, and not looking for work 0.45% 240
I prefer not to say 0.24% 128
Retired 0.19% 102
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?

Employment status by geography

Full-time employment has gone down in the top 5 countries while Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed has gone up.

15,197 responses
Employed, full-time 69.07% 10,497
Student, full-time 10.3% 1,565
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 8.96% 1,361
Not employed, but looking for work 2.99% 455
Employed, part-time 2.73% 415
Student, part-time 2.43% 369
Not employed, and not looking for work 1.66% 253
Retired 1.03% 157
I prefer not to say 0.82% 125
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
7,670 responses
Employed, full-time 56.99% 4,371
Student, full-time 17.28% 1,325
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 9.66% 741
Not employed, but looking for work 5.87% 450
Student, part-time 5.02% 385
Employed, part-time 2.87% 220
Not employed, and not looking for work 1.34% 103
I prefer not to say 0.94% 72
Retired 0.04% 3
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
6,360 responses
Employed, full-time 55.68% 3,541
Student, full-time 15.52% 987
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 10.24% 651
Employed, part-time 9.95% 633
Student, part-time 5.24% 333
Not employed, but looking for work 1.38% 88
Not employed, and not looking for work 1.12% 71
I prefer not to say 0.61% 39
Retired 0.27% 17
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
4,563 responses
Employed, full-time 68.64% 3,132
Student, full-time 11.53% 526
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 10.48% 478
Employed, part-time 2.74% 125
Not employed, but looking for work 2.06% 94
Student, part-time 1.69% 77
Retired 1.16% 53
Not employed, and not looking for work 1.14% 52
I prefer not to say 0.57% 26
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?
2,884 responses
Employed, full-time 62.76% 1,810
Student, full-time 13.14% 379
Independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed 12.31% 355
Employed, part-time 3.57% 103
Not employed, but looking for work 2.88% 83
Student, part-time 2.53% 73
Not employed, and not looking for work 1.28% 37
I prefer not to say 0.8% 23
Retired 0.73% 21
Which of the following best describes your current employment status?

Work environment

85% of developers say their organizations are at least partially remote.

Smaller organizations are most likely to be in-person, with 20% of 2-19 employee organizations in-person.

The largest organizations, with 10k+ employees, are most likely to be hybrid.

58,958 responses
Fully remote 42.98% 25,341
Hybrid (some remote, some in-person) 42.44% 25,021
Full in-person 14.58% 8,596
Which best describes your current work situation?
50,782 responses
Which best describes your current work situation?

Work

Company info

Company size

53% of respondents work for an organization that has more than 100 employees.

46,538 responses
Just me - I am a freelancer, sole proprietor, etc. 5.32% 2,474
2 to 9 employees 9.8% 4,563
10 to 19 employees 8.67% 4,035
20 to 99 employees 20.8% 9,682
100 to 499 employees 18.33% 8,531
500 to 999 employees 7.02% 3,266
1,000 to 4,999 employees 10.91% 5,076
5,000 to 9,999 employees 4.13% 1,920
10,000 or more employees 13.15% 6,122
I don’t know 1.87% 869
Approximately how many people are employed by the company or organization you currently work for?

Work

Salary

Salary by developer type

Senior roles like executives and engineering managers tend to have the highest salaries.

But in the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and Canada we see that Blockchain developers have comparable salaries even though they have the lowest average years of experience.

37,546 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $117,126 1,061
Engineering manager $111,976 2,434
Engineer, site reliability $95,979 1,330
Security professional $91,416 1,141
Cloud infrastructure engineer $89,580 3,788
Blockchain $79,983 701
Engineer, data $79,983 2,343
DevOps specialist $79,236 4,363
Marketing or sales professional $78,180 217
Product manager $76,783 1,460
Data scientist or machine learning specialist $74,651 1,997
Scientist $72,075 938
Data or business analyst $69,102 1,940
Developer, back-end $68,355 17,677
Developer, embedded applications or devices $68,254 2,422
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $67,128 6,064
Database administrator $66,600 3,147
Project manager $66,540 2,311
Developer, full-stack $66,372 18,817
Developer, QA or test $66,372 1,987
System administrator $65,000 2,975
Developer, game or graphics $63,986 966
Designer $62,820 2,005
Educator $62,467 1,140
Developer, front-end $60,000 9,915
Developer, mobile $56,220.5 4,512
Academic researcher $55,455 1,199
Student $21,768 525
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
8,540 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $200,000 322
Engineering manager $180,000 754
Blockchain $177,500 120
Engineer, site reliability $175,500 422
Cloud infrastructure engineer $170,000 1,018
Security professional $156,277.5 358
Product manager $155,000 322
Data scientist or machine learning specialist $150,000 468
Developer, back-end $150,000 3,705
DevOps specialist $150,000 1,026
Engineer, data $150,000 632
Developer, mobile $144,000 763
Developer, embedded applications or devices $140,000 558
Developer, full-stack $140,000 4,429
Developer, game or graphics $140,000 192
Project manager $140,000 461
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $133,000 1,341
Developer, front-end $133,000 2,011
Database administrator $130,000 774
Educator $130,000 209
Marketing or sales professional $130,000 86
Scientist $130,000 285
System administrator $126,500 720
Designer $126,000 523
Data or business analyst $125,000 498
Developer, QA or test $120,000 506
Academic researcher $110,000 241
Student $100,000 61
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
2,150 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Engineering manager $51,589 89
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $49,009.5 36
Marketing or sales professional $45,138.5 6
Cloud infrastructure engineer $32,243 154
Engineer, site reliability $32,243 45
Data scientist or machine learning specialist $30,953 109
Engineer, data $29,664 107
DevOps specialist $28,374 142
Educator $24,730.5 48
Product manager $24,698 65
Security professional $23,215 29
Developer, game or graphics $22,959 26
Project manager $22,570 98
Developer, back-end $20,636 1,019
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $20,636 242
Developer, embedded applications or devices $20,636 79
Scientist $20,509 12
Blockchain $18,056 59
Developer, full-stack $18,050 1,055
Academic researcher $15,480 33
Data or business analyst $15,480 89
Developer, QA or test $15,480 100
Developer, front-end $15,477 651
Developer, mobile $15,477 332
System administrator $15,156 64
Database administrator $14,484 105
Designer $12,897 96
Student $12,252 40
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
2,879 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $97,045.5 74
Engineering manager $95,979 150
Engineer, site reliability $83,182 101
Blockchain $79,983 25
Cloud infrastructure engineer $76,788 308
Engineer, data $76,783 177
Data scientist or machine learning specialist $74,651 171
Product manager $74,651 130
DevOps specialist $72,983 449
Data or business analyst $71,684 116
Security professional $70,385 102
Developer, back-end $70,380 1,355
Project manager $70,380 240
Database administrator $69,318 244
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $69,318 587
Educator $69,318 124
Developer, embedded applications or devices $67,825 249
Developer, mobile $67,186 308
Developer, full-stack $66,708 1,443
Developer, QA or test $66,652.5 178
Developer, front-end $63,986 755
Scientist $63,984 116
System administrator $63,984 300
Academic researcher $60,787 163
Marketing or sales professional $59,066 12
Developer, game or graphics $58,707.5 80
Designer $58,654 154
Student $27,192 40
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
2,600 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Engineering manager $119,357 193
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $119,357 68
Blockchain $113,075 28
Engineer, site reliability $106,793 95
Cloud infrastructure engineer $100,511 287
Engineer, data $100,511 167
Security professional $100,511 74
DevOps specialist $90,460 257
Project manager $90,458 96
Product manager $89,202 80
Developer, back-end $87,948 1,157
Developer, mobile $87,948 217
Marketing or sales professional $84,806.5 10
Data scientist or machine learning specialist $81,666 140
Developer, full-stack $77,896 1,277
Developer, game or graphics $75,400 61
Data or business analyst $75,384 132
Database administrator $75,384 213
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $75,384 400
Developer, front-end $75,384 552
Developer, QA or test $75,384 125
Educator $75,384 54
System administrator $75,384 191
Scientist $74,755.5 50
Developer, embedded applications or devices $74,127 135
Designer $70,358 147
Academic researcher $62,820 58
Student $32,666 19
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.
1,458 responses

Median yearly salary in USD

Blockchain $179,593.5 22
Engineer, site reliability $128,839 48
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.) $121,030 43
Engineering manager $119,472 115
Student $116,850.5 8
Data scientist or machine learning specialist $107,366 80
Cloud infrastructure engineer $105,414 178
Security professional $105,414 55
Engineer, data $102,290 92
Developer, back-end $93,701 660
Developer, embedded applications or devices $93,701 94
Developer, mobile $93,701 142
DevOps specialist $93,701 179
Product manager $93,701 67
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications $92,236.5 232
Developer, front-end $89,797 370
Developer, game or graphics $88,469 63
Developer, full-stack $88,157 774
Project manager $87,845 88
Marketing or sales professional $87,454.5 10
Data or business analyst $85,893 85
Designer $85,893 90
Educator $83,550 47
Developer, QA or test $80,427 91
Database administrator $78,084 115
System administrator $78,084 94
Academic researcher $62,467 30
Scientist $62,467 33
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.

Salary and experience by developer type

Years of experience and a higher salary go hand in hand. The three highest-paid roles have, on average, more than 11 years of experience.

36,056 responses
Hover over each point for full details. Color scale is logarithmic.
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.

Salary and experience by language

PHP developers continue to be disproportionately underpaid compared to other languages with the same experience.

35,965 responses
Hover over each point for full details. Color scale is logarithmic.
What is your current total compensation (salary, bonuses, and perks, before taxes and deductions)? Please enter a whole number in the box below, without any punctuation. If you are paid hourly, please estimate an equivalent weekly, monthly, or yearly salary. If you prefer not to answer, please leave the box empty.

Work

Purchasing technology

Influence on technology purchases

66% of Professional Developers have at least some influence over their organization’s purchases of new technologies. This is up from 56% in 2020 when we last asked this question.

Unsurprisingly, senior-level positions have the greatest amount of influence when purchasing new technologies. But with the exception of students, at least 60% of all developer types have at least some influence on purchasing.

50,969 responses
I have little or no influence 34.03% 17,345
I have some influence 43.15% 21,991
I have a great deal of influence 22.82% 11,633
What level of influence do you, personally, have over new technology purchases at your organization?
50,050 responses
What level of influence do you, personally, have over new technology purchases at your organization?

Researching new tools and technologies

Starting a free trial is the most common way to evaluate new tools. But this is down from 77% in 2020. The other two most common ways of researching new tools are asking a colleague/friend and visiting developer communities like Stack Overflow.

For Desktop or Enterprise application developers, they are equally likely to ask a colleague/friend and visit developer communities when they are researching tools.

67,963 responses
Start a free trial 71.88% 48,849
Ask developers I know/work with 67.08% 45,588
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 62.92% 42,762
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 29.77% 20,235
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 13.44% 9,136
Research companies that have emailed me 5.4% 3,667
When buying a new tool or software, how do you discover and research available solutions? Select all that apply.
56,755 responses
Academic researcher
Start a free trial 66.98% 1,661
Ask developers I know/work with 69.96% 1,735
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 65.04% 1,613
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 28.91% 717
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.8% 367
Research companies that have emailed me 8.39% 208
Blockchain
Start a free trial 75.2% 934
Ask developers I know/work with 71.1% 883
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.41% 800
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.82% 420
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 20.37% 253
Research companies that have emailed me 11.67% 145
Cloud infrastructure engineer
Start a free trial 79.36% 4,044
Ask developers I know/work with 77.1% 3,929
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.33% 3,380
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.28% 1,696
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 18.56% 946
Research companies that have emailed me 8.46% 431
Data or business analyst
Start a free trial 78.42% 2,405
Ask developers I know/work with 67.98% 2,085
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 70.49% 2,162
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.14% 1,139
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 21.81% 669
Research companies that have emailed me 11.44% 351
Data scientist or machine learning specialist
Start a free trial 72.42% 2,327
Ask developers I know/work with 71.62% 2,301
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.57% 2,171
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 31.84% 1,023
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.46% 529
Research companies that have emailed me 10.05% 323
Database administrator
Start a free trial 79.95% 3,808
Ask developers I know/work with 68.53% 3,264
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 70.23% 3,345
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 36.7% 1,748
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.69% 938
Research companies that have emailed me 9.41% 448
Designer
Start a free trial 78.7% 2,842
Ask developers I know/work with 67.43% 2,435
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 69.65% 2,515
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.8% 1,365
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.66% 710
Research companies that have emailed me 9.22% 333
Developer, back-end
Start a free trial 76.92% 19,409
Ask developers I know/work with 74.65% 18,837
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.18% 16,700
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 30.51% 7,699
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.34% 3,618
Research companies that have emailed me 5.79% 1,460
Developer, desktop or enterprise applications
Start a free trial 78.66% 7,194
Ask developers I know/work with 71.58% 6,547
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 70.1% 6,411
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.14% 3,031
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.62% 1,520
Research companies that have emailed me 7.23% 661
Developer, embedded applications or devices
Start a free trial 75.82% 2,807
Ask developers I know/work with 74.42% 2,755
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 69.77% 2,583
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 32.12% 1,189
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 17.37% 643
Research companies that have emailed me 9.08% 336
Developer, front-end
Start a free trial 77.54% 11,754
Ask developers I know/work with 72.61% 11,006
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.51% 10,081
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.03% 5,006
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 15.8% 2,395
Research companies that have emailed me 6.6% 1,000
Developer, full-stack
Start a free trial 77.37% 21,210
Ask developers I know/work with 72.13% 19,775
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.34% 18,186
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 31.9% 8,745
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.98% 4,108
Research companies that have emailed me 5.81% 1,594
Developer, game or graphics
Start a free trial 74.09% 1,284
Ask developers I know/work with 69.3% 1,201
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.92% 1,125
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 34.05% 590
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 18.06% 313
Research companies that have emailed me 9.87% 171
Developer, mobile
Start a free trial 77.48% 5,665
Ask developers I know/work with 70.1% 5,126
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.68% 4,876
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 32.8% 2,398
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.84% 1,231
Research companies that have emailed me 7.77% 568
Developer, QA or test
Start a free trial 79.44% 2,361
Ask developers I know/work with 76.21% 2,265
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 71.5% 2,125
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 39% 1,159
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.99% 594
Research companies that have emailed me 10.4% 309
DevOps specialist
Start a free trial 79.49% 4,727
Ask developers I know/work with 76.95% 4,576
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.9% 4,038
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 34.39% 2,045
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 18.01% 1,071
Research companies that have emailed me 8% 476
Educator
Start a free trial 75.72% 1,503
Ask developers I know/work with 72.75% 1,444
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.15% 1,313
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 36.78% 730
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 20.15% 400
Research companies that have emailed me 10.78% 214
Engineer, data
Start a free trial 76.26% 2,618
Ask developers I know/work with 74.57% 2,560
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.61% 2,321
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.47% 1,149
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.28% 662
Research companies that have emailed me 9.79% 336
Engineer, site reliability
Start a free trial 77.4% 1,449
Ask developers I know/work with 76.87% 1,439
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.35% 1,242
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 35.84% 671
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 22.7% 425
Research companies that have emailed me 11.91% 223
Engineering manager
Start a free trial 82.77% 2,873
Ask developers I know/work with 78.94% 2,740
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 61.45% 2,133
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 34.92% 1,212
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.85% 689
Research companies that have emailed me 10.57% 367
Marketing or sales professional
Start a free trial 80.04% 397
Ask developers I know/work with 63.1% 313
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.52% 320
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 46.17% 229
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 31.85% 158
Research companies that have emailed me 20.36% 101
Product manager
Start a free trial 83.29% 2,033
Ask developers I know/work with 69.52% 1,697
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 65.75% 1,605
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.36% 912
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 22.53% 550
Research companies that have emailed me 11.1% 271
Project manager
Start a free trial 81.29% 3,077
Ask developers I know/work with 70.17% 2,656
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 67.11% 2,540
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.38% 1,415
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 21% 795
Research companies that have emailed me 10.15% 384
Scientist
Start a free trial 69.02% 1,123
Ask developers I know/work with 73.33% 1,193
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 66.81% 1,087
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 31.96% 520
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 16.78% 273
Research companies that have emailed me 9.22% 150
Security professional
Start a free trial 79.05% 1,438
Ask developers I know/work with 74.66% 1,358
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.65% 1,176
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 35.84% 652
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 20.67% 376
Research companies that have emailed me 12.75% 232
Senior Executive (C-Suite, VP, etc.)
Start a free trial 84.19% 1,486
Ask developers I know/work with 73.54% 1,298
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 64.99% 1,147
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 39.94% 705
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 24.76% 437
Research companies that have emailed me 13.99% 247
Student
Start a free trial 66.58% 3,434
Ask developers I know/work with 64.37% 3,320
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 68.17% 3,516
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 33.87% 1,747
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 14.06% 725
Research companies that have emailed me 6.51% 336
System administrator
Start a free trial 77.86% 3,650
Ask developers I know/work with 67.94% 3,185
Visit developer communities like Stack Overflow 69.22% 3,245
Read ratings or reviews on third party sites like G2Crowd 37.14% 1,741
Research companies that have advertised on sites I visit 19.9% 933
Research companies that have emailed me 9.58% 449
When buying a new tool or software, how do you discover and research available solutions? Select all that apply.

Work

Coding outside of work

Coding outside of work

88% of Professional Developers code outside of work, with 73% of them coding as a hobby.

58,899 responses
Hobby 72.87% 42,922
Contribute to open-source projects 26.11% 15,378
Freelance/contract work 22.59% 13,305
School or academic work 14.54% 8,561
Bootstrapping a business 14.26% 8,401
I don’t code outside of work 12.41% 7,311
Which of the following best describes the code you write outside of work? Select all that apply.

Community

Community is at the center of all that we do. Here we take a look at how people use Stack Overflow and how connected they feel to the community.

Community

Stack Overflow site use

Visiting sites across Stack Overflow and Stack Exchange

Less than 1% of respondents have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange Network.

More people learning to code have visited Collectives on Stack Overflow, suggesting it’s a good resource for people who are getting up to speed on a new-to-them technology.

71,365 responses
Stack Overflow 97.92% 69,879
Stack Exchange 68.96% 49,216
Collectives on Stack Overflow 9.5% 6,783
Stack Overflow for Teams (private knowledge sharing & collaboration platform for companies) 5.85% 4,178
I have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange network 0.65% 461
Which of the following Stack Overflow sites have you visited? Select all that apply.
53,285 responses
Stack Overflow 98.56% 52,520
Stack Exchange 70.72% 37,682
Collectives on Stack Overflow 9.26% 4,936
Stack Overflow for Teams (private knowledge sharing & collaboration platform for companies) 6.36% 3,391
I have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange network 0.25% 133
Which of the following Stack Overflow sites have you visited? Select all that apply.
6,215 responses
Stack Overflow 93.35% 5,802
Stack Exchange 51.18% 3,181
Collectives on Stack Overflow 11.42% 710
Stack Overflow for Teams (private knowledge sharing & collaboration platform for companies) 4.59% 285
I have never visited Stack Overflow or the Stack Exchange network 3.46% 215
Which of the following Stack Overflow sites have you visited? Select all that apply.

Frequency of visiting Stack Overflow

81% of respondents visit Stack Overflow weekly and 53% of them visit daily.

70,961 responses
Multiple times per day 22.5% 15,965
Daily or almost daily 30.6% 21,712
A few times per week 27.86% 19,770
A few times per month or weekly 15.76% 11,185
Less than once per month or monthly 3.28% 2,329
How frequently would you say you visit Stack Overflow?

Have an account on Stack Overflow

8 out of 10 respondents have a Stack Overflow account.

71,572 responses
Yes 81.76% 58,519
No 12.51% 8,951
Not sure/can't remember 5.73% 4,102
Do you have a Stack Overflow account?

Frequency of participation on Stack Overflow

Of those with a Stack Overflow account, 46% are participating on the site less than once per month or monthly.

58,229 responses
Multiple times per day 1.74% 1,012
Daily or almost daily 3.23% 1,881
A few times per week 7.61% 4,433
A few times per month or weekly 18.13% 10,559
Less than once per month or monthly 46.1% 26,846
I have never participated in Q&A on Stack Overflow 23.18% 13,498
How frequently would you say you participate in Q&A on Stack Overflow? By participate we mean ask, answer, vote for, or comment on questions.

Feel like a part of the Stack Overflow community

42% of respondents consider themselves “somewhat” or “definitely” a member of the Stack Overflow community. Of these respondents, we see that gender minorities are less likely to consider themselves a member of the Stack Overflow community.

71,408 responses
Yes, definitely 14.54% 10,381
Yes, somewhat 27.55% 19,674
Neutral 20.91% 14,929
No, not really 26.23% 18,728
No, not at all 9.04% 6,456
Not sure 1.74% 1,240
Do you consider yourself a member of the Stack Overflow community?
69,153 responses

Percent who consider themselves definitely or somewhat part of the Stack Overflow community out of all respondents.

Man 42.95% 27,864
Woman 33.42% 1,218
Non-binary, genderqueer, or gender non-conforming 28.31% 334
Do you consider yourself a member of the Stack Overflow community?
70,669 responses

Percent who consider themselves definitely or somewhat part of the Stack Overflow community.

Under 18 years old 35.26% 1,356
18-24 years old 39.14% 6,484
25-34 years old 43.49% 12,176
35-44 years old 44.47% 6,204
45-54 years old 44.29% 2,333
55-64 years old 43% 848
65 years or older 35.14% 194
Prefer not to say 36.19% 186
Do you consider yourself a member of the Stack Overflow community?

Professional Developers

We asked Professional Developers to tell us about what impacts their productivity at work, how often it happens, and how much time that takes out of their day. We also asked them about the developer experience at work - do they have the processes, tools, and programs to make it easier to do their jobs.

Professional Developers

Productivity impacts

Participation in Professional Developer series

72% of all respondents were eligible to participate in our Professional Developer section. Of those eligible, 70% agreed to participate, resulting in over 36,000 responses.

73,268 responses
Yes 50.77% 37,200
Not Eligible 28.11% 20,598
No 21.11% 15,470
Would you like to participate in the Professional Developer Series?

Independent contributor or people manager

The vast majority of respondents are independent (or individual) contributors.

36,283 responses
Independent contributor 84.31% 30,592
People manager 15.69% 5,691
Are you an independent contributor or people manager?

Years of professional work experience

56% of respondents are in their first 10 years of professional work experience.

While it is possible for developers to become people managers in the first 4 years, we see that it is much more likely after the 5 year mark.

36,437 responses
1 to 4 years 29.05% 10,681
5 to 9 years 27.75% 10,202
10 to 14 years 16.99% 6,248
15 to 19 years 9.74% 3,580
20 to 24 years 7.22% 2,656
25 to 29 years 3.86% 1,420
30 to 34 years 2.2% 809
35 to 39 years 1.18% 434
40 to 44 years 0.73% 269
45 to 49 years 0.2% 72
50 years or more 0.18% 66
How many years of working experience do you have?
29,980 responses
1 to 4 years 31.45% 9,523
5 to 9 years 28.37% 8,588
10 to 14 years 16.15% 4,890
15 to 19 years 9.02% 2,731
20 to 24 years 6.39% 1,936
25 to 29 years 3.42% 1,036
30 to 34 years 2.04% 617
35 to 39 years 1.09% 331
40 to 44 years 0.71% 214
45 to 49 years 0.19% 57
50 years or more 0.19% 57
How many years of working experience do you have?
5,631 responses
1 to 4 years 16.14% 913
5 to 9 years 24.85% 1,406
10 to 14 years 22.06% 1,248
15 to 19 years 13.63% 771
20 to 24 years 11.61% 657
25 to 29 years 5.89% 333
30 to 34 years 2.83% 160
35 to 39 years 1.43% 81
40 to 44 years 0.71% 40
45 to 49 years 0.25% 14
50 years or more 0.14% 8
How many years of working experience do you have?

Ability to find knowledge and information within their organization

Nearly half of all respondents report that knowledge silos prevent them from getting ideas from across the organization and that waiting for answers to questions often causes interruptions and disrupts their workflow - with little difference between ICs and People Managers.

57% of People Managers report that they find themselves answering questions that they’ve answered before.

About a quarter of all respondents say they can’t find up-to-date information within their organization to help them do their job and they aren’t able to quickly find answers to their questions with existing tools and resources.

35,886 responses
Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:
29,607 responses
Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:
5,536 responses
Please rate your level of agreement with the following statement:

Frequency of productivity frictions

68% of respondents say they encounter a knowledge silo at least once a week.

For People Managers, 73% report encountering a knowledge silo at least once a week.

35,499 responses
How frequently do you experience each of the following?
29,306 responses
How frequently do you experience each of the following?
5,489 responses
How frequently do you experience each of the following?

Daily time spent searching for answers/solutions

62% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day searching for answers or solutions to problems.

25% spending more than an hour each day. Regardless of being an independent contributor or people manager, this is time that could be spent learning or building.

For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent searching for answers/solutions adds up to between 333-651 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.

36,198 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 9.75% 3,528
15-30 minutes a day 27.96% 10,122
30-60 minutes a day 37.71% 13,652
60-120 minutes a day 17.6% 6,371
Over 120 minutes a day 6.98% 2,525
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).
29,848 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 9.38% 2,799
15-30 minutes a day 27.58% 8,231
30-60 minutes a day 37.94% 11,325
60-120 minutes a day 17.97% 5,365
Over 120 minutes a day 7.13% 2,128
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).
5,576 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 11.66% 650
15-30 minutes a day 30.09% 1,678
30-60 minutes a day 36.62% 2,042
60-120 minutes a day 15.55% 867
Over 120 minutes a day 6.08% 339
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend searching for answers or solutions to problems you encounter at work? (This includes time spent searching on your own, asking a colleague, and waiting for a response).

Daily time spent answering questions

46% of all respondents spend more than 30 minutes a day answering questions.

32% of people managers spend over an hour each day just answering questions, while only 14% of independent contributors spend over an hour answering questions.

For a team of 50 developers, the amount of time spent answering questions adds up to between 278-568 hours of time lost per week across the entire team.

36,022 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 20.88% 7,522
15-30 minutes a day 32.95% 11,871
30-60 minutes a day 29.75% 10,718
60-120 minutes a day 12.18% 4,388
Over 120 minutes a day 4.23% 1,523
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?
29,702 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 22.7% 6,742
15-30 minutes a day 34.68% 10,300
30-60 minutes a day 28.82% 8,561
60-120 minutes a day 10.4% 3,090
Over 120 minutes a day 3.4% 1,009
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?
5,562 responses
Less than 15 minutes a day 10.68% 594
15-30 minutes a day 23.5% 1,307
30-60 minutes a day 34.79% 1,935
60-120 minutes a day 22.08% 1,228
Over 120 minutes a day 8.95% 498
On an average day, how much time do you typically spend answering questions you get asked at work?

Perception of the time to onboard

Over 48% of respondents regardless of function, think onboarding takes a very long time or a somewhat long time at their organization.

35,679 responses
Very short 3.94% 1,406
Somewhat short 12.43% 4,434
Just right 35.11% 12,526
Somewhat long 36.33% 12,961
Very long 12.2% 4,352
The time it takes to onboard new hires at my company is:
29,417 responses
Very short 4% 1,178
Somewhat short 12.33% 3,628
Just right 35.47% 10,435
Somewhat long 36.03% 10,598
Very long 12.16% 3,578
The time it takes to onboard new hires at my company is:
5,561 responses
Very short 3.52% 196
Somewhat short 12.89% 717
Just right 33.23% 1,848
Somewhat long 38.16% 2,122
Very long 12.19% 678
The time it takes to onboard new hires at my company is:

Supporting onboarding, available learning resources, and time to learn new skills

While independent contributors are not directly managing others, 62% of them are involved in supporting new hires.

78% of respondents say their employer gives them time to learn and 64% use learning resources provided by their employer.

35,961 responses
Last few questions...
29,662 responses
Last few questions...
5,553 responses
Last few questions...

Professional Developers

Developer Experience

Developer Experience: Processes, tools, and programs within an organization

Most Professional Developers report having CI/CD, DevOps, and Automated Testing available at their organization.

Only 38% report having a developer portal to make it easy to find tools and services.

Only 16% of organizations have Innersource initiatives.

34,906 responses
Continuous integration (CI) and (more often) continuous delivery 69.79% 24,361
DevOps function 59.35% 20,716
Automated testing 58.09% 20,278
Microservices 48.97% 17,094
Developer portal or other central places to find tools/services 38.18% 13,327
Observability tools 37.07% 12,941
Innersource initiative 16.31% 5,692
None of these 13.63% 4,757
My company has:

Methodology

How we planned and analyzed our survey

Methodology

General

This report is based on a survey of 73,268 software developers from 180 countries around the world. This is the number of responses we consider “qualified” for analytical purposes based on time spent on the full, completed survey; another approximately 53 responses were submitted but not included in the analysis because respondents spent less than three minutes on the survey.

The survey was fielded from May 11, 2022 to June 1, 2022.

The median time spent on the survey for qualified responses was 15.08 minutes. An increase we expected this year because of additional questions asked.

Respondents were recruited primarily through channels owned by Stack Overflow. The top sources of respondents were onsite messaging, blog posts, email lists, banner ads, and social media posts. Since respondents were recruited in this way, highly engaged users on Stack Overflow were more likely to notice the prompts to take the survey over the duration of the collection promotion.

As an incentive, respondents who finished the survey could opt in to a “Census” badge if they completed the survey.

Due to United States transport/export sanctions, our survey was, unfortunately, inaccessible to prospective respondents in Crimea, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, and Syria, due to the traffic being blocked by our third-party survey software. While some respondents used VPNs to get around the block, the limitation should be kept in mind when interpreting survey results.

Many questions were only shown to respondents based on their previous answers. For example, questions about jobs and work were only shown to those who said they were working in a job.

We asked respondents about their salaries. First, we asked what currency each respondent typically used. Then we asked the respondents what their salary was in that currency and whether that salary was weekly, monthly, or yearly.

The salary question, like most on the survey, was optional. There were 38,071 respondents who gave us salary data.

We converted salaries from user currencies to USD using the exchange rate on May 24, 2022 and also converted to annual salaries assuming 12 working months and 50 working weeks.

The top approximately 2% of salaries inside and outside of the US were trimmed and replaced with threshold values. The threshold values for inside and outside the US were different.

To identify which technologies to include in the survey this year, we looked at both the most popular and fastest-growing tags on Stack Overflow (in terms of questions posted). We compared these to the technologies we included last year and looked at how many people chose each option. We synthesized all this together to curate a collection of technologies to include.

The questions were organized into several blocks of questions, which were randomized in order. Also, the answers to most questions were randomized in order.

Free form text responses are primarily used to influence future survey choices but are not included in the published results.

Methodology

Feedback

How do you feel about the length of the survey this year?

The majority of respondents felt like this year’s survey was an appropriate length.

70,444 responses
Appropriate in length 76.49% 53,883
Too long 20.57% 14,491
Too short 2.94% 2,070
How do you feel about the length of the survey this year?

How easy or difficult was this survey to complete?

Less than one percent of respondents felt like this year’s survey was difficult.

70,508 responses
Easy 67.92% 47,886
Neither easy nor difficult 30.67% 21,627
Difficult 1.41% 995
How easy or difficult was this survey to complete?

Methodology

Participants

Who participated in this survey

Similar to previous years the overwhelming majority of respondents are a developer by profession.

73,268 responses
I am a developer by profession 73.03% 53,507
I am learning to code 8.61% 6,309
I am not primarily a developer, but I write code sometimes as part of my work 7.91% 5,794
I code primarily as a hobby 6.64% 4,865
None of these 2.04% 1,497
I used to be a developer by profession, but no longer am 1.77% 1,296
Which of the following options best describes you today? Here, by "developer" we mean "someone who writes code." *