Témbongkeun sumber pikeun Otot

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[[Gambar:Skeletal muscle.jpg|right|300px|thumbnail|Otot rangka, ti gelempengan nepi ka sélna]]
'''Otot''' mangrupa [[jaringan (biologi)|jaringan]] [[kontraksi otot|kontraktil]] awak nu diturunkeun tina lapisan mésodermal sél émbrionik. Pancénna pikeun ngahasilkeun [[gaya]] atawa pikeun [[ojah (fisika)|ojah]], boh pindah tempat atawa ojah dina [[organ internal]]. lolobana kontraksi otot lumangsung tanpa [[sadar]] sangkan bisa hirup, misalna kontraksi [[jantung]] atawa [[peristalsis]], nu ngadorong dahareun sapanjang [[sistim cerna]]. Gerakan ramo atawa leungeun mangrupa hasil tina kontraksi otot sadar nu bisa diatur.

== Tipeu ==
Otot kabagi kana tilu tipeu:
* [[Otot lemes]] atawa "involuntary muscle" nu aya di antara organ-organ jeung wangun sapereti [[oesofagus]], [[burih]], [[peujit]], [[brongki]], [[rahim]], [[urétér]], [[kantong cikiih]], jeung [[saluran getih]].
* [[Otot kardiak]] nu ogé "involuntary muscle" tapi hususon pikeun otot nu aya dina [[jantung]].
* [[Otot rangka]] atawa "voluntary muscle" nu nyantélkeun [[téndon]]na kana [[tulang]] sarta dipaké pikeun mangaruhan ojahna [[rorongkong|rangka]] ([[lokomosi]]).
<!--
Cardiac and skeletal muscle are "striated" in that they contain [[sarcomere]] and are packed into highly-regular arrangements of bundles; smooth muscle has neither. Striated muscle is often used in short, intense bursts, whereas smooth muscle sustains longer or even near-permanent contractions.

Skeletal muscle is further divided into several subtypes:
* Type I, slow oxidative, ''slow twitch'', or "red" muscle is dense with [[capillary|capillaries]] and is rich in [[mitochondria]] and [[myoglobin]], giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red color.  It can carry more [[oxygen]] and sustain [[aerobic metabolism|aerobic]] activity.
* Type II, ''fast twitch'', muscle has three major kinds that are, in order of increasing contractile speed:<ref>{{cite journal
 | last = Larsson | first = L | coauthors = Edstrom L, Lindegren B, Gorza L, Schiaffino S
 | year = 1991 | month = July
 | title = MHC composition and enzyme-histochemical and physiological properties of a novel fast-twitch motor unit type
 | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 261 | issue = 1 pt 1 | pages = C93–101
 | id = PMID 1858863 | url = http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/261/1/C93
 | accessdate = 11 June 2006
 }}</ref>
**a) Type IIa, which, like slow muscle, is aerobic, rich in mitochondria and capillaries and appears red.
**b) Type IIx (also known as type IId), which is less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin.  This is the fastest muscle type in humans.  It can contract more quickly and with a greater amount of force than oxidative muscle, but can sustain only short, [[anaerobic metabolism|anaerobic]] bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful (often attributed to a build-up of [[lactic acid]]). N.B. in some books and articles this muscle in humans was, confusingly, called type IIB.<ref>{{cite journal
 | last = Smerdu | first = V | coauthors = Karsch-Mizrachi I, Campione M, Leinwand L, Schiaffino S
 | year = 1994 | month = December
 | title = Type IIx myosin heavy chain transcripts are expressed in type IIb fibers of human skeletal muscle
 | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 267 | issue = 6 pt 1 | pages = C1723–1728
 | id = PMID 7545970 | url = http://ajpcell.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/267/6/C1723
 | accessdate = 11 June 2006
 }} ''Note: Access to full text requires subscription; abstract freely available''</ref>
**c) Type IIb, which is anaerobic, [[glycolysis|glycolytic]], "white" muscle that is even less dense in mitochondria and myoglobin.  In small animals like rodents or rabbits this is the major fast muscle type, explaining the pale color of their meat.-->

== Anatomi ==
Otot téh diwangun ku [[sél (biologi)|sél-sél]] otot (osok ogé disebut [[serat otot]]). Di antara sél-sél otot ieu aya [[myofibril]] (ngandung [[sarkomér]] nu diwangun ku [[aktin]] jeung [[myosin]]. Sél otot téh dirapihkeun ku [[éndomysium]], dibeungkeutan jadi mangrupa [[fasikel]] ku [[perimysium]]; beungkeutan-beungkeutan otot ieu lajeng ngahiji jadi otot nu dirapihkeun ku [[épimysium]]. <!--[[muscle spindle|Muscle spindles]] are distributed throughout the muscles and provide sensory feedback information to the [[central nervous system]].

[[Skeletal muscle]], which involves muscles from the skeletal tissue, is arranged in discrete groups, examples of which include the ''[[biceps brachii muscle|biceps brachii]]''. It is connected by [[tendon]]s to processes of the [[skeleton]]. In contrast, smooth muscle occurs at various scales in almost every organ, from the [[skin]] (in which it controls erection of [[body hair]]) to the [[blood vessel]]s and [[digestive tract]] (in which it controls the caliber of a [[Lumen (anatomy)|lumen]] and [[peristalsis]]).

There are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body (see [[list of muscles of the human body]]). Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibers cannot be increased through [[exercise]]; instead the muscle cells simply get bigger. It is however believed that myofibrils have a limited capacity for growth through [[hypertrophy]] and will split if subject to increased demand.

== Pisiologi ==

The ten types of muscle have significant differences. However, all but three use the movement of [[actin]] against [[myosin]] to create [[Muscle contraction|contraction]] and relaxation. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by [[action potential|electrical impulses]] transmitted by the [[nerve]]s, the motor nerves and [[motoneuron]]s in particular. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the [[neurotransmitter]] [[acetylcholine]].

Muscular activity accounts for most of the body's [[energy]] consumption. Muscles store energy for their own use in the form of [[glycogen]], which represents about 1% of their mass. This can be rapidly converted to [[glucose]] when more energy is necessary.

== Nervous control ==

=== [[Efferent nerve fiber|Efferent]] leg ===

[[Vertebrate]]s move muscles in response to [[somatic nervous system|voluntary]] and [[autonomic nervous system|autonomic]] signals from the [[brain]]. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, [[Template:Muscles of head|muscles of the face]] and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the brain.

In addition, muscles react to [[reflex action|reflexive]] nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain, but most muscle activity is the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain.

Nerves that control skeletal muscles in [[mammal|mammals]] correspond with neuron groups along the [[primary motor cortex]] of the brain's [[cerebral cortex]]. Commands are routed though the [[basal ganglia]] and are modified by input from the [[cerebellum]] before being relayed through the [[pyramidal tract]] to the [[spinal cord]] and from there to the [[motor end plate]] at the muscles. Along the way, feedback loops such as that of the [[extrapyramidal system]] contribute signals to influence muscle tone and response.

Deeper muscles such as those involved in [[posture]] often are controlled from nuclei in the [[brain stem]] and [[basal ganglia]].

=== [[Afferent nerve fiber|Afferent]] leg ===

Sometimes known as [[muscle memory]], the [[sense]] of where our bodies are in space is called [[proprioception]], the perception of body awareness. More easily demonstrated than explained, proprioception is the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time. This can be demonstrated by anyone closing their eyes and waving their hand around. Assuming proper proprioceptive function, at no time will the person lose awareness of where the hand actually is, even though it is not being detected by any of the other senses.

Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained from proprioception. The [[cerebellum]] and [[nucleus ruber]] in particular continuously sample position against movement and make minor corrections to assure a smooth projection.

== Role in health and disease ==

=== Exercise ===

[[Exercise]] is often recommended as a means of improving [[motor skill]]s, [[physical fitness|fitness]] and muscle strength. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, [[connective tissue]] and [[bone]], and the nerves that stimulate the muscles.

Various exercises require a predominance of certain muscle fiber utilization over another. Aerobic events, which rely primarily on the aerobic system, use a higher percentage of TYPE I or (slow-twitch) muscle fibers. Shorter events, which rely on the anaerobic energy delivery system, use predominantly TYPE II muscle fibers, or (fast-twitch) muscle fibers.

Humans are genetically predisposed with a larger percentage of one type of muscle group over another. An individual born with a greater percentage of TYPE I muscle fibers would theoretically be more adept at endurance events, such as triathlons, distance running, and long cycling events, whereas a human born with a greater percentage of TYPE II muscle fibers would be more likely to excel at anaerobic events such as a 200 meter dash, or weight lifting.

=== Disease ===

:''For more detail, also see [[Neuromuscular disease]]''

There are many diseases and conditions which cause a decrease in muscle mass, known as [[atrophy]].  For example diseases such as cancer and AIDS induce a body wasting syndrome called "cachexia", which is notable for the severe [[muscle atrophy]] seen.  Other syndromes or conditions which can induce skeletal [[muscle atrophy]] are  congestive heart disease and liver disease.

During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass.  This condition is called "sarcopenia".  The exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, but it may be due to a combination of the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" which help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors which are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival.

In addition to the simple loss of muscle mass ([[atrophy]]), or the age-related decrease in muscle function (sarcopenia), there are other diseases which may be caused by structural defects in the muscle (the dystrophies), or by inflammatory reactions in the body directed against muscle (the myopathies).

Symptoms of muscle disease may include [[weakness]] or [[spasticity]]/rigidity, [[myoclonus]] (twitching) and [[myalgia]] (muscle pain). Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing [[creatine kinase]] levels in the blood and [[electromyography]] (measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases, [[muscle biopsy]] may be done to identify a [[myopathy]], as well as [[genetic testing]] to identify [[DNA]] abnormalities associated with specific myopathies.

[[Neuromuscular disease]]s are those that affect the muscles and/or their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause [[spasticity]] or [[paralysis]], depending on the location and nature of the problem. A large proportion of [[neurological disorder]]s leads to problems with movement, ranging from [[cerebrovascular accident]] (stroke) and [[Parkinson's disease]] to [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]].

== The strongest human muscle ==

Depending on what definition of "strongest" is used, many different muscles in the human body can be characterized as being the "strongest."

In ordinary parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a [[force]] on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the [[masseter]] or [[jaw]] muscle is the strongest. The 1992 [[Guinness Book of Records]] records the achievement of a bite strength of 975 [[lbf]] (4337 [[Newton|N]]) for two seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles.

If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area at their belly. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal (striated) [[muscle fiber]] does not vary much, either from muscle to muscle, or with length. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewtons. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is usually said to be the [[Quadriceps|Quadriceps femoris]] or the [[Gluteus maximus]].

Again taking strength to mean only "force" (in the [[Physicist|physicist]]'s sense, and as contrasted with "[[energy]]" or "[[Power (physics)|power]]"), then a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by [[weight]]) than a longer muscle. The [[uterus]] may be the strongest muscle by weight in the human body. At the time when an [[infant]] is delivered, the human uterus weighs about 40 oz (1.1 kg). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 25 to 100 lbf (100 to 400 N) of downward force with each contraction.

The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the [[eyeball]]. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to be." Eye movements, however, probably do "need" to be exceptionally fast.

The unexplained statement that "the [[tongue]] is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength" that would make this statement true. Note that the tongue consists of sixteen muscles, not one. The tongue may possibly be the strongest muscle at birth.

The [[heart]] has a claim to being the muscle that performs the largest quantity of physical work in the course of a lifetime. Estimates of the power output of the human heart range from 1 to 5 watts. This is much less than the maximum power output of other muscles; for example, the quadriceps can produce over 100 watts, but only for a few minutes. The heart does its work continuously over an entire lifetime without pause, and thus can "outwork" other muscles. An output of one watt continuously for seventy years yields a total work output of 2 to 3 ×10<sup>9</sup> [[joule]]s.

== Efficiency ==

The [[mechanical efficiency|efficiency]] of human muscle has been measured (in the context of [[Watercraft rowing|rowing]] and [[cycling]]) at 14% to 27%. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of [[mechanical work]] done to the total energy output (heat plus work).

== Muscle evolution ==

According to a recent study published in 1999 [http://www.umbi.umd.edu/~collins/myoinformatics/muscle-evolution.pdf], specialized forms of [[Skeletal muscle|skeletal]] and [[cardiac muscle]]s predated the divergence of the [[vertebrate]]/[[arthropod]] evolutionary line. This indicates that these types of muscle developed in a common [[ancestor]] sometime before 700 million years ago (mya). Vertebrate smooth muscle (smooth muscle found in humans) was found to have evolved independently from the skeletal and cardiac muscles.-->

== Rujukan ==
* ''[[:en:Muscle|Muscle]]'', Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris.
* Costill, David L and Wilmore, Jack H. (2004). ''Physiology of Sport and Exercise.'' Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. ISBN 0-7360-4489-2.
* Phylogenetic Relationship of Muscle Tissues Deduced from Superimposition of Gene Trees, Satoshi OOta and Naruya Saitou, Mol. Biol. Evol. 16(6) 856-7, 1999
<!--
=== Catetan ===
<References/>-->

== Tumbu kaluar ==
* [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/IradaMuslumova.shtml Physics factbook] (Héart output 1.3 to 5 watts, lifetime output 2 to 3 ×10<sup>9</sup> joules)
* [http://www.akoa.org/story.dbm?sid=167 Alaska optometric association] (External eye muscles "100 times as strong as they need to be")
* [http://www.courses.vcu.edu/DANC291-003/unit_7.htm course notes for a Virginia Commonwealth dance course] (Quadriceps "strongest")
* [http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medther/StrokeSSM/ClinExamNeuro.htm University of Dundee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107094530/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/medther/StrokeSSM/ClinExamNeuro.htm |date=2006-01-07 }} article on performing neurological examinations (Quadriceps "strongest")
* [http://www.coachesinfo.com/category/rowing/77/ Muscle efficiency in rowing]
* [http://www.gssiweb.com/reflib/attachment.cfm?id=11 "Gatorade Sports Science Institute" on muscle efficiency in cyclists (PDF)]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.svacina.com/triggerpoints.html Trigger Point Therapy for Myofascial Pain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708045337/http://www.svacina.com/triggerpoints.html |date=2006-07-08 }}
* [http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/muscle/mustut.htm Human Muscle Tutorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980221073751/http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/muscle/mustut.htm |date=1998-02-21 }} (cléar pictures of main human muscles and their latin names, good for orientation)

== Baca ogé ==
* [[Daptar otot awak manusa]]
* [[Miopati]] (patologi sél otot)
* [[Miotomi]]
* [[Atrofi]]
* [[Atrofi otot]] 
* [[Otot rangka]]

{{pondok}}
{{sistim otot}}
{{jaringan biologis}}

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