Monoklina

Monoklina (ali redko, monoforma, tudi monoklinala, fleksura, kolenasta guba) je stopničasta guba v vzporednih skalnih plasteh, ki jo sestavlja območje strmejšega padca znotraj sicer vodoravnega ali rahlo padajočega zaporedja in je na pregibu navadno tanjša.

Monoklina Grandview-Phantom v Grand Canyonu, Arizona

Monoklina, oblikovana na konici majhnega narivnega preloma, Brims Ness, Caithness, Škotska

Nastanek

Monokline lahko nastanejo na več različnih načinov (glej diagram):

Z diferencialnim zbijanjem nad ležečo strukturo, zlasti velikim prelomom na robu bazena zaradi večje zbitosti polnila bazena, bo amplituda gube postopoma zamrla navzgor.^[1]
Z blagim ponovnim aktiviranjem prejšnje ekstenzijske napake med fazo inverzije, ki povzroči zvijanje v prekrivnem zaporedju.^[2]
Kot oblika širjenja preloma je guba med širjenjem navzgor ekstenzijske prelomnice v tleh v prekrivno zaporedje.^[3]
Kot oblika širjenja preloma se zloži med širjenjem navzgor reverznega preloma v tleh v prekrivno zaporedje.^[4]

Primeri

Waterpocket Fold v narodnem parku Capitol Reef, Utah^[5]
Comb Ridge v južnem Utahu^[6]
Grandview-Phantom Monocline v Grand Canyonu, Arizona^[7]
Grand Hogback v Koloradu^[8]
Gorovje Lebombo v južni Afriki^[9]
Monoklina Lapstone v Blue Mountains (Avstralija)^[10]
Monoklina Beaumaris v Viktoriji (Avstralija)^[11]
Monoklina Purbeck na otoku Purbeck, Dorset, Anglija^[12]
Fore-Sudetski monoklinal, Poljska^[13]
Monoklina Sindh, Pakistan^[14]
Torres Flexure, južna Brazilija^[15]

Sklici

↑ Skuce, A.G. (1996). »Forward modelling of compaction above normal faults: an example from the Sirte Basin, Libya« (PDF). V Buchanan, P.G.; Nieuwland, D.A. (ur.). Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation, Validation and Modelling. Special Publications. Zv. 99. London: Geological Society. str. 135–146. ISBN 978-1-897799-43-7. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 16. marca 2012.
↑ Chadwick, R.A. (1993). »Aspects of basin inversion in southern Britain«. Journal of the Geological Society. 150 (2): 311–322. Bibcode:1993JGSoc.150..311C. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.2.0311. S2CID 131396080.
↑ Willsey, S.P.; Umhoefer, P.J.; Hilley, G.E. (2002). »Early evolution of an extensional monocline by a propagating normal fault: 3D analysis from combined field study and numerical modeling« (PDF). Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 651–669. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..651W. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00120-1. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 20. julija 2011. Pridobljeno 9. januarja 2011.
↑ Finch, E.; Hardy, S.; Gawthorpe, R. (2003). »Discrete element modelling of contractional fault-propagation folding above rigid basement fault blocks«. Journal of Structural Geology. 25 (4): 515–528. Bibcode:2003JSG....25..515F. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00053-6.
↑ »Geology«. Capitol Reef National Park. National Park Service. 23. december 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.
↑ »Comb Ridge, Utah«. earthobservatory.nasa.gov (v angleščini). 24. november 2019. Pridobljeno 22. oktobra 2021.
↑ Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2004). Hiking the Grand Canyon's Geology. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. str. 99–114. ISBN 978-0-89886-895-1.
↑ Murray, Frederick N. (1967). »Jointing in Sedimentary Rocks along the Grand Hogback Monocline, Colorado«. The Journal of Geology. 75 (3): 340–350. Bibcode:1967JG.....75..340M. doi:10.1086/627261. JSTOR 30071521. S2CID 128672429.
↑ Klausen, M.B. (2009). »The Lebombo monocline and associated feeder dyke swarm: Diagnostic of a successful and highly volcanic rifted margin?«. Tectonophysics. 468 (1–4): 42–62. Bibcode:2009Tectp.468...42K. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.012.
↑ »L001 : Lapstone Monocline«. Heritage places and items. Office of Environment and Heritage, Government of New South Wales. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.
↑ »61. Beaumaris Cliffs 3 - Monocline«. Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance. Agriculture Victoria. 8. junij 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.
↑ Nowell, D.A.G. (1997). »Structures affecting the coast around Lulworth Cove, Dorset and syn-sedimentary Wealden faulting«. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 108 (4): 257–268. Bibcode:1997PrGA..108..257N. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80011-9.
↑ Kluska, B.; Rospondek, M.J.; Marynowski, L.; Schaeffer, P. (2013). »The Werra cyclotheme (Upper Permian, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland): Insights into fluctuations of the sedimentary environment from organic geochemical studies«. Applied Geochemistry. 29: 73–91. Bibcode:2013ApGC...29...73K. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.09.010.
↑ Memon, A.D.; Siddiqui, I.; Memon, A. (1999). »Tectonics of the Sindh monocline, Pakistan and their effects on hydrocarbons«. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 18 (2): 87–96.
↑ Seth, H. (2018). Tectonic Deformation of Flood Basalt Provinces. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-67704-0.

Zunanje povezave

Učno gradivo o zgibih z ETH Zurich (PDF; 2,2 MB)
Geologija

[Skuce-1] Skuce, A.G. (1996). »Forward modelling of compaction above normal faults: an example from the Sirte Basin, Libya« (PDF). V Buchanan, P.G.; Nieuwland, D.A. (ur.). Modern Developments in Structural Interpretation, Validation and Modelling. Special Publications. Zv. 99. London: Geological Society. str. 135–146. ISBN 978-1-897799-43-7. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 16. marca 2012.

[andy-2] Chadwick, R.A. (1993). »Aspects of basin inversion in southern Britain«. Journal of the Geological Society. 150 (2): 311–322. Bibcode:1993JGSoc.150..311C. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.150.2.0311. S2CID 131396080.

[willsey-3] Willsey, S.P.; Umhoefer, P.J.; Hilley, G.E. (2002). »Early evolution of an extensional monocline by a propagating normal fault: 3D analysis from combined field study and numerical modeling« (PDF). Journal of Structural Geology. 24 (4): 651–669. Bibcode:2002JSG....24..651W. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(01)00120-1. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča (PDF) dne 20. julija 2011. Pridobljeno 9. januarja 2011.

[finch-4] Finch, E.; Hardy, S.; Gawthorpe, R. (2003). »Discrete element modelling of contractional fault-propagation folding above rigid basement fault blocks«. Journal of Structural Geology. 25 (4): 515–528. Bibcode:2003JSG....25..515F. doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00053-6.

[NPSCapitol-5] »Geology«. Capitol Reef National Park. National Park Service. 23. december 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.

[6] »Comb Ridge, Utah«. earthobservatory.nasa.gov (v angleščini). 24. november 2019. Pridobljeno 22. oktobra 2021.

[7] Abbott, Lon; Cook, Terri (2004). Hiking the Grand Canyon's Geology. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. str. 99–114. ISBN 978-0-89886-895-1.

[Murray1967-8] Murray, Frederick N. (1967). »Jointing in Sedimentary Rocks along the Grand Hogback Monocline, Colorado«. The Journal of Geology. 75 (3): 340–350. Bibcode:1967JG.....75..340M. doi:10.1086/627261. JSTOR 30071521. S2CID 128672429.

[Klausen2009-9] Klausen, M.B. (2009). »The Lebombo monocline and associated feeder dyke swarm: Diagnostic of a successful and highly volcanic rifted margin?«. Tectonophysics. 468 (1–4): 42–62. Bibcode:2009Tectp.468...42K. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.10.012.

[NSW_Gov-10] »L001 : Lapstone Monocline«. Heritage places and items. Office of Environment and Heritage, Government of New South Wales. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.

[VRO1-11] »61. Beaumaris Cliffs 3 - Monocline«. Sites of Geological and Geomorphological Significance. Agriculture Victoria. 8. junij 2017. Pridobljeno 1. marca 2018.

[Nowell1997-12] Nowell, D.A.G. (1997). »Structures affecting the coast around Lulworth Cove, Dorset and syn-sedimentary Wealden faulting«. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 108 (4): 257–268. Bibcode:1997PrGA..108..257N. doi:10.1016/S0016-7878(97)80011-9.

[KluskaEtAl2013-13] Kluska, B.; Rospondek, M.J.; Marynowski, L.; Schaeffer, P. (2013). »The Werra cyclotheme (Upper Permian, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Poland): Insights into fluctuations of the sedimentary environment from organic geochemical studies«. Applied Geochemistry. 29: 73–91. Bibcode:2013ApGC...29...73K. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2012.09.010.

[MemonEtAl1999-14] Memon, A.D.; Siddiqui, I.; Memon, A. (1999). »Tectonics of the Sindh monocline, Pakistan and their effects on hydrocarbons«. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 18 (2): 87–96.

[Seth1-15] Seth, H. (2018). Tectonic Deformation of Flood Basalt Provinces. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-67704-0.

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