[go: up one dir, main page]
Jump to content

British Raj

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Indian Empire)

British Raj
1858–1947
Indian Star of India
Indian Star
Anthem: "God Save the King/Queen" [1]
1909 Map of the British Indian Empire, showing British India in two shades of pink and the princely states in yellow.
1909 Map of the British Indian Empire, showing British India in two shades of pink and the princely states in yellow.
StatusImperial political structure (British India, a quasi-federation of presidencies and provinces directly governed by the British Crown through the Viceroy and Governor-General of India, Princely States, governed by Indian rulers, under the suzerainty of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)[2]
CapitalCalcutta (1858–1911)
New Delhi (1911–1947)
Common languages
Religion
Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism
GovernmentBritish Colonial Government
Monarch of the United Kingdom and Emperor/Empressa 
• 1858–1901
Victoria
• 1901–1910
Edward VII
• 1910–1936
George V
• 1936
Edward VIII
• 1936–1947
George VI
Viceroyb 
• 1858–1862
The 2nd Viscount Canning (first)
• 1947
The 1st Viscount Mountbatten (last)
Secretary of State 
• 1858–1859
Lord Stanley (first)
• 1947
The 5th Earl of Listowel (last)
LegislatureImperial Legislative Council
History 
23 June 1757 & 10 May 1857
2 August 1858
18 July 1947
14 and 15 August 1947
CurrencyIndian rupee
ISO 3166 codeIN
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Company rule in India
Mughal Empire
Dominion of India
Dominion of Pakistan
  1. Title of Emperor/Empress of India existed 1876–1948
  2. Full title was "Viceroy and Governor-General of India"

The British Raj was a colony of the British Empire from 1858 to 1947 in South Asia. Raj is a word in Sanskrit that means "rule" and so "British Raj" means rule of the British Empire. The area of the colony is now in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. The British Raj is also called British India.[3][4]

The term British Raj is used for the direct British rule over areas that had been conquered by the British in South Asia. It also included the independent princely states. These areas were governed by their own traditional rulers although they were under the overall authority of the British crown. An estimated 165 million people may have died as a result of British colonial policies from 1880 to 1920. This number is larger than the death toll from both World War I and World War II, including The Holocaust.[5][6]

Myanmar or Burma became its own British colony in 1937. The colony of Aden came under the same government from 1858 to 1937, as were British Somaliland (now part of Somalia) from 1884 to 1898 and Singapore from 1858 to 1867.

British rule ended on 15 August 1947. The borders between India and Pakistan came into effect on the 18 August. Many people died during the Partition of India.

Jammu and Kashmir, like the other princely states, had not been under direct British rule. India and Pakistan went to war over the area, which is now divided between them.

The 1861 census showed that the British population in the subcontinent was 125,945. Only 41,862 of them were civilians as compared with 84,083 European officers and men of the Army.[7] In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies.[8]

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Charles Capwell (1987). "Sourindro Mohun Tagore and the National Anthem Project". Ethnomusicology. 31 (3). University of Illinois Press: 407–430. doi:10.2307/851664. JSTOR 851664.
  2. ↑ Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.
  3. ↑ Bowen H.V; Mancke, Elizabeth; Reid, John G. 2012. Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds c1550–1850. Cambridge University Press
  4. ↑ Mansergh, Nicholas 1974. Constitutional relations between Britain and India. London: HMSO.
  5. ↑ "British empire killed 165 million Indians in 40 years: How colonialism inspired fascism | MR Online". 14 December 2022.
  6. ↑ Sharma, Yogada (14 August 2023). "Independence Day: 165 million unaccounted Indian victims of the British colonial regime". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  7. ↑ Ernst, W. (1996). "European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India". Social History of Medicine. 9 (3): 357–82. doi:10.1093/shm/9.3.357. PMID 11618727.
  8. ↑ Robinson, Ronald Edward, & John Gallagher. 1968. Africa and the Victorians: the climax of imperialism. Garden City, NY: Doubleday "'Send the Mild Hindoo:' The Simultaneous Expansion of British Suffrage and Empire∗" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Raj&oldid=9909741"