Japanska era

Japansko ime ere (年号, nengō^?, dosl. "ime godine") je izraz kojim se označava vremenski period koji služi za označavanje godina u tradicionalnom japanskom kalendaru, pa se tako uz broj godine navodi i njena era. Tako se npr. trenutna godina 2024 označava kao 36 ere Heisei. Praksa označavanja godina po različitim erama, kao i drugdje u istočnoj Aziji, originalno uvedena po uzoru službenih godina carske Kine, iako se japanski sistem imenovanja godina razvio samostalno od kineskog, korejskog i vijetnamskog. Za razliku od svih njih, japanska imena era su, usprkos vesternizacije, još uvijek u službenoj upotrebi.

Sistem je uveden 645. za vrijeme vladavine cara Kotokua. Od vremena Meiji revolucije u 19. vijeku je uveden običaj da za vrijeme vladavine jednog cara može postojati samo jedna era.

Japansku eru valja razlikovati od tzv. carske godine ili ere Koki, koja je 1873. uvedena u Japanu, odnosno koja se računala od datuma kada je 660. pne. mitski Jimmu-Tenno postao prvi japanski car. Ona se koristila sve do završetka drugog svjetskog rata.

Veze

Izvori

Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
Daijirin, 2nd edition.
Daijisen, 1st edition.
Kōjien, 5th edition.
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
二中歴1 第一～第四（尊経閣善本影印集成） ISBN 4-8406-2314-7.
二中歴2 第五～第十（尊経閣善本影印集成） ISBN 4-8406-2315-5.
二中歴3 第十一～第十三（尊経閣善本影印集成） ISBN 4-8406-2316-3.
所功, (1977). 日本の年号　揺れ動く＜元号＞問題の原点. 雄山閣.
井上清, (1989). 元号制批判やめよう元号を. 明石書店. ISBN 4-7503-0236-8.

Vanjske veze

Nengō converter

p r u Japanska imena era (Nengō)
Asuka period 538–710	Taika 645–650 • Hakuchi 650–654 • Shuchō 686–686 • Taihō 701–704 • Keiun 704–708 • Wadō 708–715
Nara period 710–784	Reiki 715–717 • Yōrō 717–724 • Jinki 724–729 • Tenpyō 729–749 • Tenpyō-kanpō 749–749 • Tenpyō-shōhō 749–757 • Tenpyō-hōji 757–765 • Tenpyō-jingo 765–767 • Jingo-keiun 767–770 • Hōki 770–781 • Ten'ō 781–782 • Enryaku 782–806
Heian period 784–1185	Daidō 806–810 • Kōnin 810–824 • Tenchō 824–834 • Jōwa 834–848 • Kajō 848–851 • Ninju 851–854 • Saikō 854–857 • Ten'an 857–859 • Jōgan 859–877 • Gangyō 877–885 • Ninna 885–889 • Kanpyō 889–898 • Shōtai 898–901 • Engi 901–923 • Enchō 923–931 • Jōhei 931–938 • Tengyō 938–947 • Tenryaku 947–957 • Tentoku 957–961 • Ōwa 961–964 • Kōhō 964–968 • Anna 968–970 • Tenroku 970–973 • Ten'en 973–976 • Jōgen 976–978 • Tengen 978–983 • Eikan 983–985 • Kanna 985–987 • Eien 987–988 • Eiso 988–990 • Shōryaku 990–995 • Chōtoku 995–999 • Chōhō 999–1004 • Kankō 1004–1012 • Chōwa 1012–1017 • Kannin 1017–1021 • Jian 1021–1024 • Manju 1024–1028 • Chōgen 1028–1037 • Chōryaku 1037–1040 • Chōkyū 1040–1044 • Kantoku 1044–1046 • Eishō 1046–1053 • Tengi 1053–1058 • Kōhei 1058–1065 • Jiryaku 1065–1069 • Enkyū 1069–1074 • Jōhō 1074–1077 • Jōryaku 1077–1081 • Eihō 1081–1084 • Ōtoku 1084–1087 • Kanji 1087–1094 • Kahō 1094–1096 • Eichō 1096–1097 • Jōtoku 1097–1099 • Kōwa 1099–1104 • Chōji 1104–1106 • Kajō 1106–1108 • Tennin 1108–1110 • Ten'ei 1110–1113 • Eikyū 1113–1118 • Gen'ei 1118–1120 • Hōan 1120–1124 • Tenji 1124–1126 • Daiji 1126–1131 • Tenshō 1131–1132 • Chōshō 1132–1135 • Hōen 1135–1141 • Eiji 1141–1142 • Kōji 1142–1144 • Ten'yō 1144–1145 • Kyūan 1145–1151 • Ninpei 1151–1154 • Kyūju 1154–1156 • Hōgen 1156–1159 • Heiji 1159–1160 • Eiryaku 1160–1161 • Ōhō 1161–1163 • Chōkan 1163–1165 • Eiman 1165–1166 • Nin'an 1166–1169 • Kaō 1169–1171 • Jōan 1171–1175 • Angen 1175–1177 • Jishō 1177–1181 • Yōwa 1181–1182 • Juei 1182–1184 • Genryaku 1184–1185
Kamakura period 1185–1333	Bunji 1185–1190 • Kenkyū 1190–1199 • Shōji 1199–1201 • Kennin 1201–1204 • Genkyū 1204–1206 • Ken'ei 1206–1207 • Jōgen 1207–1211 • Kenryaku 1211–1213 • Kempo 1213–1219 • Jōkyū 1219–1222 • Jōō 1222–1224 • Gennin 1224–1225 • Karoku 1225–1227 • Antei 1227–1229 • Kangi 1229–1232 • Jōei 1232–1233 • Tenpuku 1233–1234 • Bunryaku 1234–1235 • Katei 1235–1238 • Ryakunin 1238–1239 • En'ō 1239–1240 • Ninji 1240–1243 • Kangen 1243–1247 • Hōji 1247–1249 • Kenchō 1249–1256 • Kōgen 1256–1257 • Shōka 1257–1259 • Shōgen 1259–1260 • Bun'ō 1260–1261 • Kōchō 1261–1264 • Bun'ei 1264–1275 • Kenji 1275–1278 • Kōan 1278–1288 • Shōō 1288–1293 • Einin 1293–1299 • Shōan 1299–1302 • Kengen 1302–1303 • Kagen 1303–1306 • Tokuji 1306–1308 • Enkyō 1308–1311 • Ōchō 1311–1312 • Shōwa 1312–1317 • Bunpō 1317–1319 • Gen'ō 1319–1321 • Genkō 1321–1324 • Shōchū 1324–1326 • Karyaku 1326–1329 • Gentoku 1329–1331 • Genkō 1331–1334^♯ • Shōkyō 1332–1333^₪
Nanboku-chō period (Sjeverni dvor) 1336–1392	Kemmu 1334–1338 • Ryakuō 1338–1342 • Kōei 1342–1345 • Jōwa 1345–1350 • Kannō 1350–1352 • Bunna 1352–1356 • Enbun 1356–1361 • Kōan 1361–1362 • Jōji 1362–1368 • Ōan 1368–1375 • Eiwa 1375–1379 • Kōryaku 1379–1381 • Eitoku 1381–1384 • Shitoku 1384–1387 • Kakei 1387–1389 • Kōō 1389–1390 • Meitoku 1390–1394^‡
Nanboku-chō period (Južni dvor) 1336–1392	Kemmu 1334–1336 • Engen 1336–1340 • Kōkoku 1340–1346 • Shōhei 1346–1370 • Kentoku 1370–1372 • Bunchū 1372–1375 • Tenju 1375–1381 • Kōwa 1381–1384 • Genchū 1384–1392^‡
Muromachi period 1392–1573	Ōei 1394–1428 • Shōchō 1428–1429 • Eikyō 1429–1441 • Kakitsu 1441–1444 • Bun'an 1444–1449 • Hōtoku 1449–1452 • Kyōtoku 1452–1455 • Kōshō 1455–1457 • Chōroku 1457–1460 • Kanshō 1460–1466 • Bunshō 1466–1467 • Ōnin 1467–1469 • Bunmei 1469–1487 • Chōkyō 1487–1489 • Entoku 1489–1492 • Meiō 1492–1501 • Bunki 1501–1521 • Eishō 1504–1521 • Daiei 1521–1528 • Kyōroku 1528–1532 • Tenbun 1532–1555 • Kōji 1555–1558 • Eiroku 1558–1570 • Genki 1570–1573
Momoyama period 1573–1600	Tenshō 1573–1592 • Bunroku 1592–1596 • Keichō 1596–1615
Edo period 1600–1868	Genna 1615–1624 • Kan'ei 1624–1644 • Shōhō 1644–1648 • Keian 1648–1652 • Jōō 1652–1655 • Meireki 1655–1658 • Manji 1658–1661 • Kanbun 1661–1673 • Enpō 1673–1681 • Tenna 1681–1684 • Jōkyō 1684–1688 • Genroku 1688–1704 • Hōei 1704–1711 • Shōtoku 1711–1716 • Kyōhō 1716–1736 • Genbun 1736–1741 • Kanpō 1741–1744 • Enkyō 1744–1748 • Kan'en 1748–1751 • Hōreki 1751–1764 • Meiwa 1764–1772 • An'ei 1772–1781 • Tenmei 1781–1789 • Kansei 1789–1801 • Kyōwa 1801–1804 • Bunka 1804–1818 • Bunsei 1818–1830 • Tenpō 1830–1844 • Kōka 1844–1848 • Kaei 1848–1854 • Ansei 1854–1860 • Man'en 1860–1861 • Bunkyū 1861–1864 • Genji 1864–1865 • Keiō 1865–1868
Moderni Japan 1868–danas	Meiji 1868–1912 • Taishō 1912–1926 • Shōwa 1926–1989 • Heisei 1989–present
^♯Sjeverni pretendenti nisu priznavali eru Genkō. Gentoku se nastavio koristiti na Sjevernom dvoru do 1332. ^₪Era Shōkyō je bila priznata samo od Sjevernih pretendenata, ali ne na Južnom dvoru. ^‡ Nakon ponovnog ujedinjenja Sjevernog i Južnog dvora 1392, Genchū je prestala. Meitoku se koristila do 1394.