Economia socialista

A economia socialista é um sistema econômico caracterizado pela propriedade coletiva dos principais meios de produção. Refere-se à teorias econômicas, práticas e normas hipotéticas ou existentes em uma população moderna.

As principais características deste sistema são:

propriedade colectiva dos principais meios de produção, todos os setores da economia são coletivizados;
planificação ostensiva de toda a de produção econômica.

Descrição

Um sistema econômico socialista baseia-se em alguma forma de propriedade social dos meios de produção, o que pode significar cooperativas autônomas ou a propriedade pública direta; onde a produção é voltada diretamente para o seu uso. Quando os mercados são utilizados para a atribuição de insumos e bens de capital entre as unidades econômicas, a designação socialismo de mercado é usada. Quando o planejamento é utilizado, o sistema econômico é designada por economia socialista planificada. Formas de socialismo não mercantis geralmente incluem um sistema de contabilidade baseado no cálculo em espécie ou uma medida direta do tempo de trabalho como um meio para distribuir recursos e bens.^[1]^[2]

O termo economia socialista também pode ser aplicado à análise de antigos e atuais sistemas econômicos que se auto-intitulam "socialistas", como nas obras do economista húngaro János Kornai.^[3]

Economistas socialistas tem sido associados à diferentes escolas do pensamento econômico. A economia marxista forneceu uma estrutura para o socialismo baseado na análise do capitalismo, enquanto a economia neoclássica e a economia evolucionária forneceu modelos completos do socialismo. Durante o século XX, várias propostas e modelos para ambas economia planificada e socialismo de mercado foram fortemente baseados na economia neoclássica ou numa síntese da economia neoclássica com a economia marxista ou institucional.

Ver também

Referências

↑ Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (P.61-63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs ... Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality"... ..."Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations ... Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted. . . and produced."
↑ «Socialism and Calculation» (PDF). Worldsocialism.org. Consultado em 15 de fevereiro de 2010. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 7 de junho de 2011
↑ Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, disponível para download aqui.

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[1] Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists, by Schweickart, David; Lawler, James; Ticktin, Hillel; Ollman, Bertell. 1998. From "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism" (P.61-63): "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs ... Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology ... It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality"... ..."Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations ... Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted. . . and produced."

[2] «Socialism and Calculation» (PDF). Worldsocialism.org. Consultado em 15 de fevereiro de 2010. Arquivado do original (PDF) em 7 de junho de 2011

[3] Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, disponível para download aqui.

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