Wikipedystka:Nelya~plwiki/brudnopis

Infobox military person

|width_style   = person
|name          = James Fitzjames
|image         = James Fitzjames.jpg
|image_upright = 1.1
|caption       = Fitzjames shortly before the expedition
|birth_date    = Szablon:Dob
|birth_place   = Rio de Janeiro, Colonial Brazil
|death_date    = dis. Szablon:Dda
|death_place   = near King William Island
|allegiance    = Szablon:Flagcountry
|branch        = Szablon:Navy|branch_label=Branch
|serviceyears  = 1825–1848|serviceyears_label=Service years
|rank          = Captain
|battles_label = Szablon:Ubl
|battles       = Szablon:Ubl
|relations     = Szablon:Ubl

}}

Captain James Fitzjames (27 July 1813 – disappeared 22 April 1848) was a British Royal Navy officer who participated in two major exploratory expeditions, the Euphrates Expedition and the Franklin Expedition.

He was of illegitimate birth, and during his life and after his friends and relatives took great pains to conceal his origins. It has recently been revealed that his true father was Sir James Gambier, although the identity of his mother remains unknown.

James Fitzjames was born on Szablon:Nowr, in Rio de Janeiro in what was then Colonial Brazil.^[1]  He was baptised on Szablon:Nowr at St Marylebone Parish Church in London. The names given by the people who posed as his parents, "James Fitzjames" and "Ann Fitzjames," are presumed to be false.^[1] 

Until recently the identification of his true family had been a mystery.^[2]  In different sources it has been suggested that he was a foundling;^[3] that he was of Irish extraction, an illegitimate son of Sir James Stephen, or a relative of the Coninghams. It is now established that he was actually the illegitimate son of Sir James Gambier, a minor diplomat.^[4]  Although not always successful, they were prominent in the Royal Naval service. Sir James's cousin was a controversial sea lord Admiral Lord Gambier. His father, and James Fitzjames' grandfather, was Vice Admiral James Gambier.

At the time of James's birth his father was in grave personal and financial difficulties. Sir James had been appointed British Consul-General in Rio de Janeiro in 1809 and held this office until 1814, although a diplomatic faux pas on his part meant that he had to leave Rio for England in disgrace in 1811. Cut off from the revenues he expected to receive in Rio, he ran up enormous debts, only saved from bankruptcy when a syndicate of his relatives and creditors, led by Admiral Lord Gambier himself, William Morton Pitt and Samuel Gambier, took over his financial affairs and placed them in trust.

Sir James had married Jemima Snell and the couple had a grand total of 15 children altogether. One of their children was born within one month of the date of James Fitzjames' birth and at the time it seemed the Gambiers may have been estranged. In 1815, with his financial affairs in the hands of trustees, Sir James resumed a diplomatic career by being appointed Consul-General to the Netherlands at The Hague, a position he held until 1825. He appears to have had limited contact with his illegitimate son.

Shortly after his birth, he was given into the care of the Reverend Robert Coningham and his wife Louisa Capper, who wrote philosophical and poetical works. The Coninghams were well-off members of an extended family of Scots/Irish ancestry who, with others from a similar background, settled in the Watford area of Hertfordshire. Other prominent members of this family were the Campbells, the Boyds, the Sterlings and the Gledstanes.^[5] 

The Coningham family seem to have lived at several locations in Hertfordshire, settling in the late 1820s at a substantial 30 acre country estate called Rose Hill in Abbots Langley. Robert and Louisa had one son, William Coningham, who was James Fitzjames' closest friend, the two boys were brought up together as brothers.^[6]  The Coninghams were a well-educated couple who had extensive connections in British intellectual circles of the time. Robert Coningham was a Cambridge educated clergyman although he never took a living. He was a cousin of the well-known author John Sterling, and a friend of such intellectuals as Julius Hare and Thomas Carlyle. Before she married, Louisa Coningham had taught at the Rothsay House girls' school in Kennington and was the author of two books.

This intellectual background enabled them to provide James Fitzjames and William Coningham with an exceptionally high level of education. William Coningham was briefly sent to Eton College while James Fitzjames was away at sea serving on HMS „Pyramus”. On James Fitzjames' return to the Coningham household, William Coningham was withdrawn from Eton and the boys' education was provided at home by private tutors, including a son of Robert Towerson Cory, who later tutored the Prince of Wales for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.^[7]  He was brought up by the Coningham family as a son, and although he was unrelated to them he always referred to them as 'uncle' and 'aunt'.

James Fitzjames entered the Royal Navy at the age of 12 in July 1825 as a volunteer of the second class on HMS „Pyramus”, a frigate under the command of captain Robert Gambier. He served on the Pyramus until Szablon:Nowr, being promoted to volunteer of the first class on Szablon:Nowr. Captain Robert Gambier was actually James Fitzjames' second cousin, and it was through this covert family connection that he was able to obtain this position, notwithstanding his illegitimacy and the Coningham family's lack of Royal Naval connections. Unfortunately, captain Gambier resigned his position only a year later due to the unexpected death of his wife, leaving Fitzjames vulnerable as he had no connection with the new captain, George Sartorius.

However, clearly James Fitzjames was able to win the confidence of captain Sartorius as it was he who promoted Fitzjames to Volunteer of the First Class in 1828. During this commission the Pyramus first sailed to Central America and the United States on diplomatic missions and was then involved in scientific research as part of the Experimental Squadron under admiral Sir Thomas Hardy. Later she served as British guardship at Lisbon. While there at the age of 15, James Fitzjames seems to have spent a lot of time ashore and given the close political links between Portugal and Brazil, it has been suggested that he may have had personal links to Portuguese society; possibly his mother was Portuguese.^[1] 

Although after this the Coninghams and the Gambiers wanted to send him to Cambridge, James Fitzjames was determined to resume his Royal Naval career. But with Robert Gambier effectively retired on half-pay and George Sartorius now serving irregularly in the Portuguese Navy, James Fitzjames had great difficulty obtaining a position as a midshipman. Eventually, and through highly irregular means, he was able to obtain such a position on HMS „St Vincent” from 1830 to 1833. The St Vincent was the flagship of the Royal Navy's Mediterranean Fleet but spent much time in port at Malta.

Fitzjames served detached duty on a cutter, HMS Hind, sailing twice to Constantinople, and on HMS „Madagascar”, during which time the Madagascar conveyed Otto of Greece from Trieste to Nauplia, where Otto was crowned King of Greece. During this time Fitzjames passed his exams for promotion to lieutenant, but only with great difficulty was this achieved owing to the highly irregular way he had obtained his position as midshipman and, of course his illegitimate birth which was still unrecognisable at law.^[8]  Returning to Britain on the St Vincent in 1833, he almost immediately obtained a position on HMS „Winchester”, vice admiral Hyde Parker's flagship. In this position he would expect to obtain his promotion to lieutenant.^[9] 

Robert Coningham had become extremely close to a relative of his, major Colin Campbell, who after James Fitzjames' death became famous as field marshal Lord Clyde. Campbell introduced James Fitzjames to Francis Rawdon Chesney, then a captain of the engineers, who was putting together an expedition to establish a steamship line in Mesopotamia.

The venture became known as the Euphrates Expedition, and served as a precursor to the creation of the Suez Canal as it linked the Near East across Mesopotamia to the river systems that flowed into the Persian Gulf. Rather impulsively, James Fitzjames immediately resigned his position on the HMS „Winchester” to join Chesney's expedition.^[10] 

James Fitzjames served on the Euphrates Expedition from 1834 to 1837.^[11]  Before the Expedition had even sailed, he distinguished himself by diving into the River Mersey fully clothed to rescue a drowning man. He was awarded a silver cup and the Freedom of the City of Liverpool for this feat of bravery.

Although the Expedition was promoted with great energy, it was not a success. The two steamers, the Tigris and the Euphrates, had to be transported in pieces 130 miles across the mountains and desert terrain of northern Syria from the Mediterranean coast to the river Euphrates, a tremendous effort which took over a year long to complete. The smaller steamer, the Tigris, sank with heavy loss of life in a sudden storm and the surviving vessel, the draught of the Euphrates was too deep for the vessel to sail on the river for much of the year. In addition there were tremendous difficulties caused both by political complications and the outbreak of disease.^[11] 

While Chesney was determined to continue, he would not release officers, that included James Fitzjames, the Expedition was eventually halted by the British government and East India Company, its two major sponsors. In 1836, with the steamer Euphrates unable to sail up the shallows of the river, having broken its engine. Fitzjames volunteered to take the India Office mails she was carrying 1,200 miles across what is now Iraq and Syria to the Mediterranean coast and from there convey them to London.

After many extremely dangerous adventures: he was nearly kidnapped and trapped in a besieged town, James Fitzjames succeeded in making it back to London.^[11]  Here he was reunited with the surviving members of the expedition as they straggled back home. Sadly while he had been away, Robert Coningham had died suddenly and the remaining members of the Coningham family, all apparently in poor health, had sold their substantial house, Rose Hill, near Abbot's Langley, and were living at Watford.

One positive aspect of the expedition was that he formed lifelong friendships with two of the other Royal Navy officers on the long journey, lieutenants Richard Cleaveland and Edward Charlewood. But to their horror, Cleaveland, Charlewood and Fitzjames found that contrary to the understanding of colonel Chesney, the Admiralty refused to credit their service on the Euphrates Expedition as 'sea-time', and it therefore would not count towards their promotion. To his credit Chesney did everything in his power to support his subordinates, and after nearly a year the Admiralty relented and granted the three officers their promotions.

James Fitzjames resumed Royal Naval service and followed a much more conventional career path. Together with his firm friend Edward Charlewood, he next served on HMS „Excellent”, the recently established gunnery school, where he passed out with very high marks. At this time he also formed a close, albeit also professionally extremely useful, friendship with John Barrow jr., the son of Sir John Barrow, a highly influential Second Secretary to the Admiralty. From this point on the two men corresponded regularly.^[12] 

A highly qualified gunnery lieutenant, James Fitzjames was in demand: together with his experience of the Middle East, this won him the position of gunnery lieutenant on HMS „Ganges” in the Egyptian–Ottoman War of 1839 to 1840. He was regarded as an effective officer and was especially commended by admiral Sir Charles Napier for landing at night to distribute a proclamation to Egyptian soldiers at their camp. It was very risky enterprise, but he was able to escape back to the Ganges.

When informed of this daring exploit Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian general, put a price on Fitzjames' head.^[13]  Before service was completed, James Fitzjames was selected by admiral Sir William Parker as gunnery lieutenant on HMS „Cornwallis”, his flagship for the force being assembled in Britain to fight the First Opium War.^[14] 

His service in this war was again marked by notably reckless bravery, risking life and limb he was almost killed during the capture of Zhenjiang; he was evacuated to the Cornwallis when a musket ball passed through his arm into his back, lodging against his spine. Senior officers took further notice of an extrovert: Fitzjames wrote and published a 10,000 word humorous poem, The Cruise of HMS Cornwallis, describing the First Opium War and his part in that particular uprising. Ostensibly anonymous, he referred to himself which was aptly published in The Nautical Magazine under the byline "Tom Bowline".^[15] 

En route to war, HMS Cornwallis spent five days at Singapore. While there on shore leave, Fitzjames had some sort of encounter with Sir George Barrow, the eldest surviving son of Sir John Barrow. It is not clear what happened, but Barrow was clearly in a highly compromised situation; for his part Fitzjames appeared to have paid someone off and thereby covered up whatever scandal would otherwise have broken over the Barrow family. Thenceforward Sir John Barrow blatantly favoured Fitzjames, promoting his candidacy at any available opportunity; the first fruits were accelerated promotion to commander and appointment to command HMS „Clio”.^[16]  Joining the Clio in Bombay, the new captain cruised the Persian Gulf and carried out various duties before returning to Portsmouth in October 1844.^[17] 

Returning to England, Fitzjames lived with William Coningham, his wife Elizabeth (née Meyrick) and their two young children at their home in Brighton. Fatefully this was just the time that the Franklin Expedition was being planned and Sir John Barrow, a prime mover of the expedition, campaigned to have Fitzjames appointed to lead it. He asked for his friend Edward Charlewood to be appointed as second in command. Barrow was unable to provide the Board of the Admiralty with a persuasive argument to support these appointments, so after some prevarication Sir John Franklin and Francis Crozier were appointed instead.

But Fitzjames was appointed as Franklin's commander, or in modern parlance, executive officer. Sir John Barrow clearly thought of this not as a death sentence but as a prestigious appointment for his protege. Given that Fitzjames had previously encountered Sir John Barrow's son George in Singapore and discreetly lent him what appears to have been a large sum of money to help him out of some unspecified difficulty, the author William Battersby suggests that Sir John Barrow may have been motivated to find an appointment for Fitzjames which would keep him well away from Britain for as long as possible.^[18] 

Once appointed to the Franklin Expedition, Fitzjames was given specific responsibility for recruitment and also for the scientific research into magnetism which was an important objective of the expedition. The ships sailed from Greenhithe in May, 1845 and after replenishing at Disko Bay in Greenland were last seen at the end of July 1845 by two whalers in northern Baffin Bay. That was the last definite sighting of James Fitzjames.

After the death of Sir John Franklin on Szablon:Nowr, James Fitzjames became captain of HMS „Erebus” and co-leader of the expedition with captain Francis Crozier of HMS „Terror”. This information has been gleaned from the famous 'Victory Point note', which both men signed on Szablon:Nowr. This is the last definite trace of James Fitzjames, although he may be one of the shadowy kabloonas—desperate survivors of the expedition—whom Inuit people of the region remembered meeting.

James Fitzjames struggled to find his position in early nineteenth-century British society. While illegitimacy was not unusual, it caused great difficulties for the children concerned, who were not expected openly to refer to their blood families and could not depend on any support from them. In Fitzjames' case the controversial reputations of his Royal Naval ancestors, and the disreputable behaviour of his father, compounded this. In addition, the underhand way he obtained his promotion to midshipman made his position in the Royal Navy extremely vulnerable leaving his career up until 1838 open to challenge.

While his family position was always vulnerable, he did have several advantages. He was physically fit and strong, being tall and well-built. He was handsome and although unmarried clearly enjoyed the company of the opposite sex: extremely personable and very skilled in winning the confidence of his superiors, he possessed charm and charisma. Added to this he was highly intelligent and had been very well educated; an excellent sense of humour rounded off a personality that was the life and soul of any party or other situation. To judge by his surviving letters and drawings, he was a sensitive writer and an excellent artist.

But he was always very conscious of the insecurity of his social position and this may explain the extreme personal and professional recklessness which he displayed throughout his life. Whether jumping into the River Mersey to rescue the drowning man, entering the Egyptian soldiers' camp or leading the assault on the walls of Zhenjiang, the impression left was that he was potentially willing to risk or even honorably sacrifice his life if the opportunity arose in order to demonstrate that he was as good as, or better, than his legitimate contemporaries.

Szablon:Unreferenced section After the disappearance of the Franklin Expedition, Fitzjames' loss was recorded on various monuments to it, such as one statue at Waterloo Place in London. According to at least one source, he was idolised somewhat by Sir Clements Markham and Sir Sir Albert Hastings Markham as an idealistic Arctic explorer. Furthermore, he may have inadvertently acted as a model for the unfortunate captain Robert Falcon Scott.

The only overt tribute to Fitzjames ever was in a family record 'The Story of the Gambiers', written in 1924 for private circulation by Mrs. Cuthbert Heath, a descendant of Sir James Gambier and published in 1924, in which Mrs. Heath wrote:

At this point mention must be made of a Gambier who bore the 'bar sinister', but is worthy to rank with the most distinguished of the legitimate kinsman. Sir James Gambier, Ambassador to the Szablon:Not a typo, had a natural son, James FitzJames, RN, well known to the Gambier family, who styled him the 'Knight of Snowden'. As Captain of HMS Erebus, he accompanied Sir John Franklin on his disastrous attempt to discover the North Pole in 1845, and shared his leader's fate. His signature appears on one of the last entries of the great explorer's log-book, and his name stands in the place of honour next to that of Sir John Franklin on the well-known monument in Carlton House Terrace.

• William Battersby: James Fitzjames: The Mystery Man of the Franklin Expedition. History Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7524-5512-9. (ang.). Brak numerów stron w książce
• General Francis Rawdon Chesney: Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition carried on by Order of the British Government, 1835, 1836, 1837, 1868. 1868. (ang.). Brak numerów stron w książce
• John Guest: The Euphrates Expedition. Abingdon: Routledge, 1992. ISBN 978-0-7103-0429-2. (ang.). Brak numerów stron w książce
• Christopher Lloyd: Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, A Life of Sir John Barrow, 1764–1848. 1970. (ang.). Brak numerów stron w książce
• Szablon:Cite wikisource

• Visions of the North