This may not be specific to syntaxhighlight, but more an outcome of how translate works right now (just a string transformation without any adherence to structures like extension boundaries), but in any case, that is one of the impacted extensions in practice on mediawiki.org.
Check the output of https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Parsoid?useparsoid=1 and you will see literal translate markup in the syntaxhighlight extension output.