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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Samaniego, Joseluis; Lorenzo, Santiago; Rondón Toro, Estefani; Krieger Merico, Luiz Fernando; Herrera Jiménez, Juan; Rouse, Paul; Harrison, Nicholas |
| Abstract: | The negative impacts of climate change call for an urgent global response, to mitigate emissions and strengthen the adaptive capacity of social, economic, and environmental structures. In Latin America and the Caribbean, in a context of high vulnerability and three simultaneous crises affecting the region, development models need to be transformed, to bring about a sustainable transition. During this process, national and local policies must harness the full potential of climate action, through adoption of new technologies, innovation, productive reorganization, and identification of synergies. This is why nature-based solutions and carbon dioxide removal measures and technologies are critical to achieving climate goals. Against this backdrop, this paper examines the opportunities and challenges of large-scale implementation of such measures in the region, emphasizing the need to accelerate ongoing efforts, expand the research frontier and manage risks. |
| Date: | 2023–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48691&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | At the request of the Chilean Minister of Finance, a team from the IMF Fiscal Affairs Department (FAD) conducted a capacity development mission in Santiago to evaluate options to improve green taxes in Chile, as part of a general tax reform presented to Congress in July 2022. The mission reviewed existing carbon taxes in the country, including revenue performance, coverage, and selected design issues. It also discussed changes to green taxes that will take effect in 2023, as well as new mitigation tools introduced in the Framework Law on Climate Change. The mission presented the authorities with four different carbon pricing reform scenarios that would bring Chile closer to or in line with its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for 2030, and the legally binding net-zero pledge for 2050. The mission also stated that additional measures under all proposed scenarios, such as improved energy efficiency policies, introduction of feebates schemes and faster adoption of low and zero emission sources for transport, power, and industry, would further contribute to achieve climate goals. The mission used the Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) to perform the analysis. The tool was subsequently transferred to the authorities through a four-day hands-on capacity development workshop, which was attended by officials from the Ministries of Finance, Energy, Environment, and Transportation. |
| Keywords: | Climate mitigation policy carbon pricing carbon taxation climate change emissions energy; IMF Fiscal Affairs Department; Ministry of Finance staff; Ministry of Environment discussion; output price increase; C. energy price; Carbon tax; Greenhouse gas emissions; Climate policy; Global; Caribbean; Western Hemisphere |
| Date: | 2023–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/035&r=env |
| By: | Heikkinen, Daan |
| Abstract: | In the past two decades, technology providers have devoted a lot of their efforts to improving the energy efficiency of data centers in order to make them more efficient. This is because they have since the dawn of the information age in order to make them more efficient and effective. Therefore, this has proved to be beneficial both to the business sector as well as to the environment. In addition, it has also been beneficial both to the business sector and to the environment. In turn, this has resulted in a win-win situation for both sectors. As a result of the advancement of technology throughout history and the advancement of technology as a result of the advancement of technology, there has been a noticeable shift in the focus from efficiency to green as a result of the advancement of technology. To establish a sustainable planet, it will be required to consider the impact of a variety of factors, such as renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions, water, waste, land, ecosystems, and biodiversity, in order to achieve a sustainable future, such as renewable energy, greenhouse gas emissions, water, waste, land, ecosystems, and biodiversity. Technology providers have the ability to have a positive impact on the environment by reducing the overall carbon footprint of the data centers and increasing the efficiency of the data centers by reducing the overall carbon footprint of the data centers and increasing the efficiency of the data centers by reducing the overall carbon footprint of the data centers. It is actually a fact that there are a number of technology infrastructures that are heavily reliant on data centers. One of the most important components of many of them is their data centers. Whatever the industry, whether it is Mobile App Development, Banking, Government, Telecommunication, or Telecom, there is no doubt that infrastructure technology is housed in a Data Center. This is regardless of the industry. It does not matter what industry you are in. Depending on where they are located, data centers can be classified into two types: those located inside the company and those located outside. The design and implementation of a Data Center is a complex process that requires a significant amount of expertise in order to be successful. |
| Keywords: | Technology and green, society and carbon free data center, strategies for green data center, data center and solar power |
| JEL: | L2 O14 O3 O32 O33 Q01 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116245&r=env |
| By: | Chiara Criscuolo; Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Mario Cervantes |
| Abstract: | The transition to climate neutrality requires cost reductions in existing clean technologies to enable rapid deployment on a large scale, as well as the development of emerging technologies such as green hydrogen. This policy paper argues that science, technology, innovation, and industrial (STI&I) policies focusing on developing and deploying low-carbon technologies are crucial to achieving carbon neutrality. It notes however that the current level of innovation is insufficient to meet the net-zero challenge due to a policy emphasis on deployment rather than research and development (R&D) support. The paper explores the rationale for more ambitious STI&I policies targeted at R&D for climate neutrality and provides policy recommendations for an effective innovation policy for net-zero, including its interaction with the broader climate policy package. |
| Keywords: | climate change mitigation, innovation policy, low-carbon innovation, technological change |
| JEL: | O38 Q54 Q55 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:143-en&r=env |
| By: | Juliano Assunção; Flávia Chein; Giovanni Leo Frisari; Sérgio Mikio Koyama |
| Abstract: | We evaluate the impact of climate-related events on the Brazilian banking sector. The analysis of physical risks reveals that, although short-run weather fluctuations and extreme events (droughts and floods) have limited impact on financial outcomes, climate change projections are expected to generate sizeable consequences to deposits and credit. We also document relevant geographical heterogeneity in the results and the importance of bank adaptation responses, avoiding areas with more considerable climate risks. The analysis of transition risks shows that the exposure of banks to green sectors concerning high impact sectors has a U-shape, growing since 2011. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcb:wpaper:572&r=env |
| By: | Lebole Kgakana Matlapeng; Bonolo Kutlo Phometsi |
| Abstract: | Over the past ten years (2009 – 2019) Botswana has experienced vast urbanization and industrialization by margins, within such a time frame a percentage increase of about 9.23% as to urban population (from 60.94% to 70.17%) and growth is still anticipated as years pass. The constant degeneration of natural spaces has eroded plantation life paving way for property development, therefore this study aims at establishing awareness of biophilia concepts and design amongst real estate development professionals whilst pinpointing the benefits to such. Greening science "Biophilia" is the newly explored way to ensure that environmental, social and economic sustainability is attained by countries. In light of plausible information to complete the project, the use of surveys (interviews and questionnaires) in accordance with the target population (design team) of the study were explored. Furthermore, although Biophilia is adduced as a solution towards the probing human health complications and dire environmental degeneration, awareness of such design principles and patterns is somewhat minimal and propelled by human skepticism. Biophilia being the next route towards sustainable development it proves to be the solution towards health for humans (air pollution related health conditions; resulting from increased car dependency and industry mushrooming causing underlying diseases like asthma) and the global environment (environmental degradation and climate change) amongst others creating a harmonious space of habitation giving Botswana a platform for economic, social and environmental sustainability. |
| Keywords: | Biophilia; Biophilic designs.; Nature; Property Development |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_246&r=env |
| By: | Walker, Laverne; de Paula, Jônatas |
| Abstract: | Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) is important in advancing sustainable development across the globe. One approach available to countries to promote their sustainable development agendas is the advancement of STI to support the adoption of renewable energy technologies. The continued reliance on fossil fuels in the Caribbean is one of the factors hindering the rate at which countries within the subregion are developing. Taking this into account, this study assesses whether the advancement of STI is driving the energy transition in the Caribbean subregion and draws lessons on how STI can better support the subregion’s sustainable development agenda. |
| Keywords: | DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, RECURSOS ENERGETICOS, RECURSOS NATURALES, INNOVACIONES, CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGIA, POLITICA ENERGETICA, EVALUACION, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, ENERGY RESOURCES, NATURAL RESOURCES, INNOVATIONS, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY POLICY, EVALUATION |
| Date: | 2022–12–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:48634&r=env |
| By: | Daniel Piazolo |
| Abstract: | The increase in CO2 emissions leads to rising temperatures and a change in the climate. The change in the climate is connected to various risks. These risks can be either labeled physical climate risks or transitional climate risks. Under physical climate risks for the real estate industry one can summarize direct challenges like heat, droughts, flooding, storms etc. but also indirect effects, like that the insurance against these damages become more expensive or impossible and that finance opportunities will be costlier. Furthermore, potential of conflicts through water shortage, famine, migration could be seen as an indirect physical climate risk.Transitional climate risks are connected to legislative changes and further rises in regulations as reaction to climate change and to increases in CO2 emission costs. This leads to changes in relative prices and some business models, products and services become obsolete but also to new opportunities arise. Reputational risks or judiciary risks could be linked to these transitional risks.Ways to quantify these risks are discussed in this study. Thereby it is possible to approximate the damage of physical climate risks to buildings through calculations based on the values covered by insurances. However, it is more difficult to quantify indirect effects like production losses or limitations in usability. Various parameters are used within climate models to estimate the risks for property. These can be combined to deduct a monetary magnitude of climate risks. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change; Physical Risks; Transitional Risks |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_80&r=env |
| By: | Choi, Jaerim (University of Hawaii at Manoa); Hyun, Jay (HEC Montreal); Kim, Gueyon (University of California, Santa Cruz); Park, Ziho (National Taiwan University) |
| Abstract: | We study long-run environmental impacts of trade liberalization on US manufacturing by exploiting a plausibly exogenous reduction in US trade policy uncertainty: the conferral of Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) to China. Using detailed data on establishment-level pollution emissions and business characteristics - including trade activities and global subsidiary information - from 1997 to 2017, we show that establishments reduce toxic emissions in response to a reduction in trade policy uncertainty. Emission abatement is mainly driven by a decline in pollution emission intensity, and not by establishment exits or a reduction in production scale. Emission reduction is more pronounced for (i) establishments with foreign sourcing networks and (ii) those under more stringent environmental regulations. We provide further evidence that supports the pollution haven hypothesis whereby offshoring is central to the mechanism - US manufacturers begin to source from abroad and establish more subsidiaries in China after PNTR, especially those that emit pollutants heavily. |
| Keywords: | pollution haven hypothesis, toxics release inventory, pollution emissions, trade and environment, trade policy uncertainty, offshoring, particulate matter, PNTR |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 F14 F18 F23 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15919&r=env |
| By: | Chiemela Victor Amaechi |
| Abstract: | A methodological shift in both research and practise is now required to plan and manage low-carbon investments in large real estate assets, in order to satisfy the European energy efficiency criteria recently (see EU Directive 2018/844). Even though a rapid increase in large-scale building retrofit rates is expected, new strategic methods should analyse entire building portfolios rather than single-building perspectives in order to determine the amount of energy retrofit that will result in the greatest overall value. In this paper, discussions on housing decisions is built for the assessment of investment in both monetary and non-monetary benefits of a retrofit expenditure, as well as determining the best efficiency programme across a large building portfolio. In terms of monetary benefit, the savings generated by the investment over its entire life cycle can be achieved. With recent calls for sustainability he environmental benefit in terms of averted CO2 emissions is the first non-monetary item can be achieved. When energy efficiency is also intended as a strategy to maintain the history. Hence, realtors should also examine the value of enhanced indoor comfort and the value of building preservation. This study also intends to raise knowledge in the sustainable real estates, private residential housing market and green buildings to add to the value of biodiversity and urban ecosystem services, as well as the real estate market. |
| Keywords: | Built Environment; Circular economy; real estate; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_256&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | labor productivity dynamics; Policy recommendation; green policies in Spain; carbon pricing; support measure; Climate finance; Total factor productivity; Labor productivity; Employment; Europe; Global |
| Date: | 2023–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/034&r=env |
| By: | Marco Del Negro; Julian di Giovanni; Keshav Dogra |
| Abstract: | Are policies aimed at fighting climate change inflationary? In a new staff report we use a simple model to argue that this does not have to be the case. The model suggests that climate policies do not force a central bank to tolerate higher inflation but may generate a trade-off between inflation and employment objectives. The presence and size of this trade-off depends on how flexible prices are in the “dirty” and “green” sectors relative to the rest of the economy, and on whether climate policies consist of taxes or subsidies. |
| Keywords: | inflation; climate policy; green transition |
| JEL: | E31 |
| Date: | 2023–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:95653&r=env |
| By: | International Monetary Fund |
| Abstract: | Selected Issues |
| Keywords: | staff team of the International Monetary Fund; revenue scenario; green tax; abnormal returns; withdrawal request; capital market depth; AFP investment portfolio; climate strategy; NDC goal; IMF staff calculation; Pension spending; Climate policy; Carbon tax; Greenhouse gas emissions; Global; Caribbean; Western Hemisphere |
| Date: | 2023–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfscr:2023/037&r=env |
| By: | Delbridge, Victoria; Harman, Oliver; Oliveira Cunha, Juliana; Venables, Anthony J. |
| Abstract: | KEY MESSAGES: 1. Cities in developing countries are both the most vulnerable to climate change and the most viable solution to managing its impacts. 2. Urban density enables reduction in per capita emissions from infrastructure and services. 3. Access to local public goods and services aids resilience to environmental shocks and stressors. 4. Decisions about the city’s physical characteristics and infrastructure today will lock-in long-term consequences for the future. |
| JEL: | Q15 |
| Date: | 2022–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118025&r=env |
| By: | Marco Del Negro; Julian di Giovanni; Keshav Dogra |
| Abstract: | We develop a two-sector New Keynesian model to analyze the inflationary effects of climate policies. Climate policies do not force a central bank to tolerate higher inflation, but may generate a tradeoff between the central bank's objectives for inflation and real activity. The presence and size of this tradeoff depends on how flexible prices are in the “dirty” and “green” sectors relative to the rest of the economy, and on whether climate policies consist of taxes or subsidies. |
| Keywords: | inflation; central bank's tradoffs; green transition |
| JEL: | E12 E31 E52 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednsr:95652&r=env |
| By: | Greenstone, Michael (Energy Policy Institute and Department of Economics, University of Chicago.); Rohini Pande (Department of Economics, Yale University); Sudarshan, Anant (University of Warwick); Ryan, Nicholas (Department of Economics, Yale University) |
| Abstract: | Market-based environmental regulations are seldom used in developing countries, where pollution is the highest but state capacity is often low. We experimentally evaluate a new particulate matter emissions the first in the world, covering industrial plants in a large Indian city. There are three main findings. First, the market functioned well: permit trade was active and plants obtained permits to meet their compliance obligations almost perfectly. Second, treatment plants, randomly assigned to the emissions market, reduced pollution emissions by 20% to 30%, relative to control plants. Third, the market, holding emissions constant, reduces abatement costs by 11% to 14%. These cost estimates are based on a model that estimates heterogeneous plant marginal abatement costs from plant bids for emissions permits. More broadly, we find that emissions can be reduced at small increases in abatement costs. The pollution market therefore has health benefits that exceed costs by at least twenty-five times. |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1453&r=env |
| By: | Hugh Miller; Simon Dikau; Romain Svartzman; Stéphane Dees |
| Abstract: | Several ‘critical’ raw materials, including metals, minerals and Rare Earth Elements (REEs), play a central role in the low-carbon transition and are needed to expand the deployment of low-carbon technologies. The reliable and affordable supply of these resources is subject to supply-side risks and demand-induced pressures. This paper empirically estimates the material demand requirements for ‘Transition-Critical Materials’ (TCMs) implied under two NGFS Climate Scenarios, namely the ‘Net Zero by 2050’ and ‘Delayed Transition’ scenarios. We apply material intensity estimates to the underlying assumptions (e.g. with regard to technological innovation) on the deployment of low-carbon technologies to determine the implied material demand between 2021 and 2040 for nine TCMs. We find several materials to be subject to significant demand-induced pressures under both scenarios. Subsequently, the paper examines the possible emergence of material bottlenecks for three materials, namely copper, lithium and nickel. The results indicate possible substantial mismatches between supply (accounting for variables such as existing reserves, technological deployment and recycling rates) and demand, which would be further exacerbated if the transition is delayed rather than realised immediately. We discuss these findings in the context of different possible transmission channels through which these bottlenecks could affect financial and price stability, and propose avenues for future research. |
| Keywords: | Low-Carbon Transition, Commodities, Critical Raw Materials, Scenario Analysis, Financial Risk, Price Stability, Geopolitics of the Energy Transition |
| JEL: | Q02 Q5 Q42 L72 G10 E44 E31 F5 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bfr:banfra:907&r=env |
| By: | Po Yin Wong (School of Business and Management, Queen Mary University of London.); Karlygash Kuralbayeva (King's College London); Liana O. Anderson (National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters (CEMADEN)); Ana M. Pessoa (National Institute for Space Research (INPE)); Torfinn Harding (University of Stavanger Business School) |
| Abstract: | We study Brazil’s Bolsa Verde program, which pays extremely poor households for implementing sustainable activities and maintaining forest cover at the communal level. Using difference-in-differences, we find that the program keeps deforestation 22% lower inside treated areas compared to similar untreated areas. The estimated program benefits in terms of emissions reductions are about four times the program costs. Heterogeneous effects across property types suggest that the program provides protection against deforestation pressure from groups other than program recipients. Data on fines and satellite-based alarms point to monitoring and reporting as a mechanism through which the program reduces illegal deforestation. |
| Keywords: | Deforestation, Poverty, Conservation, Evaluation, Brazil |
| JEL: | I38 O13 Q23 Q28 Q56 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cgs:wpaper:110&r=env |
| By: | Andrea Ugolini (Department of Economics, Management and Statistics, University of Milano-Bicocca); Juan C. Reboredo (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Department of Economics, ECOBAS Research Center); Javier Ojea-Ferreiro (Bank of Canada) |
| Abstract: | We study whether climate transition risk is reflected in the credit default swap (CDS) spreads of firms. Using information on the vulnerability of a firm’s value to the transition to a low carbon economy, we construct a climate transition risk (CTR) factor, and document how this factor shifts the term structure of the CDS spreads of more vulnerable firms but not of less vulnerable firms. Considering the impact of different climate transition policies on the CTR factor, we find that they have asymmetric and significant economic impacts on the credit risk of more vulnerable firms, and negligible effects on the remaining firms. |
| Keywords: | Climate transition risk, CDS spreads, credit risk |
| JEL: | C24 G12 G32 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.04&r=env |
| By: | Kohei Matsumura (Bank of Japan); Tomomi Naka (Bank of Japan); Nao Sudo (Bank of Japan) |
| Abstract: | Carbon tax has attracted increasing attention as a means of curbing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. While the implementation of carbon taxes necessarily involves consideration of the impact across different sectors and different periods, most existing studies use models which do not provide a detailed account of either sectoral interaction or the dynamic nature of the responses of households and firms. To fill this gap, we construct a New Keynesian multi-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with an input-output structure of intermediate inputs and an investment network calibrated to Japan's economy. We study the impact over time of carbon tax on different sectors, on aggregate GDP, and on GHG emissions. We then consider the long-term implications through a steady-state analysis, and the short- to medium-term implications by a simulation from 2020 to 2050, under various scenarios with different tax base compositions and announcement timings. We show that the impact on the trade-off between output and GHG emissions is importantly affected by inter-sectoral interactions among firms, and by the intertemporal decisions of households and firms. |
| Keywords: | carbon tax, climate change, transition risks, input-output linkages |
| JEL: | D57 E22 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boj:bojwps:wp23e02&r=env |
| By: | Zaman, Khalid |
| Abstract: | The research led to the development of novel cross-panel data (CPD) approaches, whereby the regressand of a single nation relies concurrently on regressor from a wide variety of other countries. This research developed the Augmented Cross-Panel (ACP) unit root test and the Cross-Panel ARDL (CPARDL) estimator. It used them to measure Pakistan's environmental quality, which is sensitive to the choices made by other nations in the South Asian region. The information ranges from 1990 to 2021. The CPARDL estimates demonstrate that Pakistan's carbon emissions are mitigated by the increased contribution of India's alternative energy sources and Afghanistan's economic development. The political unrest in Bangladesh negatively impacted Pakistan's ecological stability. The CPD approach evaluates multi-regional projects to ensure sustainable infrastructure development. |
| Keywords: | Cross-panel data; Cross-panel variables; Cross-panel regression; Augmented cross-panel unit root; Cross-panel ARDL estimator. |
| JEL: | C32 O1 O13 |
| Date: | 2023–01–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116119&r=env |
| By: | Pauline Castaing (World Bank Group); Antoine Leblois (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The Great Green Wall is a crosscountry initiative to improve the environment of desertification areas in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper refers to the implementation of Great Green Wall projects in Nigeria to document the local impact of environmental restoration on children's food security and health. Our identification strategy uses two types of variation to capture these effects. The spatial variation comes from the heterogeneous exposure of the children to these new environmental restoration programs. The temporal variation comes from sudden changes between 2013 and 2016. Taking the height-to-age z-score as main outcome of interest, we find a significant and robust health improvement for children living next to community-based orchards whereas proximity to shelterbelts generates mixed impacts. Gains in health (+0.5 standard deviation in the height index) coexist with higher dietary diversity score for children living near orchards. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Restoration, Food security, Nigeria, Nutrition, Impact evaluation |
| Date: | 2023–02–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03958274&r=env |
| By: | Guillaume Bataille (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France); Hubert Stahn (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France); Agnes Tomini (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, AMSE, Marseille, France) |
| Abstract: | We examine the efficiency and environmental consequences of assigning species-specific common-property rights, considering a Lotka-Volterra model in which fisheries are specialized in the harvesting of a single species. We show that the fragmentation of the ecosystem implies the tragedy of the anticommons even when fisheries compete for the resource. Indeed, contrasting the private exploitation equilibrium with the socially optimal solution, we demonstrate that the predator stock is too high while the prey stock is too low under private property rights. A puzzling result is that the "abundant" species is actually underused because of insufficient economic incentives; however, the scarce and high-priced species does not necessarily suffer from overexploitation. Biological interactions are consequently the main driver of stock depletion. Finally, we investigate how to simultaneously solve both the tragedy of the commons and that of the anticommons and analyze the economic costs of regulating only the tragedy of the commons. |
| Keywords: | exclusive property rights, common-pool resource, anticommons, fisheries, prey-predator relationship, optimal control |
| JEL: | C61 C73 H23 Q22 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:2305&r=env |
| By: | Soumi Roy Chowdhury (The George Washington University, USA); Sanjib Pohit (National Council of Applied Economic Research); Rishabh Singh (JPAL, South Asia) |
| Abstract: | Many cities in urban India, particularly the metros, are major hotspots of air pollution with a PM 2.5 concentration level ranging above the permissible limits defined by the WHO for most of the year. Since the transport sector is a major source of air pollution in urban India, the Government of India adopted BS-VI emission standards in 2016 for all major on-road vehicle categories. The rollout of clean fuel (BS-VI) in India began in the capital city Delhi, the most polluted city of India. In this context, this paper attempts to analyse the economic cost of air pollution in the States of Delhi/Haryana through a primary survey of households in order to understand whether the introduction of clean fuel has reduced the pollution. While Delhi is our treatment group for this analysis, Haryana is our control group, as clean fuel was still not rolled out in the latter State when the primary survey was undertaken. We find a decreasing trend in the self-reported short and long-term health illnesses among respondents in Delhi while similar differences have not been noted in Narnaul, Haryana. Moreover, the cumulative economic cost of pollution from health expenditure, productivity loss, and contingent valuation is found to be lower in Delhi than in Haryana. |
| Keywords: | Air pollution, Delhi, Health and Economic Cost, Haryana, BS-VI fuel |
| JEL: | I18 Q51 Q52 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nca:ncaerw:144&r=env |
| By: | François Bareille (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Julien Wolfersberger (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Matteo Zavalloni (Università degli Studi di Urbino 'Carlo Bo') |
| Abstract: | We study the link between institutions and the establishment of protected areas for natural resources conservation. Using difference-in-differences we estimate the impacts of democratization on the share of countries' area under protected areas in a panel of 144 countries over 1992-2018. We find that countries that democratized devote higher shares of their land to protected areas, but only in the medium- and long-run. Our preferred estimates indicate that, fifteen years after democratization, the share of the countries' area under PAs increases on average by one percentage point more than what would have been implemented without democratization. We also find evidence that democratization leads countries to implement the different types of protected areas in a non-homogeneous way. Our results are robust to several estimators and treatment definitions, confirming the critical role of institutions for natural resources conservation. |
| Keywords: | Biodiversity, Democracy, Difference-in-differences, Natural parks, Natural reserves |
| Date: | 2023–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03920138&r=env |
| By: | Atanas Pekanov (WIFO); Margit Schratzenstaller |
| Abstract: | The necessary green transition in the EU requires substantial additional green public investment (GPI) by Member States throughout this decade and beyond. This briefing paper discusses four approaches for a reform of EU fiscal rules to better accommodate higher (debt-financed) GPI: first, an exemption clause for GPI; second, the implementation of a green golden rule; third, a country-specific benchmark share of government expenditures dedicated to GPI recommended by the European Commission; and fourth, an EU Climate Fund. We also discuss these options in relation to the recent Commission proposal from November 2022. |
| Keywords: | EU fiscal framework, EU fiscal rules, green golden rule, green public investment, EU Climate Fund |
| Date: | 2023–02–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:rbrief:y:2023:i:2&r=env |
| By: | Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli |
| Abstract: | Property tax assessment revenue is the main income of local authority and is used to provide services and maintenance to the community. Past research has found the link between property value and property tax whereby any differences affecting property value reflect the property tax assessment value. Over decades, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between green elements and property value. Past research has identified tangible elements of green building as green envelope components that affect property value. However, to date, no research has been conducted to determine the effect of both tangible and intangible green elements on property value. Henceforth, this research intends to identify and measure the effect of intangible green elements on local authority property tax revenue. A comprehensive review of literature and guidelines by green rating tools was conducted and analysed through systematic analysis. The findings are used to construct questionnaires and distributed among property valuers to identify the effects of tangible and intangible green elements on property value. Furthermore, hedonic models through multiple regression analysis were developed to measure the percentage of value increment and decrement for each green element. The results are used to validate the effect of tangible and intangible green elements on local authorities’ property tax assessments revenue. The findings shows that local authorities’ property tax assessment revenue is estimated to increase by 36.4% if the property under their administrative area implements green elements that have a positive effect on the value and decrease by 7.0% if the property under their administrative area implements green elements that have a negative effect on value. This research is significant for the local authority to support sustainable agenda by promoting green building development at the local level. |
| Keywords: | Green Building, Green Components, Local Authority, Tax Revenue |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_77&r=env |
| By: | Pyddoke, Roger (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)); Algers, Staffan (Swedish National Road & Transport Research Institute (VTI)) |
| Abstract: | European Union Member States may want to know how far towards their national climate goals currently enacted national policies and Fit for 55 policies can take them. This study compares CO2 emissions from future car fleets and car use in Sweden projected by three models: an application of the PRIMES-TREMOVE model for Sweden, the Swedish Car Fleet Model, and the Swedish Transport Administration model. The projections use official Swedish energy price and policy trajectories as of late 2021. The results of all three models indicate that the evolution of car fleets and car use would bring the emissions from cars close to Sweden’s national goal of reducing CO2 emissions from domestic transport by 70% relative to 2010. The models’ results are very similar, although the models appear to differ considerably. The source of the CO2 emissions, i.e. the car fleet, develops differently in the different models. We discuss the similarities and differences among the models related to emissions and car fleet effects. The discussion concerns conditions prevailing before the pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Two important policy implications follow from this. A government keen on achieving its national emission reduction goals may need to compensate for recent energy price changes occurring after forecasts were made by adjusting its policy instruments. Slower adjustments may create higher or even prohibitive costs of achieving goals. By regularly updating projections for exogenous price changes, such scenarios may be prevented. |
| Keywords: | Keywords CO2 emissions; Car fleet; Car use; Projection; Electrification; Biofuel |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 R48 |
| Date: | 2023–02–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:vtiwps:2023_002&r=env |
| By: | Shazmin Shareena Azis; Nur Hannani Ab Rahman; Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli; Shastitharran Baskaran |
| Abstract: | Indoor environment with crowded and poorly ventilated rooms has become an issue during COVID-19 pandemic, especially in workplace. From this, COVID-19 regulation has been enforced in Malaysia namely Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to reduce COVID-19 spread in workplace. Past research believes that built environment could produce valuable contribution in addressing solutions for COVID-19 and green measurement such as Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) would ensure long-term social and environmental protection. However, there are lack of concentration on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) attributes towards the existing COVID-19 SOP enforced in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to integrate the IEQ attributes into the existing guideline for workplace. Focus group discussion (FDG) and questionnaire survey were conducted and analysed using content analysis and descriptive analysis method, respectively. There are seven IEQ categorized as the most important attributes for COVID-19 SOP. A resilient COVID-19 framework is developed based on the validation of many perspectives expert to reduce COVID-19 spread in workplace. This study significant for building manager or COVID-19 management team in workplace to set up a sustainable COVID-19 resilient framework as an improvement for current COVID-19 SOP by integrating with IEQ attributes into their current guideline. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19; Indoor Environmental Quality; Office Building; Resilient |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_74&r=env |
| By: | Fetzer, Thiemo (University of Warwick) |
| Abstract: | Preserving heritage is an important part of maintaining collective identity for future generations. Yet, in the context of the climate crisis, it is imperative to understand to what extent there is a tangible trade-off between conserving character vis-a-vis averting the worst of climate change – a much more existential threat to those future generations. Studying data for more than half of the English housing stock, I show that conservation area status – a special areabased designation to preserve the unique character of a neighborhood – not to be confused with preservation of historic buildings – in England may be responsible for up to 3.2 million tons of avoidable CO2 emissions annually. Using a suite of micro-econometric methods I show that properties in conservation areas have a notable worse energy efficiency; experience lower investment in retrofitting and consume notably higher levels of energy owing to poor energy efficiency. Effect sizes are very consistent comparing engineering based energ consumption estimates with actual consumption data. Effects can be directly attributed to planning requirements for otherwise permitted development that only apply to properties by virtue of them being located inside a conservation area. |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency ; climate crisis ; zoning ; climate adaptation JEL codes: Q54 ; Q55 ; R14 ; R48 ; N74 |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wrk:warwec:1451&r=env |
| By: | Maniatis, Yannis; Doukas, Haris; Karagiannis, Emmanuel |
| Abstract: | While implementing the New Green Deal, the European Union is faced with major energy challenges and dilemmas. Energy poverty is an issue of critical importance affecting many Europeans. Since Greece has experienced a prolonged period of crises, the strengthening of energy democracy and the fight against energy poverty must be among the top national priorities. Collective energy actions can pave the way towards the uptake of renewable energy, enabling and incentivizing consumers to become prosumers. This study first outlines the main theoretical perspectives on the politics of energy and proposes a new approach to understand renewable energy. Then it describes the EU energy policy and the transition to a climate-neutral economy. It briefly explains the concept of energy communities before focusing on the case of Greece. The study examines the rise of the country’s energy communities, including the Agrinio and Minoan communities. It also explains the measures taken in Greece during the last decade to tackle energy poverty by offering incentives for energy savings. Moreover, the study describes the national energy and climate plan by examining the case of Tilos. Finally, the study summarises the main findings and offer some policy recommendations. |
| Keywords: | Greece; energy poverty; energy saving; prosumers; energy democracy; renewable energy |
| JEL: | Q00 |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:118131&r=env |
| By: | Aqib, Muhammad; Zaman, Khalid |
| Abstract: | Experts are interested in creating human capital's role in boosting economic growth. Some research has been done on using human capital to help lessen carbon emissions in developing countries, but more needs to be done. So, the study looked at how developing human capital can make a country more prosperous by making the environment more sustainable through labour-added technology. The study analyzed data from Pakistan from the years 1975 to 2020 and employed robust least squares regression, Granger causality, and innovation accounting matrix methods to estimate parameters. According to the robust least squares regression results, lowering carbon emissions and increasing human capital may be achieved by investing more in environmentally friendly research and development. However, a green development strategy will never materialize since the federal government needs to invest more money in education, healthcare, and improvements to the employment market. The Granger causality analysis confirmed that continued economic growth Granger causes carbon emissions on the one hand while causing increasing life expectancy and net enrolment rates on the other hand. R&D spending and labour-augmented technology Granger cause an increase in life expectancy by fostering the development of cleaner production methods, which in turn helps improve the long-term viability of healthcare in a nation. According to the innovation accounting matrix results, life expectancy and the net enrolment rate will be the essential human capital factors affecting carbon emissions over the next ten years. In addition to human capital, changes in the labour market, spending on research and development, and technology that helps people do their jobs also affect the green development agenda. Pakistan should spend more of its budget on human development through technical knowledge and research and development. This would help the country switch from fossil fuels to clean, green technologies and hybrid-energy efficient methods to reduce carbon emissions. |
| Keywords: | Human development; Carbon emissions; Labor augmented technology; R&D expenditures; Pakistan. |
| JEL: | C32 J24 |
| Date: | 2023–01–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:116263&r=env |
| By: | Nthabiseng MOHLAKOANA; Peta WOLPE |
| Abstract: | South Africa’s electricity generation and transmission are currently dominated by the country’s vertical monopoly power utility, Eskom. Distribution is shared between 165 licenced municipalities and Eskom. The intention to divisionalise or unbundle Eskom will eventually affect the current distribution framework and the tariff structures in place, which in turn, could directly impact energy poverty within the country. Alongside this, South Africa recognises the dire and urgent need to address climate change and to transform into a low-carbon and climate-resilient country by lowering emissions and moving into a more sustainable energy future, which should be done within a just transition framework. That transition is premised on moving away from being fully dependent on fossil fuels for electricity generation to incorporating renewable energy. This paper attempts to find out if energy poverty alleviation strategies could emerge from a close examination of the distribution system and tariffs in the face of Eskom’s unbundling. In doing so it highlights that the tariff structure in place is to a large extent driven by the political economy of the country and without systemic changes will not, on its own, be a major driver in alleviating energy poverty. |
| Keywords: | Afrique du Sud |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:en15044&r=env |
| By: | Felix Kapfhammer |
| Abstract: | This paper studies the economic consequences of carbon taxes at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. I propose a novel monthly measure of effective carbon tax rates, which, in contrast to the measures used by the existing literature, accounts for the time-varying emission coverage of taxes that are both explicitly and implicitly levied on greenhouse gas-emitting goods. Employing the new measure for four Nordic countries, I find that effective carbon taxes reduce emissions as expected but also decrease macroeconomic and sectoral activity - though there is some heterogeneity in the effects within and across the Nordic countries. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bny:wpaper:0112&r=env |
| By: | Han Li; Rianne Appel-Meulenbroek; Theo Arentze; Hoes Pieter-Jan |
| Abstract: | Efforts to equip office buildings with cutting-edge technology to measure and improve its energy performance have been going on for years. However, not only the building itself consumes energy, but the occupant influences this as well, i.e., their presence, interaction with and movement through the building. Sustainability studies have suggested that the solution to improving environmental sustainability of office, from the perspective of behavioural social science and environmental psychology, would be the transition to more user-centered smart real estate. In the Building and Environment field, similar approaches have been introduced, that occupant-centric building design and operation are also a solution for capturing occupancy and occupant behaviour.A multidisciplinary literature review is conducted. Firstly identifying the theory, connotation, and application of occupant behaviour in both social science and engineering science respectively, e.g. Environmental real estate user behaviours versus Occupant adaptive behaviours. Secondly, the review identifies the most suitable theory from both scientific field which complement each other and enhances the interdisciplinary theory's synergy process.This systematic literature review thus identifies the relevant knowledge of occupant behaviour in both fields and develops a theoretical framework for the term "Sustainability related occupant behaviour", as a catalyst to the synergy and knowledge exchange process between social science and engineering science. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Psychology; Occupant Behaviour; sustainability; workplace management |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_17&r=env |
| By: | Mauro Pisu; Filippo Maria D’Arcangelo; Assia Elgouacem; Tobias Kruse; Yannick Hemmerlé |
| Abstract: | This paper reviews different methods for assessing and comparing across countries the impact of climate change mitigation policies and policy packages on emissions. Broadening and deepening past and recent mitigation policies’ stocktaking efforts, as well as mapping them to their emission base, is key to comparing pricing and non-pricing policies and feed comparable information to ex-post empirical and ex-ante analytical models. Ex-post empirical approaches can provide benchmark estimates of policies' effectiveness from past data and furnish key parameter estimates to calibrate ex-ante analytical models (partial equilibrium, general equilibrium and integrated assessment models). Moreover, they can complement ex-ante analytical models by empirically validating their assumptions and informing models’ choices. Ex-ante analytical modelling are well suited to provide long-term forward-looking projections also on yet-to-be implemented policies. Sector specific models, such as energy system models, are well suited for a granular assessment of the impact on emissions of a wide range of price- and non-price-based policies. Outputs from the ex-ante sector-specific models can then feed into a Computable General Equilibrium model to quantify the effect of individual policies and policy packages on emissions, taking into account second order effects and reducing the risk of double counting the effect of policies. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, energy system models, evaluation of mitigation policies, general equilibrium models, stocktaking of mitigation policies |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1749-en&r=env |
| By: | Florencia S. Airaudo (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Evi Pappa (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Hernán D. Seoane (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid) |
| Abstract: | We design a small open economy model where production combines energy and traditional factors with low short run substitutability and efficient technology adoption. We study green transitional dynamics. Permanent increases in brown energy prices induce a green transition with short run inflation and persistent output losses. Fiscal policy impacts the transition. Brown energy taxes are inflationary and crowd out brown energy use in favor of green energy. Green public investment or green subsidies have moderate macroeconomic effects, but do not crowd out brown energy use. We discuss fiscal costs and evaluate welfare along the green transition using different metrics |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aoz:wpaper:219&r=env |
| By: | Marco Castagna; Federico Garzia; Roberto Lollini |
| Abstract: | The European Green Deal's Renovation Wave of the building stock opens up opportunities to companies in the real estate sector. The use of energy efficient lighting technologies and intelligent control systems significantly contributed to electricity savings and reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the construction sector without requiring deep interventions inside the buildings. To assess the economic revenue of the investment, it is necessary to consider both the financial savings related to electricity consumption and the resulting impact on heating and cooling consumption. Despite the wide acceptance of energy-efficient lighting, the thermal effect on the buildings in terms of heating and cooling load has not been investigated. This study addresses the impact of lighting efficiency interventions on heating and cooling consumption in different types of buildings within various climate zones through dynamic simulations compliant with the UNI EN 52016:2018 standard. The research outcomes provide a set of regression models valuable for carrying out simplified feasibility studies considering electric and thermal impacts of lighting renovation measures. |
| Keywords: | Artificial light; Dynamic simulations; Energy Efficiency; Regression modelling |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_29&r=env |
| By: | Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom); Valeria Terrones (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, BN1 9SL Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Previous studies show that natural disasters decelerate economic growth, and more so in countries with lower financial development. We confirm these results with more recent data. We are the first to show that fiscal stability reduces the negative economic impact of natural disasters in poorer countries, and that catastrophe bonds have the same effect in richer countries. We find that both are relevant in the case of emerging economies, and policies have to be oriented on both fronts. A specific financial instrument, catastrophic bonds, has contributed to avoiding a negative impact on economic growth in advanced economies between its creation in 1997 and 2020, which suggests a feasible alternative for emerging economies. |
| Keywords: | Disasters; Financial development; Fiscal stability; Catastrophe bonds; Disaster risk management; Climate change |
| JEL: | E17 E62 G00 G20 H30 Q54 |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0722&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Maccarrone (Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma); Marco A. Marini (Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma); Ornella Tarola (Department of Social and Economic Sciences, Sapienza Università di Roma) |
| Abstract: | In an economy where consumers are heterogeneous in their preferences over the hedonic and environmental attributes of goods on sale, we explore the effects of anti-consumerism and environmentalism. We show that when the environmental attributes of products come at the expense of the hedonic attributes, a higher supply of anti-consumerism and environmentalism yields the expected positive effect on the environment. In contrast, when hedonic and environmental attributes are jointly met by a good, higher levels of anti-consumerism and environmentalism negatively affect the society’s environmental footprint. Moreover, the impact of anti-consumerism and environmentalism on social welfare is far from being obvious, giving rise to unexpected redistributive effects between firms and consumers. |
| Keywords: | Environmentalism, Hedonism, Anti-consumerism, Hedonic and environmental product attributes, Vertical product differentiation |
| JEL: | D11 L13 Q50 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.01&r=env |
| By: | Jihane Ktite (UM5R - Université Mohammed V de Rabat); Meryem El Alaoui Amine (UM5R - Université Mohammed V de Rabat) |
| Abstract: | Faced with the succession of changes and their multidimensional repercussions ( in this instance the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ukrainian-Russian conflict, etc.), the Supply Chain is now obliged to strengthen its resilience through its ability to act quickly and its capacity to adapt to unforeseen and unpredictable disruptions, while taking into account the economic, environmental and social concerns of sustainable development, in order to maintain its performance, and thus acquire a competitive advantage. In this context, a systematic review was developed to examine the available literature on the subject, in order to answer the main research question, formulated as follows: how to strengthen the resilience of the supply chain in the face of unforeseen events while continuing to integrate sustainable development considerations? Based on the PRISMA guidelines, 97 articles, out of 782 initially identified, were selected, analyzed (descriptive and bibliometric analysis) and synthesized. The main results indicate that the integration of sustainability considerations requires a disruptionresilient supply chain as a precondition, and that a sustainable supply chain can contribute to strengthening its resilience; thus, their achievement allows to gain a competitive advantage. Their implementation can be done through the implementation of risk management, the integration of Lean, Agile, Resilient and Green paradigms as well as the implementation of digital tools and new technologies. This review also highlights the limitations and mentions possible future research directions. |
| Abstract: | Face à la succession des mutations et leurs répercussions multidimensionnelles (en l'occurrence la pandémie de COVID-19, le conflit ukraino-russie, etc.), la Supply Chain se trouve désormais dans l'obligation de renforcer sa résilience à travers sa capacité à agir rapidement et son aptitude à s'adapter aux perturbations imprévues et imprévisibles, tout en tenant compte des préoccupations économiques, environnementales et sociales du développement durable, afin de maintenir sa performance, ainsi acquérir un avantage concurrentiel. Dans ce contexte, une revue systématique a été développée pour examiner la littérature disponible autour du sujet, afin de répondre à la question de recherche principale, formulée comme ainsi : comment renforcer la résilience de la Supply Chain face aux imprévus tout en continuant à y intégrer les considérations du développement durable ? En se basant sur les guidelines de PRISMA, 97 articles, sur 782 identifiés initialement, ont été sélectionnés, analysés (analyse descriptive et bibliométrique) et synthétisés. Les principaux résultats indiquent que l'intégration des considérations de développement durable requiert une Supply Chain résiliente aux perturbations comme précondition, et qu'une Supply Chain durable peut contribuer à renforcer sa résilience ; ainsi, leur atteinte permet d'acquérir un avantage concurrentiel. Leur implémentation peut se faire à travers la mise en œuvre du management des risques, l'intégration des paradigmes Lean, Agile, Résilient et Green ainsi que la mise en place des outils digitaux et des nouvelles technologies. Cette revue souligne également les limites et mentionne les futures directions de recherche possibles. |
| Date: | 2022–12–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03914969&r=env |
| By: | Blanc, Corin |
| Abstract: | En 2021, le changement climatique était considéré par l’ensemble des Européens comme le problème le plus inquiétant auquel le monde ait à faire face, au même titre que la propagation des maladies infectieuses. Bien que bouleversés par la pandémie mondiale du COVID-19, les habitants des pays de l’Union Européenne sont restés conscients des conséquences néfastes du réchauffement climatique. La menace que ce dernier représente pour notre bien-être se traduit notamment par la multiplication des catastrophes naturelles, et donc des risques pour les systèmes naturels et humains. La réduction à grande échelle des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), la modification des modes de vies et l’adaptation des infrastructures dans les zones à risque sont devenues aujourd’hui des mesures vitales. Il s’agit ici tout d’abord de déterminer les différences de perception du changement climatique et des pratiques écologiques entre les pays européens. Certaines régions d’Europe ressentent déjà les effets du réchauffement climatique (incendies, canicules, inondations …) tandis que d’autres sont encore relativement épargnées. Cela explique les avis divergents concernant l’urgence à agir, auxquels s’ajoutent les différences culturelles. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons la relation entre ces actions et le bien-être de ceux qui les mettent en œuvre. L’utilisation de transports respectueux de l’environnement ou encore l’achat de produits issus de l’agriculture biologique sont corrélés avec une satisfaction de vie plus élevée. Toutefois, la position sociale et le sexe des individus jouent aussi un grand rôle dans la pratique quotidienne de ces actions pro-environnementales. |
| Keywords: | Bien-être, Environnement, Eurobarometer, Environment, Transition |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cpm:notobe:2303&r=env |
| By: | Jorge M. Uribe (Universitat de Barcelona & Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.) |
| Abstract: | Climate change adaptation depends crucially on the fiscal space of countries. The historical accumulation of high debt levels among emerging and low-income developing countries, which are disproportionately affected by climate change, poses a significant concern. In light of this issue, we empirically examine the potential trade-off between reducing vulnerability to climate change and maintaining fiscal stability. Our findings indicate that governance, as a measure of institutional quality, is the key determinant of both fiscal stability and climate change preparedness. Thus, there is no inherent trade-off between the two aims. Higher levels of institutional quality result in increased preparedness for climate hazards and a lower likelihood of fiscal crises. However, our survival analysis also highlights that fiscal stability is contingent upon the debt burden, particularly the interest paid on that debt. This could potentially result in fiscal instability. In light of these findings, international efforts to address the consequences of climate change should aim to maintain relatively constant interest payments on debt among emerging and low-income countries during their ecological transition. Our results further suggest that enhancing human habitat conditions, while considering the role of governance, is the most effective means of simultaneously reducing the likelihood of a fiscal crisis and increasing preparedness for climate hazards. A reduction in the human habitat vulnerability index by one unit results in approximately a 40% decrease in the probability of a fiscal crisis, while an equivalent increase in governance reduces the probability by 55%. |
| Keywords: | Climate vulnerability, Climate hazards, Macroeconomic instability, Duration analysis, Survival analysis, Debt-overhang. JEL classification: E44, E62, F34, Q54. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ira:wpaper:202303&r=env |
| By: | Olovsson, Conny (Research Department, Central Bank of Sweden); Vestin, David (Research Department, Central Bank of Sweden) |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the hypothesis of "Greenflation". We find that under flexible prices, the relative price adjustment of green and brown energy comes about without consequences for inflation. We extend the analysis to the case of sticky prices and wages and our findings continues to support the notion that a transition to a green economy may progress without too much worry about inflation, at least in the case where the fiscal measures are introduced in an orderly and well planned fashion. |
| Keywords: | Inflation; green transition; monetary policy; climate change |
| JEL: | E52 E58 Q43 |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:rbnkwp:0420&r=env |
| By: | Annelie Stumpp; Hermann Lebherz |
| Abstract: | Most Inner Cities suffer from highly condensed built fabric which stores the heat of summer days. To relief this effect several architects have started to integrate not only earth bound greenery but to integrate plants in their vertical facades. Through the plants there is a mitigation of the Heat Island effect since the leaves of the plants prevent the sun rays to heat up stone and glass facades. At the same time plants are generating oxygene to improove air quality of the inner cities. One further aspect of green facades ist hat the leaves can clean air from inner city dust. The whole year greenery gives as well a a positive psycholgical well beening in the nature and are improving the quality of life in inner cities One further positive effect is that plant have no hard surfaces and are therefor not reflecting noise but are reducing noise through their leaves. WLS are consultants for facades of a highrise bilding with a timber facade, a necessary sprinkler system and a planting system at vertical facades. This case study will highlight the state of art of facade greenery in the forefront of green technology with natural materials, combined with highly sophisticated building technology. |
| Keywords: | generating oxygen to improve air quality; improve quality of life in inner cities; Mitigation of the Heat Island effect; Vertical green facades |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_38&r=env |
| By: | Streule, Monika |
| Abstract: | Urban extractivism is an emergent concept increasingly discussed within Latin America-based scholarship but less known in anglophone urban geography. The devastating social and environmental impact of large-scale natural resource extraction, usually accompanied and driven by infrastructure megaprojects, is the main domain to which activists and scholars are currently applying the concept of extractivism. However, extractivism-related accumulation also applies to urban contexts, as for instance, scholars argue using this lens to analyze the production of exclusive urban territories in central Buenos Aires. In this contribution, I suggest to broaden the concept of urban extractivism to address pressing challenges of urban transformations in the peripheries of Mexico City, particularly concerning urban infrastructure megaprojects and Indigenous socio-territorial movements that advocate for a more sustainable use of natural resources. Critical reflection on the extractivism of knowledge reveals the need for more collaborative research methods in urban geography and beyond. |
| Keywords: | accumulation by dispossession; Ecoterritorial turn; infrastructure megaprojects; Latin America; socio-territorial movements; urban values; European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 101024446. |
| JEL: | R14 J01 |
| Date: | 2023–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117503&r=env |
| By: | Magorzata Rymarzak; Ewa Sieminska; Krzysztof Sakierski |
| Abstract: | The combination of policy concerns over climate change, resource efficiency and the natural environment, has caused that municipalities, as owners of real property assets, need a new approach to their management. They are no longer only required to have accurate data on the condition they are in, the ongoing cost of their operating, maintaining, rehabilitating and eventually decommissioning, as well as knowledge about the value of the assets in their portfolio. More and more often municipalities are expected to embed sustainability targets in their real property asset management. Some of them are beginning to introduce the highest and best use analysis in the decision-making process that considers long-term environmental, economic and social objectives.So far, the reflection of sustainability in the analysis of the highest and best use of municipalities' real property assets has captured limited attention among researchers of the subject. The existing publications focus mainly on the mentioned analysis in enterprises. There are also a few papers which present the concept of the highest and best use in municipalities of the most developed countries, however not in the context of sustainability. Thus, this paper aims to fill this gap in the literature and to investigate the scope of sustainability incorporation in the process of determining the highest and best use of municipal real property assets including four tests (legally permitted, physically possible, financially feasible, maximally productive), based on the example of Polish biggest municipalities. |
| Keywords: | Highest and Best Use; Municipalities; real property assets; sustainability |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_200&r=env |
| By: | TAKEDA Shiro; ARIMURA Toshi H. |
| Abstract: | The EU plans to introduce Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) to curb carbon leakage and protect energy-intensive and trade-exposed (EITE) industry. This move by the EU to introduce CBAMs has raised concerns in Japan that it will harm Japanese industry and the economy. To address these concerns, this study tries to provide an ex-ante and quantitative analysis of the economic and environmental effects of the introduction of the EU CBAM. To capture the effects of the EU CBAM, this study employs a global multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium model with 18 sectors and 17 regions. The main insights obtained from the analysis are as follows. First, we find that the introduction of EU CBAM significantly reduces carbon leakage from the EU. Second, the effects of the introduction of CBAM on GDP and welfare of each country varied from country to country, but the effects were generally very small. While there is a positive impact on GDP and welfare in Japan, again, the magnitude of the impact is very small. There will also be a negative impact on Japan’s EITE industry, but again, the magnitude of this impact is very small and not of great concern. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:23006&r=env |
| By: | Junichi Hirose (Kochi University); Koji Kotani (School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology); Shunsuke Managi (Kyusyu University) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable development goals (SDGs) have become common missions for humanity all over the world. However, little is known about what types of people or societies are likely to achieve SDGs or to steadily follow the paths. This research considers that generativity and wellbeing shall be necessary and salient indicators people in societies must enhance for achieving SDGs, hypothesizing that people with high autonomy (being independent & resisting social pressure) and inquisitiveness (adaptability to new social and/or environmental changes) tend to be generative and happy. To empirically examine the hypothesis, we analyze people’s generativity and wellbeing as essential elements of SDGs and statistically characterize them in relation to autonomy and inquisitiveness with the data from questionnaire surveys and experiments of 413 residents in matrilineal Island Palau. We choose Palau as the field, because rapid social and environmental changes are ongoing from traditional to modern societies and a wide variation of people is expected to be observed compared to any field in other nations, even with small sample size. Two main results are obtained. First, the analysis identifies the importance of inquisitiveness in that people with high inquisitiveness tend to be generative. Second, people’s wellbeing is high as they are generative, autonomous and inquisitive, demonstrating two influential roles of inquisitiveness on happiness as direct and indirect determinants through a mediator of generativity. Overall, the results suggest that autonomy and inquisitiveness contribute to people’s generativity and wellbeing even in tradition-oriented societies, such as Palau, and their improvements are considered specific paths for materializing SDGs. |
| Keywords: | Autonomy, inquisitiveness, generativity, wellbeing, SDGs |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kch:wpaper:sdes-2023-1&r=env |
| By: | Zare, Fatemeh; Bahmer, Luis; Campuzano-Mojik, Lázaro; Schiereck, Dirk |
| Date: | 2022–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:136277&r=env |
| By: | Lykke E. Andersen (SDSN Bolivia); Valeria Revilla Calderón (SDSN Bolivia); Jhanira Rodriguez (SDSN Bolivia) |
| Abstract: | El sector de turismo genera importantes emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), sobre todo por el transporte aéreo. En este documento presentamos las emisiones causadas por el turismo internacional y nacional en Bolivia durante la gestión 2019 respecto al transporte, alimentación, estadía y la generación de residuos. Se reconoce que a pesar de que el turismo contribuye alrededor del 7% al PIB nacional, causa menos del 0, 1% de las emisiones de CO2 totales del país. Asimismo, la huella de carbono de los turistas internacionales en Bolivia (202 kgCO2/persona) es mucho menor comparado con otros destinos populares de turismo masivo como ser España y México. |
| Keywords: | Turismo, desarrollo sostenible, huella de carbono, Bolivia |
| JEL: | J30 J50 J80 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iad:obitwp:2306&r=env |
| By: | Giulio Cornelli; Jon Frost; Leonardo Gambacorta; Ouarda Merrouche |
| Abstract: | Billions of dollars in private and public capital have poured into climate tech in the United States since 2005. This raises questions around the social efficiency and financial performance of these investments. We find that more private capital is allocated to technologies with a higher emission reduction potential and that investors have prioritised more mature technologies. Moreover, more private capital is directed to innovative companies as the sector matures and grows and financial frictions abate. Higher allocative efficiency of investments is in turn associated with better financial performance, both at the company level and at the investor level. US government subsidies have been allocated more to technologies attracting less private capital. Their crowding-in effect is greater when allocated to nascent technologies that are not yet patented. |
| Keywords: | climate change, climate tech, venture capital, innovation |
| JEL: | G11 G14 G24 Q54 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:biswps:1072&r=env |
| By: | Max Vilgalys |
| Abstract: | I measure adaptation to climate change by comparing elasticities from short-run and long-run changes in damaging weather. I propose a debiased machine learning approach to flexibly measure these elasticities in panel settings. In a simulation exercise, I show that debiased machine learning has considerable benefits relative to standard machine learning or ordinary least squares, particularly in high-dimensional settings. I then measure adaptation to damaging heat exposure in United States corn and soy production. Using rich sets of temperature and precipitation variation, I find evidence that short-run impacts from damaging heat are significantly offset in the long run. I show that this is because the impacts of long-run changes in heat exposure do not follow the same functional form as short-run shocks to heat exposure. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2302.01236&r=env |
| By: | Philippe Quirion (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Nous présentons l'outil TETE, en libre accès, destiné à évaluer les emplois générés par différentes activités liées à la transition écologique. Basé sur le tableau entrées-sorties, cet outil permet de prendre en compte les emplois directs et indirects. Nous présentons un exemple d'utilisation de cet outil : la quantification du nombre d'emplois dans les énergies renouvelables et la rénovation thermique des bâtiments, en cas de mise en oeuvre du scénario négaWatt 2022. |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03921109&r=env |
| By: | Dessouky, Maged; Yao, Siyuan |
| Abstract: | California has a long history of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and has been working to accelerate the adoption of battery electric heavy-duty trucks (BEHDTs). Unlike diesel heavy-duty trucks (DHDTs), which have hundreds of miles of range per refill, BEHDTs have a restricted, load-dependent driving range, which makes charging planning an important role in the use of BEHDTs as an alternative to DHDTs. This research study investigates a mixed fleet drayage routing problem (MFDRP) with non-linear charging times. The study extends existing mixed fleet drayage routing models by considering multiple charging locations and allowing for more flexible routes for freight pickup and delivery. We formulate the MFDRP as a mixed integer programming model. After linearization and variable elimination, the model can be solved by commercial optimization solvers. However, the model becomes inefficient to solve when the problem size increases. Therefore, we develop a modified adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm, which can solve the problem with hundreds of units of demand in a few CPU minutes. Finally, we simulate one-day drayage operations with different BEHDT shares in the fleet for the years 2022, 2025, and 2030 to assess the potential for substituting DHDTs with BEHDTs. The numerical experiments indicate that employing BEHDTs as substitutes for DHDTs will increase the fleet size under the same level of demand. To reach the maximum share of BEHDTs in the truck fleet, the fleet size increases by 47.2%, 3.4%, and 3.4% in 2022, 2025, and 2030, respectively. Over 50% (90%) CO2 (NOx) emission reductions can be achieved by employing BEHDTs to the maximum share in the fleet. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Drayage operations, routing, battery electric heavy-duty trucks |
| Date: | 2023–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1g17p2cj&r=env |
| By: | Maya Papineau (Department of Economics, Carleton Univeristy); Nicholas Rivers (Department of Economics, Univeristy of Ottawa); Kareman Yassin (Department of Economics, Univeristy of Ottawa) |
| Abstract: | Over 50 countries representing three quarters of global CO2 emissions have pledged to achieve a net-zero carbon economy by 2050, and energy efficiency improvements are a primary contributor in policy scenarios that attain this goal. However, uncertainties remain about the realized effectiveness of energy efficiency programs. This paper is provides evidence on the realized savings from Canada’s largest residential energy retroï¬ t program. We use utility data from 20, 000 houses and detailed energy audit records from the EnerGuide for Homes database, which includes modeled predictions of energy savings from retroï¬ t adoptions. The retroï¬ t program reduces natural gas consumption in the average participating home by about 21%, about 60% of predicted natural gas savings. Whole-envelope retroï¬ ts are predicted to reduce natural gas consumption by 67%, but in practice only half of these savings are realized. This underscores the importance of developing new modeling approaches that incorporate house-level utility data, which reflect the outcome of realized rather than predicted occupant behavior, to increase retroï¬ t programs’ realized energy savings and return per subsidy dollar spent. Classification |
| Keywords: | energy efficiency, energy retrofit program, energy savings, Canada |
| Date: | 2022–12–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:car:carecp:22-09&r=env |
| By: | Faber, Malte; Rudolf, Marco; Frick, Marc; Becker, Mi-Yong |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we present a way that allows to make fundamental statements about how economic action entails harmful effects on the environment. These effects are due to natural scientific reasons and are particularly present in the industrialised economy. The starting point of our considerations is that every economic action requires energy, of which many different forms exist. Taking all of these forms into account, heat energy has a particular significance, because other forms of energy can never appear in isolation, but only conjointly with heat energy. For this reason, the branch of physics that deals primarily with energy is called thermodynamics. The study of thermodynamics yields the central link between economic activity and its environmental impact. Understanding basic insights of thermodynamics enables decision-makers in environmental policy to understand the nature of environmental problems and to develop possible solutions. First, we deal with the connection between physical work and heat. Then we explain the two main Laws of Thermodynamics and go into detail about the concept of entropy. We use Boltzmann's approach of the degree of order to give an illustration of the entropy concept. We then turn to the consideration of thermodynamics in economics, first provided by Georgescu-Roegen in 1971. Following this we explain the importance of thermodynamics for environmental policy. We conclude with a summary. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir einen Weg vor, der es erlaubt, grundsätzliche Aussagen darüber zu treffen, dass wirtschaftliches Handeln schädliche Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt mit sich bringt. Diese Auswirkungen sind naturwissenschaftlich bedingt und treten insbesondere in der industrialisierten Wirtschaft auf. Ausgangspunkt unserer Überlegungen ist, dass jedes wirtschaftliche Handeln Energie benötigt, von der es viele verschiedene Formen gibt. Unter Berücksichtigung all dieser Formen kommt der Wärmeenergie eine besondere Bedeutung zu, da andere Energieformen nie isoliert, sondern nur in Verbindung mit der Wärmeenergie auftreten können. Aus diesem Grund wird der Zweig der Physik, der sich hauptsächlich mit Energie beschäftigt, Thermodynamik genannt. Das Studium der Thermodynamik stellt die zentrale Verbindung zwischen wirtschaftlicher Tätigkeit und ihren Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt her. Das Verständnis grundlegender Erkenntnisse der Thermodynamik ermöglicht es Entscheidungsträgern in der Umweltpolitik, das Entstehen von Umweltproblemen zu verstehen und mögliche Lösungen zu entwickeln. Zunächst befassen wir uns mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen physikalischer Arbeit und Wärme. Dann erläutern wir die beiden Hauptsätze der Thermodynamik und gehen ausführlich auf das Konzept der Entropie ein. Zur Veranschaulichung des Entropiekonzepts verwenden wir den Boltzmann'schen Ansatz des Ordnungsgrades. Anschließend wenden wir uns der Betrachtung der Thermodynamik in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften zu, die erstmals von Georgescu-Roegen im Jahr 1971 vorgelegt wurde. Anschließend erläutern wir die Bedeutung der Thermodynamik für die Umweltpolitik. Wir schließen mit einer Zusammenfassung. |
| Keywords: | Classical Mechanics; Joint Production; Environmental Problems; Thermodynamics; Energy; Entropy; Irreversibility; Efficiency |
| Date: | 2023–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:awi:wpaper:0725&r=env |
| By: | Martínez, Rodrigo; Maldonado, Carlos; Schönsteiner, Judith |
| Abstract: | The quality of life, well-being and enjoyment of rights by people who live in and around cities are closely linked to urban mobility. From that perspective, how can we ensure that policies implemented in mobility systems and other related sectors adopt a human rights and gender approach? This document addresses urban mobility from a social perspective in which human rights, the gender approach and the social inequality matrix converge. The objective is to identify policy areas and instruments that favour universal enjoyment of human rights and prevent their violation in urban mobility systems in Latin America, as well as in other sectors related to their infrastructure and sustainability (renewable energies, new technologies, automotive industry, construction among others). To achieve this, it offers policy guidelines for the various public and private actors with responsibilities in this area. |
| Keywords: | CIUDADES, ZONAS URBANAS, DESARROLLO URBANO, AGENDA 2030 PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ASPECTOS SOCIALES, INFRAESTRUCTURA FISICA, BIENESTAR SOCIAL, DERECHOS HUMANOS, INCORPORACION DE LA PERSPECTIVA DE GENERO, IGUALDAD DE GENERO, TRANSPORTE URBANO, INNOVACIONES TECNOLOGICAS, CITIES, URBAN AREAS, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL ASPECTS, PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE, SOCIAL WELFARE, HUMAN RIGHTS, GENDER MAINSTREAMING, GENDER EQUALITY, URBAN TRANSPORT, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS |
| Date: | 2023–01–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48646&r=env |
| By: | Filippo Tassinari (Universitat de Barcelona & IEB) |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to shed light on the effect of Low Emission Zones (LEZs) on traffic. LEZs are areas in which access is restricted for the most polluting vehicles. They have been found to be effective in reducing pollution, while the expected effect on traffic is not clear. Using high-frequency granular data on traffic for the city of Madrid, I analyse whether LEZ schemes are effective in reducing traffic within the area of implementation and whether they generate a displacement effect. Taking advantage of the exogeneity of the implementation timing, I develop a pre/post analysis based on time. Results suggest a reduction in traffic inside the restricted area and a displacement to all the other areas of the city. I find a switch to public transport for commutes directed towards the restricted area and rerouting of trips for destinations outside Madrid Central to be two of the possible mechanisms explaining these results. The reduction in transit inside the restricted area gradually decreases over time and disappears after 7 months. This is consistent with the renewal of the vehicles’ fleet with unrestricted and cleaner vehicles generated by the policy. |
| Keywords: | Traffic calming policy, low emission zone, traffic, cities, displacement |
| JEL: | R41 R48 H23 |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ieb:wpaper:doc2022-04&r=env |
| By: | Wrase Isabelle |
| Abstract: | Purpose – Driven by laws, and regulations, the transformation of the built environment is a herculean task. Green buildings seem to be a megatrend in corporate real estate management, especially for firms headquartered in the region Europe. This contribution aims to explore what the requirements of a respective corporate management fulfilling actual and future applicable laws, regulations, and responsibilities of green buildings are. Furthermore, it is examined to what extent the higher education programs take these requirements into account and what the gaps are.Methods – The study is based on literature review, interviews with professionals, corporate reports, and collected data of academic programs in Europe.Results – Green buildings requires different aspects of corporate management which is not represented by a singular discipline. In Europe, higher education programs focus some of the required content to prepare students for a corporate green building management but integrate rarely all knowledge required throughout a building life cycle. As a result, a framework of an education model is introduced integrating disciplines, and knowledge required of green building management.Conclusion – Only few higher education programs appear to be considering the transdisciplinary context of green buildings requiring knowledge in, amongst others, real estate, workplaces, architecture and engineering, facility management and its services. This contribution provides fundamental considerations and presents a structural framework enabling higher education in green building management. |
| Keywords: | Corporate real estate; Green Building; Higher Education; Management |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_164&r=env |
| By: | Albert Sanghoon Park |
| Abstract: | This paper explores how the concept of resilience has been used in development studies. Set amidst the rise of resilience in sustainable development, it offers insights for scholars and policy-makers, alike. Sampling 419 resilience-oriented journal articles from 2017-22, it uses Kuhnian paradigms to analyse development knowledge production. This produces three key findings. First is the absence of a coherent resilience paradigm (with shared definitions, problems, and methods) in development studies. |
| Keywords: | Resilience, Sustainable development, Development policy, Theory of Knowledge |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-33&r=env |
| By: | Julien Jacob (BETA - Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée - AgroParisTech - UNISTRA - Université de Strasbourg - UL - Université de Lorraine - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Caroline Orset Orset (UMR PSAE - Paris-Saclay Applied Economics - AgroParisTech - Université Paris-Saclay - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This literature review sheds light on the role of marketing authorisations and liabilities in controlling industry lobby behaviour aimed at enhancing the lobbyists' private interest to the detriment of the public interest. We present two political tools available to public authorities, marketing authorisation and liabilities (civil and criminal) to regulate firms that market products that could be harmful to society. We draw on the economic literature and contributions that study how these policy tools can be used to achieve three main objectives: providing incentives for risk mitigation, fostering innovation and the acquisition of information on unclear risks, and avoiding collusion between public bodies and the companies being regulated. We conclude with a brief discussion of the areas that require more in-depth research on this topic. |
| Keywords: | Industry risks, Information acquisition, Innovation, Liability rules, Lobby, Scientific uncertainty |
| Date: | 2022–11–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03966054&r=env |
| By: | LU Guanyu; TANAKA Kenta; ARIMURA Toshi H. |
| Abstract: | This study aims to reveal the extent to which the Tokyo and Saitama emissions trading schemes (ETSs) affect the energy efficiency of manufacturing facilities, based on the Economic Census for Business Activity and Census of Manufacture. In this analysis, we estimate the energy efficiency of facilities in Japan using stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). Then, we estimate how much the facilities’ energy efficiency is influenced by the Tokyo and Saitama ETSs. Our results show that the energy efficiency of targeted facilities decreased during the announcement period. Our estimation results show no difference in energy inefficiency between targeted and nontargeted facilities in the implementation period of the ETSs. Additionally, the estimation results imply that carbon leakages through outsourcing did not occur during the implementation period. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:eti:dpaper:23007&r=env |
| By: | Marina Friedrich; Luca Margaritella; Stephan Smeekes |
| Abstract: | In this paper we test for Granger causality in high-dimensional vector autoregressive models (VARs) to disentangle and interpret the complex causal chains linking radiative forcings and global temperatures. By allowing for high dimensionality in the model we can enrich the information set with all relevant natural and anthropogenic forcing variables to obtain reliable causal relations. These variables have mostly been investigated in an aggregated form or in separate models in the previous literature. Additionally, our framework allows to ignore the order of integration of the variables and to directly estimate the VAR in levels, thus avoiding accumulating biases coming from unit-root and cointegration tests. This is of particular appeal for climate time series which are well known to contain stochastic trends as well as yielding long memory. We are thus able to display the causal networks linking radiative forcings to global temperatures but also to causally connect radiative forcings among themselves, therefore allowing for a careful reconstruction of a timeline of causal effects among forcings. The robustness of our proposed procedure makes it an important tool for policy evaluation in tackling global climate change. |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2302.03996&r=env |
| By: | Guillouet, Louise; Martimort, David |
| Abstract: | A decision-maker enjoys surplus from his current action but faces the possibility of an irreversible catastrophe, an event that follows a non-homogeneous Poisson process with a rate that depends on the stock of past actions. Passed a tipping point, the probability of a disaster increases. Only the distribution of possible values of the tipping point is known. For such a context that entails irreversibility, uncertainty and limited information, the Precautionary Principle, viewed as a constitutional commitment to an action plan, has repeatedly been invoked to guide decision-making. Although the optimal feedback rule should a priori determine actions in terms of both the stock of past actions and the current beliefs on whether the tipping point has been passed or not, an incomplete Stock-Markov feedback rule that only depends on stock suffices to implement the optimum. In such a Stock-Markov Equilibrium, the decision-maker conjectures that future selves stick to the same Stock-Markov feedback rule in the future, and observes deviations by previous selves if any. When deviations are non-observable and future selves have no evidence on how beliefs should change, equilibrium actions remain too low and beliefs are sticky. A commitment to ban actions below the equilibrium Stock-Markov feedback rule with observable deviations prevents such opportunistic deviations and restores the optimal trajectory. |
| Keywords: | Precautionary Principle; Regulation; Environmental Risk; Tipping Point; Uncertainty |
| JEL: | D83 Q55 |
| Date: | 2023–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:127911&r=env |
| By: | Celine Nauges (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | Le travail de Wheeler et al. (2021) met en évidence la relation complexe entre perception des risques liés au changement climatique et décisions des agriculteurs. A partir de données issues de deux enquêtes menées sur un échantillon de 275 agriculteurs australiens à cinq ans d'intervalle, les auteurs montrent que les perceptions des risques par les agriculteurs ont changé au cours du temps et ont été influencées par les décisions concernant l'exploitation prises par les agriculteurs entre les deux enquêtes. |
| Keywords: | Comportement des agriculteurs, Perception du risque, Changement Climatique |
| Date: | 2023–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03966373&r=env |
| By: | Shastitharran Baskaran; Shazmin Shareena Azis; Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli; Nur Hannani Ab Rahman |
| Abstract: | Greenspace exposure to humans have benefited them in terms of mental health and wellbeing. Although various studies have shown the benefits of greenspace there is very limited studies that the overall efficiency of greenspace in improving mental health and wellbeing in various countries. This paper explores the efficiency of green space in improving mental health and wellbeing. The objective is achieved by reviewing past research papers and articles from database such as Google Scholar, Emerald Insight, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect and Elsevier that relates to the greenspace, mental health, and wellbeing. The findings found 40 articles that meets the requirement of the review. The efficiency of greenspace information from the reviewed articles are grouped into five groups, name of author, type pf greenspace, type of analysis, the city the research was done and the percentage of efficiency. The results were tabulated using content analysis method. In overall, the results show a positive relationship between green space and mental heal and wellbeing. This paper contributes to the residents in terms of location selection to buy a property and to the developer in terms of planning and consideration to include greenspace in the upcoming developments. |
| Keywords: | green space; Mental Health; Urbanisation; Wellbeing |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_61&r=env |
| By: | Mintewab Bezabih (Environment and Climate Research Center, Policy Studies Institut); Finn Tarp (University of Copenhagen); Hailemariam Teklewold (Environment and Climate Research Center, Policy Studies Institute); Alemu Mekonnen (Department of Economics, Addis Ababa University); Tagel G/Hiwot (Environment and Climate Research Center, Policy Studies Institute) |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an empirical analysis of how the choice of seed technology impacts farm productivity and management in a setting characterized by high risks. The findings reveal that risk aversion and climate are important driving forces for crop technology choice. Risk averse farmers can hedge against the risks they face by skewing their choices towards traditional varieties. A comparison of the relative importance of traditional versus improved varieties shows that the latter lead to gains in crop income. We also found notable differences from adopting a singular versus a combination of the varieties, with the combination having lower impact on income, compared to improved-varieties-only and higher income compared to traditional-varieties only. The exact opposite holds for the impact of alternative varieties on the cost of risk. The implication is that the risk prone nature of Ethiopian agriculture leads to marked tradeoffs in terms of productivity and risk between the two sets of varieties. |
| Keywords: | traditional and improved varieties, crop revenue, risk premium, multinomial switching regression, Ethiopia |
| JEL: | Q16 Q57 C22 |
| Date: | 2023–02–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:kud:kuderg:2321&r=env |
| By: | Margit Schratzenstaller; Angela Köppl; Stefan Schleicher (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | Auch die Steuern und Abgaben sehen sich großen Herausforderungen der Transformation gegenüber. Sie spielen im Rahmen der Klima- und Umweltpolitik sowohl als Instrument zur Finanzierung öffentlicher Leistungen im Allgemeinen und klima- und umweltpolitischer Aufgaben im Besonderen als auch als Lenkungsinstrument eine wichtige Rolle. Im Verhältnis zur Wirtschaftsleistung ist in Österreich das Aufkommen an Umweltsteuern im engeren Sinne langfristig konstant und liegt anhaltend unter dem EU-Durchschnitt. Dagegen haben die umweltrelevanten Zahlungen an Gemeinden (z. B. Abwasser- oder Müllgebühren) und sonstige Gebietskörperschaften deutlich an Gewicht gewonnen. Mit der Einführung einer CO2-Bepreisung im Jahr 2022 schließt Österreich an die wachsende Gruppe jener Länder auf, die eine CO2-Bepreisung als Instrument der Klimapolitik nutzen. Künftige Reformen sollten auf einen umfassenderen Beitrag des Abgabensystems zur erforderlichen sozio-ökologischen Transformation abzielen, der über die derzeitige Fokussierung auf klimapolitische Zielsetzungen hinausgeht. Insbesondere soll das Abgabensystem im Rahmen eines breiteren Maßnahmen-Mix helfen, den Ressourcenverbrauch (einschließlich der Ressource Boden) einzudämmen, die Biodiversität zu schützen und die Kreislaufwirtschaft zu unterstützen. Dies erfordert auch den stärkeren Einsatz von transformativen Abgaben auf den subnationalen Ebenen. |
| Keywords: | Umweltsteuern, Umweltsteuern als Instrument für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung, umweltbezogene Abgaben, ökologisch relevante Zahlungen, Klimaziele, Ressourcenverbrauch |
| Date: | 2023–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:rbrief:y:2023:i:3&r=env |
| By: | Nur Hannani Ab Rahman; Shazmin Shareena Azis; Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli; Shastitharran Baskaran |
| Abstract: | World health Organization (WHO) acknowledge that coronavirus airborne transmission could be potentially indoors with crowded and poorly ventilated rooms. From this, COVID-19 Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) guideline for office building that has been issued by Ministry of Health Malaysia is expected to be part of the ‘new norms’ in workplace. However, there is lack of concentration on Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) attributes even it has been proven in many research that the transmission of COVID-19 actively occurs indoor environment and IEQ could mitigate the virus transmission. Therefore, this study aims to discover the important IEQ attributes for office building to reduce COVID-19 spread based on building management perspectives. There are two objectives outlined in this study which are 1) to identify IEQ attributes for office building, and 2) to analyse important IEQ attributes for office building. Questionnaire survey is conducted among building manager in Malaysia and analysed using frequency and descriptive analysis to achieve research objectives. Overall, it is resulted that there are nine important IEQ attributes that could reduce COVID-19 spread in workplace based on building management perspectives. This study is significant for building manager or COVID-19 management in workplace to enhance their current SOP by integrating IEQ elements to reduce COVID-19 spread in workplace. |
| Keywords: | Building Management; COVID-19; Indoor Environmental Quality; Standard Operating Procedure |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_68&r=env |
| By: | Sylvain Chabé-Ferret (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Institute for Advanced Studies - Institute for Advanced Studies); Philippe Le Coënt (BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)); Caroline Lefebvre (Laboratoire de Virologie [Toulouse] - CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]); Raphaële Préget (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); François Salanié (TSE-R - Toulouse School of Economics - UT1 - Université Toulouse 1 Capitole - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Subervie Julie (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier); Sophie S. Thoyer (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Nudges are increasingly used to alter the behavior of economic agents as an alternative to monetary incentives. However, little is known as to whether nudges can backfire, that is, how and when they may generate effects opposite to those they intend to achieve. We provide the first field evidence of a nudge that is designed to encourage pro-environmental behavior, which instead backfires. We randomly allocate a social comparison nudge inviting winegrowers to adopt biological pest control as an alternative to chemical pesticide use. We find that our nudge decreases by half the adoption of biological pest control among the largest vineyards, where the bulk of adoption occurs. We show that this result can be rationalized in an economic model where winegrowers and winegrower-cooperative managers bargain over future rents generated by the adoption of biological pest control. This study highlights the importance of experimenting on a small scale with nudges aimed at encouraging adoption of virtuous behaviors in order to detect unexpected adverse effects, particularly in contexts where negotiations on the sharing of the costs of adoption are likely to occur. |
| Keywords: | Nudges, Behavioral Economics, Pesticides, Government Policy. |
| Date: | 2023–02–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-03971193&r=env |
| By: | Alberto Agnelli; Hélia Costa; Damien Dussaux |
| Abstract: | The economic consequences for firms investing in green innovation, and therefore their incentives to innovate, are not well understood. This paper empirically assesses the economic returns on innovation in cleaner vehicles. The analysis uses data on passenger car market shares and patents for car manufacturers operating in eight countries for the period 2005-2021. The results show that, when vehicle fuel prices increase, firms having previously successfully filed patents related to both electric and hybrid vehicles and fuel efficiency experience an increase in their market share. This increase takes place between 7 and 8 years after the patent stock is accumulated for patents related to electric and hybrid vehicles and between 8 and 15 years for patents related to fuel efficiency. The analysis also finds that in contexts where fuel price salience is high, price increases generate larger and earlier competitiveness returns for firms having previously invested in cleaner technologies. |
| Keywords: | firm performance, fuel prices, fuel taxation, green technology, price salience, technological change |
| JEL: | O30 Q55 Q48 |
| Date: | 2023–02–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:209-en&r=env |
| By: | Jorge Onrubia Fernández (Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid.); Rocío Plaza Iniesta (Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid.); Antonio Jesús Sánchez Fuentes (Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales (ICEI), Universidad Complutense de Madrid.) |
| Abstract: | La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, aprobada en 2015 por la ONU, marca muchas de las decisiones políticas actuales. Esta Agenda es la sucesora de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, iniciados en el año 2000. A través de de la misma, los países se acogen a unos compromisos que conciernen a acciones dirigidas a distintos objetivos. Para medir el desempeño en estos objetivos la ONU ha fijado 169 metas y 232 indicadores. Paralelamente a la creación de objetivos globales por parte de la ONU, Eurostat ha establecido 100 indicadores (muchos de ellos iguales o parecidos) centrados en los países de la Unión Europea para monitorizar la Agenda 2030. Este trabajo aspira a realizar un análisis de las fortalezas y debilidades de los países de la Unión Europea respecto a los objetivos planteados, analizando también así la convergencia o divergencia existente entre ellos. Para ello, se construyen índices sintéticos parciales para cada objetivo, combinando la información existente para los indicadores recogidos en Eurostat. En un segundo paso, estos índices parciales se combinan estos en un índice sintético dirigido a proporcionar una visión global de la situación (relativa) de cada país de la Unión Europea. |
| Abstract: | The 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, passed by the UN in 2015, influences a lot of the current political decisions. This Agenda is the successor of the Millennium Development Goals, which started in the year 2000. Through this Agenda, countries commit to some obligations related to actions aimed at different objectives. In order to measure the performance of these objectives, 169 goals and 232 indicators were created by the UN. At the same time that these global objectives were created, Eurostat established 100 indicators focused in the European Union countries to monitor their development relating the 2030 Agenda. This paper aims to develop an analysis of the strong and weak points of European Union countries regarding said objectives, analyzing also the convergence or divergence among them. In order to do so, we will create partial synthetic indexes for each objective, combining the existing information about the indicators gathered by Eurostat, with the aim of obtaining a synthetic index that provides a global vision of the (relative) situation in each European Union country. |
| Keywords: | Agenda 2030; Eurostat; Índices sintéticos; Unión Europea; 2030 agenda; Euro synthetic indices; European Union |
| Date: | 2022 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ucm:wpaper:2203&r=env |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | Since the beginning of 2014, reports of cult violence have increased sharply in the Nigeria’s oil producing communities. Hence, we set out to examine the role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) from multinational oil companies (MOCs) in mitigating the spread of cult group violence in the region. A total of two thousand four hundred respondents were sampled across the nine states of the Niger Delta. Results from the use of estimated logit model reveal that MOCs via Global Memorandum of Understanding (GMoU) are in good position to deter the aggression and rise of cult violence using interventions for youth as a priority target group mechanism. This calls for pro-youth capacity building programmes, specially designed to equip the clusters with appropriate skills required for peaceful engagement and to complement government efforts in the planning and implementation of the development agenda for their respective communities. In turn, this will contribute towards enhancing a peaceful environment for doing business in the Niger Delta region. |
| Keywords: | Environmental justice, cult violence, corporate social responsibility, oil producing communities, sub-Saharan Africa |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/010&r=env |
| By: | Linde Kattenberg; Erdal Aydin; Dirk Brounen; Nils Kok |
| Abstract: | Using a natural experimental setting where a solar PV subsidy is assigned randomly to applying households, we estimate the impact of subsidy provision on the adoption of solar PV, installed capacity, timing of the adoption and energy consumption. The results imply that the provision of subsidy leads to an 11.9 percent increase in the probability of adopting solar PV among the households who applied for the subsidy. The findings also indicate that the households who are accepted to the subsidy program invest in an 8.9 percent larger installation as compared to rejected households, and adopt solar panels 55.9 percent faster. Finally, examining the subsequent electricity consumption of the applicants, we report that subsidy provision leads to a 3.74 percent decrease in households' electricity consumption as compared to the rejected applicant group after 1 year, and a 3.93 percent decrease after 5 years. |
| Keywords: | natural experiment; Residential Sector; solar PV; subsidy program |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_141&r=env |
| By: | François Cassiere (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne); Virginie Noireaux (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - ESC Clermont-Ferrand - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne) |
| Abstract: | The role tensions at work of farmers are a very current subject that is still not very much dealt with in a context where the suffering of farmers is more than ever being questioned. The challenges of the ecological transition, the transformation of consumption patterns, the role of industrialization of production processes and the evolution of the structure of agricultural sectors (with the weight of distributors) lead to questioning the roles of farmers in the agricultural ecosystem and in particular those of small farmers. To ensure the survival of their activity, farmers are forced to take on new roles, particularly commercial ones in terms of distribution of their production and sales. This generates constraints that are a major source of tension for them. They do not always have the necessary resources (knowledge, skills, time, etc.) to cope with these changes. We combine the grid of role tensions (Katz and Kahn, 1967) with that of Hobfol's resources (1998, 2001) in order to characterize the tensions that farmers experience in carrying out their activity in order to cope with the need to adapt. The case study of a mid-mountain territory based on the analysis of the discourse of 22 livestock and dairy farmers highlights important role tensions generating important and permanent discomfort and stress linked to the need to act to ensure the sustainability of the farms. Our results allow us to better understand the mobilised resources by these situations of tension and to provide elements for imagining mechanisms for supporting and reducing these tensions. Collective strategies are an option to explore |
| Abstract: | Les tensions de rôle au travail des agriculteurs constituent un sujet très actuel encore peu traité. La mutation des systèmes agricoles conduit les agriculteurs à endosser de nouveaux rôles en particulier en matière de distribution de leur production et génère des contraintes qui sont une source importante de tensions pour ces exploitants. Ceux-ci ne disposent pas toujours des ressources nécessaires (connaissances, compétences, temps, etc.) pour faire face à ces évolutions. En retenant la grille des tensions de rôles, nous caractérisons les tensions que connaissent les agriculteurs dans l'exercice de leur activité. L'étude du discours de 22 éleveurs et producteurs laitiers met en évidence, pour les deux filières, la présence de tensions de rôles et des questionnements autour du positionnement à adopter. Les tensions concernent les choix de mise en marché (canaux, vente), la manière d'atteindre les objectifs et sont fortement liées aux aspects économiques et à l'évaluation des résultats. Mots-clés : tensions de rôle, bien-être au travail, agriculture locale, canaux courts de distribution, stratégie collective. |
| Keywords: | role tensions workplace well-being local agriculture short distribution channels collective strategy, role tensions, workplace well-being, short distribution channels, collective strategy, local agriculture |
| Date: | 2022–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03958188&r=env |
| By: | Joseph I. Uduji (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Elda N. Okolo-Obasi (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria); Simplice A. Asongu (Yaoundé, Cameroon) |
| Abstract: | We examine the impact of multinational oil companies’ (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) on gender equality for social equity using a combined propensity score matching and logit model. The result indicates a significant relationship between CSR and gender equality for social equity in coastal communities of Nigeria’s oil producing region. This implies that CSR of MOCs is a critical factor for promoting equal opportunity, equal access, equal treatment, equal sharing and division of resources. The finding suggest for improved CSR investment of MOCs on empowering the women in coastal communities in taking up alternative livelihoods from conservation and marine resources. |
| Keywords: | Oil extraction; Gender equality; Social equity; Corporate social responsibility; Coastal communities; sub-Saharan Africa. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:23/009&r=env |
| By: | Gramkow, Camila; Oliveira, Gabriela |
| Abstract: | A atual conjuntura do Brasil e dos países no mundo todo é marcada pela necessidade de uma recuperação transformadora com igualdade e sustentabilidade. Nesse contexto, a Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) das Nações Unidas vem desenvolvendo Grande Impulso (ou Big Push) para a Sustentabilidade, uma abordagem renovada para apoiar os países da região na construção de estilos de desenvolvimento com sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental. Os investimentos na eletrificação das frotas de ônibus são uma área estratégica para um Grande Impulso para a Sustentabilidade. O presente documento é fruto de um esforço coletivo e foi desenvolvido a partir de uma metodologia baseada no diálogo informado e na coordenação estruturada entre diversos atores com efetiva atuação sobre a eletromobilidade no Brasil. |
| Date: | 2023–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48694&r=env |
| By: | Patrick Mabuza; Francis H. Kemeze; Oluwatoba J. Omotilewa; Mamadou Bah; Btissam Benkerroum |
| Abstract: | Development finance institutions (DFIs) foster sustainable development through financing, advisory services, and technical assistance. They complement public investments in developing and underserved markets to unlock development opportunities and deliver development results. Whereas DFIs' missions are known among practitioners, their development achievements are often less understood. Consequently, DFIs have developed different results measurement and reporting systems to document the impacts of their interventions. |
| Keywords: | Development finance, Development effectiveness, Institutions, Measurement, Impacts |
| Date: | 2023 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unu:wpaper:wp-2023-31&r=env |
| By: | Arvanitopoulos, Theodoros; Wilson, Charlie; Ferrini, Silvia |
| Abstract: | Local energy systems (LES) are designed to decarbonize, balance, and coordinate supply, storage and demand resources. Which local conditions enable LES to flourish? Using a unique dataset of 146 LES projects in the UK from 2010 to 2020, we apply econometric methods to identify energy, institutional and socio-economic conditions significantly associated with LES, but not other local energy forms. We show distributed power generation, low-carbon infrastructure firm activity, local government strategy and active energy efficiency markets are enablers of LES involving multiple actors, sectors and skill sets. These conditions describe a clear policy agenda for stimulating and supporting emerging local energy markets. |
| Keywords: | decarbonization; decentralization; digital skills; landscape transition; local energy systems; spatial econometric modelling; EP/S031863/1; EP/S031898/ 1; 101003083 |
| JEL: | C10 O33 Q40 R11 |
| Date: | 2022–11–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:117510&r=env |
| By: | Bruno Camous (CREGO - Centre de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) - Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar - UB - Université de Bourgogne - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] - UFC - Université de Franche-Comté - UBFC - Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE]); Lætitia Guérin-Schneider (UMR G-EAU - Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - BRGM - Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - AgroParisTech - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Institut Agro Montpellier - Institut Agro - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement); Ariel Eggrickx (MRM - Montpellier Research in Management - UPVD - Université de Perpignan Via Domitia - Groupe Sup de Co Montpellier (GSCM) - Montpellier Business School - UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The literature has little explored the characteristics of a management control system (MCS) able of connecting multiple opposing institutional logics. An intervention-research shows that despite values and time horizons differences between the public water operator and its organizing authority, it is possible to develop an inter-organizational MCS incorporating multiple logics. |
| Abstract: | La littérature explore peu les caractéristiques du système de contrôle de gestion (SCG) capable de connecter des logiques institutionnelles parfois contradictoires. Malgré les divergences de valeurs et d'horizons temporels entre la régie d'eau et son autorité organisatrice, la recherche-intervention montre qu'il est possible d'élaborer un SCG inter-organisationnel intégrant les multiples logiques. |
| Keywords: | service public d'eau institutional logics, management control, intervention-research, public water operator logiques institutionnelles, public water operator, logiques institutionnelles, contrôle de gestion, recherche-intervention |
| Date: | 2022–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-03510461&r=env |
| By: | Antoine Dechezleprêtre; Luis Díaz; Milenko Fadic; Guy Lalanne |
| Abstract: | The automotive sector is important across OECD countries in terms of value-added and R&D, but is also heavily affected by the green and the digital transformations. This paper offers a novel and holistic view of the automotive sector and its surrounding ecosystem based on a combination of Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) tables, patent data, mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions, cross-country micro-distributed data and firm-level balance sheet data. It identifies the boundaries of this industrial ecosystem including connected sectors (e.g. upstream and downstream) as well as knowledge and technology providers (e.g. universities or the digital industry). The paper documents emerging trends at the geographical and technological levels and provides a comprehensive assessment of the ecosystem’s changing microstructure, with a growing role of young and digital-intensive companies. Finally, it provides recommendations for effective public policies to support the automotive ecosystem, with a focus on innovation, competition and the growth of young firms. |
| Keywords: | automotive, autonomous vehicles, decarbonisation, industrial ecosystems, industrial policy |
| JEL: | L62 O25 L50 O38 Q58 |
| Date: | 2023–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:stiaac:144-en&r=env |
| By: | Andreolli, Francesca; D'Alpaos, Chiara; Kort, Peter |
| Abstract: | Due to the deployment of distributed renewable energy sources (e.g., solar), the introduction of communication technologies, and the digitalization of the power system (e.g., smart meters, control devices), energy consumers are switching from passive to active in the management of their energy consumption, production, and storage patterns. In a consumer-centric energy market, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading allows consumers and prosumers to directly trade energy without any intermediation by traditional energy suppliers. In this paper, we investigate households’ decisions to invest in domestic PV plants coupled with battery storage, namely PVbattery systems (PVBs), and to participate in a local energy community (EC), in which energy quotas can be exchanged among EC members via P2P trading. Thanks to storage and P2P, households can strategically decide their optimal course of action and their optimal energy production/consumption patterns and can actively offer services that other EC participants bid for. In detail, we examine whether P2P trading can increase the value of investments in PVBs and affect the decision on both the optimal investment timing and size. Following the real options approach, we develop a stochastic optimization model. Our results show that ceteris paribus, thanks to P2P trading opportunities, households accelerate investments and invest in larger plants compared to scenarios in which P2P trading in not permitted. According to our findings, at current market prices, it is never optimal to invest immediately and, as P2P traded energy increases, households invest earlier and in smaller plants. |
| Keywords: | Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2023–02–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:feemwp:330498&r=env |
| By: | Nagwa Kady |
| Abstract: | Mobilizing social value in property development is complex, specifically under entrepreneurial urban governance settings where public and private parties have variegated interests, targets, and values. Essentially, social value has been the responsibility of the public sector. More recently, however, the property industry has been keen on including social value objectives into their agendas making both municipal and property market actors social value creators. Despite their endeavors, efforts in steering social value remain fragmented and insignificant. I argue that effectively steering social value in property development processes requires an integrated approach. This approach relies on two dimensions. The first is a common understanding of social value from key actors involved in the realization of property development. The second is their capacity to mobilize resources and collectively devise strategies for social value creation.Using empirical data, this study examines the relationships between municipal and property industry actors and the institutions that drive them, to establish the extent to which social value is steered in four large-scale property developments in Amsterdam. Data is sourced from fifteen interviews conducted with municipal and property actors to identify perceptions, motivations, the resources deployed in aiding social value creation, and collaborative efforts made by these actors, as key characteristics integral to social value creation in property development. Furthermore, secondary sources including municipal reports, policy documents, and property market publications are studied to understand the framework municipal and property actors rely on. The aim is to gain insight into the barriers actors face and their implications on steering social value in property development. |
| Keywords: | Property Development; social value; Sustainable Development; Urban Planning |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_188&r=env |
| By: | Anouk S. Rigterink (Durham University); Tarek Ghani (Washington University St. Louis); Juan Sebastian Lozano (Princeton University); Jacob N. Shapiro (Princeton University) |
| Abstract: | Explanations for the well-established relationship between mining and conflict interpret violence near resource extraction sites as part of conflict over territory or government. We provide evidence that competition between artisanal and industrial miners is also an important source of natural resources related conflict, from qualitative case studies at mining sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe and a large-N analysis. For the latter, we use machine learning to estimate the feasibility of artisanal mining across the continent of Africa based on geological conditions. We find the impact of price shocks on violent conflict is roughly three times as large in locations with industrial mining where artisanal mining is feasible as it is in places with industrial mining but no potential for artisanal mining. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that 31 to 55% of the observed mining-conflict relationship is due to violent industrial-artisanal miner competition. This implies new avenues for conflict-mitigation. |
| Keywords: | Democratic Republic of Congo; Zimbabwe; DRC; Civil War; Insurgency; Terrorism Violence |
| JEL: | Q34 D74 L72 |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pri:esocpu:35&r=env |
| By: | Lata Gangadharan (Monash University, Department of Economics); Philip J. Grossman (Monash University, Department of Economics); Nina Xue (Monash University, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | We introduce a novel experimental procedure to measure altruistic giving along a spectrum, from warm glow to pure altruism, by eliciting willingness to pay to increase the likelihood that a donation is received by a recipient. Whereas previous methods identify pure warm-glow motives, our approach directly measures altruistic preferences and is validated by a survey measure developed by Carpenter (2021). Participants who identify in the survey as altruistic givers are more likely to pay to increase the probability that the donation is implemented and pay more on average than those who identified as mainly motivated by warm glow. |
| Keywords: | warm glow, altruism, donation, charitable giving, experiment |
| JEL: | H4 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mos:moswps:2023-04&r=env |
| By: | Francesca Andreolli (ECCO Climate Think Tank); Chiara D'Alpaos (Department of Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova); Peter Kort (Department of Econometrics and Operations Research, Tilburg University) |
| Abstract: | Due to the deployment of distributed renewable energy sources (e.g., solar), the introduction of communication technologies, and the digitalization of the power system (e.g., smart meters, control devices), energy consumers are switching from passive to active in the management of their energy consumption, production, and storage patterns. In a consumer-centric energy market, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading allows consumers and prosumers to directly trade energy without any intermediation by traditional energy suppliers. In this paper, we investigate households’ decisions to invest in domestic PV plants coupled with battery storage, namely PV battery systems (PVBs), and to participate in a local energy community (EC), in which energy quotas can be exchanged among EC members via P2P trading. Thanks to storage and P2P, households can strategically decide their optimal course of action and their optimal energy production/consumption patterns and can actively offer services that other EC participants bid for. In detail, we examine whether P2P trading can increase the value of investments in PVBs and affect the decision on both the optimal investment timing and size. Following the real options approach, we develop a stochastic optimization model. Our results show that ceteris paribus, thanks to P2P trading opportunities, households accelerate investments and invest in larger plants compared to scenarios in which P2P trading in not permitted. According to our findings, at current market prices, it is never optimal to invest immediately and, as P2P traded energy increases, households invest earlier and in smaller plants. |
| Keywords: | PV Plants, Battery Storage, P2P Trading, Real Options, Dynamic Stochastic Optimization |
| JEL: | Q42 C61 D81 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2023.02&r=env |
| By: | Antoine Bouët |
| Abstract: | L’Inflation Reduction Act met en place des incitations fiscales à la production et à l’utilisation d’énergies propres aux États-Unis en programmant des financements fédéraux sur dix ans. Ces avantages fiscaux sont donnés aux entreprises ou aux ménages des États-Unis en contrepartie d’une obligation de production locale et/ou de contenu local de biens utilisés dans leur production. Cette loi est contraire aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce : elle ne respecte notamment pas la clause de traitement national. Ces clauses de contenu local pourraient avoir une efficacité limitée pour attirer les entreprises des filières vertes : primo, la localisation d’une activité de production dépend de nombreux facteurs et l’Union européenne a des atouts en termes d’attractivité des investissements directs étrangers ; secundo, si d’un côté la loi donne des incitations fiscales attractives, d’un autre, les critères techniques associés pour respecter des obligations de contenu local sont restrictifs et le deviendront de plus en plus sur les dix prochaines années ; tertio, les montants de subvention en jeu ne sont pas si importants, environ 0, 17 % du PIB américain par an pendant dix ans, ce qui est, en termes relatifs, inférieur aux aides européennes dans le secteur. En voulant faire d’une pierre trois coups – lutter contre le changement climatique, réindustrialiser le pays, améliorer la sécurité nationale – les États-Unis affaiblissent l’efficacité environnementale des dispositifs. La position de l’Union européenne est difficile, mais des pistes se dessinent : des financements sont déjà disponibles et il faut améliorer leur efficacité. Il faut aussi identifier les fragilités des chaînes de valeur européennes. La conclusion d’un certain nombre d’accords commerciaux pourrait aider dans ce domaine. Enfin, un dialogue permanent avec les États-Unis pourrait permettre un certain nombre d’aménagements. |
| JEL: | F13 F18 F52 F64 |
| Date: | 2023–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cii:cepipb:2023-40&r=env |
| By: | Abdullah Yavas; Lingxiao Li; Lu Fang David Scofield |
| Abstract: | Using Hurricane Sandy (‘Sandy’) as a natural experiment, this study investigates whether the occurrence of a major hurricane affects the way flood risk is capitalized in commercial real estate prices. We draw from a detailed property-level commercial real estate transaction data set covering the four major commercial property types – office, retail, industrial, and multifamily. In order to explore various price channels, we investigate both hurricane affected areas and unaffected areas. Rresults vary significantly across property types. In the office submarket, we find a significant price discount for properties located in high flood risk areas directly affected by the hurricane. However, this impact lasted for only two years, and was not found in the hurricane unaffected areas. In the apartment submarket, we document a significant price discount associated with flood risk prior to the hurricane. However, following the hurricane we observe a significant apartment price appreciation across the NYC metropolitan area. Such an impact was not found in hurricane unaffected areas. One possible explanation for this finding is the substitution effect whereby the hurricane leads some households to move from single-family homes to apartments. For retail and industrial properties, we do not find any evidence that Sandy significantly affected prices in hurricane-affected or unaffected areas. |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_247&r=env |
| By: | Abiodun Kolawole Oyetunji; Suzana Ilic; Nils Markusson |
| Abstract: | People’s risk perceptions are generally regarded as an important determinant of their decisions to adjust to natural hazards. Several studies have explored the effect of flood risk on property investments. However, mixed results were reported. This study conceptualises three non-monetary value characteristics of property investment (utility, desirability, and marketability) to examine the influence of flood risk on residential property value and the subsequent decision to invest. The study evaluates private investors’ perceptions of these characteristics and compares them with estate agents’ to understand how they influence investment decisions in areas liable to flooding in Lagos, Nigeria. The survey data was gathered through questionnaires administrated to private investors and estate agents within the study location in Lagos, Nigeria. Findings broadly show a consensus among the respondents on the contribution of each variable that makes up the usability, desirability, and marketability of property investment at risk of flooding. Out of these factors, the desirability to own/rent properties within flood risk neighbourhoods is significant in driving private investors’ decisions. Surprisingly, there was also a low level of trust and confidence in insurance activities among private investors. |
| Keywords: | desirability; flood risk; Investment decisions; Property Investment |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_240&r=env |
| By: | Natalia Fabra (Universidad Carlos III de Madrid); Imelda (IHEID, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva) |
| Abstract: | Given the critical role of renewable energies in current and future electricity markets, it is important to understand how they affect firms’ pricing incentives. We study whether the price-depressing effect of renewables depends on their degree of market price exposure. Paying renewables with fixed prices, rather than market-based prices, is more effective at curbing market power when the dominant firms own large shares of renewables, and vice-versa. Our empirical analysis leverages several short-lived changes to renewables regulation in the Spanish market and shows that switching from full-price exposure to fixed prices caused a 2-4 percent reduction in the average price-cost markup. |
| Keywords: | Market power; Forward contracts; Arbitrage; Renewables |
| JEL: | D47 L14 J52 Q20 |
| Date: | 2022–12–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gii:giihei:heidwp31-2022&r=env |
| By: | Franz Fuerst |
| Abstract: | The introduction of minimum energy efficiency standards (MEES) for buildings has been hailed as a milestone for improving the carbon footprints and energy consumption of the lowest performers in a number of countries. However, there is a concern that landlords will either pass on the additional costs to tenants via increased rents or withdraw non-compliant cheaper properties from the market altogether, thereby reducing supply in this market segment and driving up rents. As tenants in properties with lower energy efficiency performance tend to have lower incomes, the any direct or indirect rent increases stand to affect them disproportionately. This paper estimates the impact of the MEES policy on rents in the UK private rental market using a proprietary dataset of 3.6 million rental observations and property characteristics. It comprises a large set of control variables such as location, size, age and condition. The latter is particularly important as rental properties with lower energy efficiency levels are on average older and located in less attractive areas than their more energy efficient counterparts. To estimate the dynamic effects of the change in policy, we also apply a difference-in-difference (DID) estimation and a regression discontinuity design. This allows us to compare the rental price trajectory of a treatment group (EPC F/G rental properties) to one or several control groups (higher EPC bands and/or non-rental properties). |
| Keywords: | Energy Efficiency; Housing Economics; Policy impact; Sustainability regulations |
| JEL: | R3 |
| Date: | 2022–01–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arz:wpaper:2022_216&r=env |
| By: | Mr. Serhan Cevik |
| Abstract: | Humans are usually compassionate, caring and empathetic toward others, but are we really hardwired for altruism when a disaster hits? There is evidence that people exposed to natural disasters tend to behave more philanthropically, but most studies rely on small-scale surveys and experimental data. For that reason, this paper contributes to the literature by investigating whether the COVID-19 pandemic has altered prosocial tendencies and charitable donations, using a novel daily dataset of debit and credit card transactions. I conduct a real-time analysis of actual charitable donations in three European countries and find that the COVID-19 pandemic and government interventions have no significant effect on how much people contribute to charities as a share of total spending. A higher preference for precautionary savings in the midst of the pandemic appears to outweigh altruistic behavior, while government welfare programs crowds out private charitable donations. |
| Keywords: | Natural disasters; COVID-19 pandemic; charitable giving; donations; genorosity; prosocial behavior; card transactions; Baltics; Estonia; Latvia; Lithania |
| Date: | 2023–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:imf:imfwpa:2023/022&r=env |
| By: | Pohl, Christian |
| Date: | 2022–01–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dar:wpaper:136324&r=env |
| By: | Ferreira da Cruz, Robson |
| Abstract: | O estudo procurou mapear, caracterizar e analisar as políticas industriais para a cadeia de ônibus elétricos dos Estados Unidos, China, Holanda e México, demonstrando as motivações, instrumentos, estratégias, metas e resultados. Orientou-se por questões-chave e lacunas de entendimentos: Quais são as políticas dos países líderes na produção e suas racionalidades? Quais elos da cadeia e competências são alvos? Viu-se que nos Estados Unidos houve direcionamento das políticas para P&D em baterias avançadas, objetivo compartilhado com outras cadeias e setores do país. Na China, observou-se vasta gama de instrumentos para a indústria alcançar a liderança nas vendas globais, assim como a eletrificação de seu transporte. Na Holanda, as políticas procuram reduzir o custo de aquisição de veículos. Por fim, o México demonstra indefinição com relação ao seu posicionamento neste setor. Espera-se que este documento possa trazer informações úteis para orientar a construção de competências e lideranças setoriais no Brasil. |
| Date: | 2023–01–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:48671&r=env |
| By: | Leonardo Nogueira Ferreira |
| Abstract: | Many are the attempts, by economists, at testing whether it is true that "you can't push on a string", reputedly John Maynard Keynes's words. Exploiting high-frequency surprises, this paper explores whether the responses of standard macroeconomic variables and financial conditions to monetary shocks are asymmetric in recent US and euro area samples. To this end, I estimate non-linear local projections using a Bayesian version of the procedure proposed by Lusompa (2021). Overall, results show robust evidence of asymmetry, with industrial production, unemployment, and financial conditions responding more strongly to monetary tightenings while CPI responds more weakly. |
| Date: | 2023–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcb:wpaper:573&r=env |
| By: | Kenneth HOUNGBEDJI; Benoit MERTENS |
| Abstract: | Dans son rapport sur l’état des forêts tropicales humides du monde de 2020, l’organisation des nations unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO) estime que le taux annuel moyen de déforestation sur la dernière décennie en Afrique est, comparativement aux autres continents, le plus élevé au monde (4, 4 millions ha/an). De plus, la déforestation en Afrique se concentre en particulier dans les forêts denses humides d’Afrique Centrale qui représentent le second massif forestier tropical du monde après l’Amazonie. Dans cet article nous présentons la politique des plans d’aménagement forestiers (PAF) qui a pour ambition de créer un cadre propice pour une production durable de bois dans les forêts d’Afrique Centrale. Nous résumons ensuite les résultats d’études empiriques qui proposent une évaluation des effets de l’aménagement sur les conditions de vie de différents groupes de population dans la région. |
| Keywords: | Afrique |
| JEL: | Q |
| Date: | 2023–02–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:avg:wpaper:fr15132&r=env |