|
on Environmental Economics |
|
Issue of 2020‒05‒04
fifty-nine papers chosen by Francisco S. Ramos Universidade Federal de Pernambuco |
| By: | Pedro V Hernandez Serrano; Amrapali Zaveri |
| Abstract: | The issue of climate change has become increasingly noteworthy in the past years, the transition towards a renewable energy system is a priority in the transition to a sustainable society. In this document, we explore the definition of green energy transition, how it is reached, and what are the driven factors to achieve it. To answer that firstly, we have conducted a literature review discovering definitions from different disciplines, secondly, gathering the key factors that are drivers for energy transition, finally, an analysis of the factors is conducted within the context of European Union data. Preliminary results have shown that household net income and governmental legal actions related to environmental issues are potential candidates to predict energy transition within countries. With this research, we intend to spark new research directions in order to get a common social and scientific understanding of green energy transition. |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2004.10562&r=all |
| By: | Joseph E. Aldy; Richard J. Zeckhauser |
| Abstract: | For three decades, advocates for climate change policy have simultaneously emphasized the urgency of taking ambitious actions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and provided false reassurances of the feasibility of doing so. The policy prescription has relied almost exclusively on a single approach: reduce emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHGs. Since 1990, global CO2 emissions have increased 60 percent, atmospheric CO2 concentrations have raced past 400 parts per million, and temperatures increased at an accelerating rate. The one-prong strategy has not worked. After reviewing emission mitigation’s poor performance and low-probability of delivering on long-term climate goals, we evaluate a three-pronged strategy for mitigating climate change risks: adding adaptation and amelioration – through solar radiation management (SRM) – to the emission mitigation approach. We identify SRM’s potential, at dramatically lower cost than emission mitigation, to play a key role in offsetting warming. We address the moral hazard reservation held by environmental advocates – that SRM would diminish emission mitigation incentives – and posit that SRM deployment might even serve as an “awful action alert” that galvanizes more ambitious emission mitigation. We conclude by assessing the value of an iterative act-learn-act policy framework that engages all three prongs for limiting climate change damages. |
| JEL: | F53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26991&r=all |
| By: | Bjørnskov, Christian (Aarhus University and) |
| Abstract: | Politicians and international organisations advocate for increased regulation and government control of industry in order to handle climate change and reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions. However, it remains an open question how economic freedom is associated with environmental damage and whether deregulation is harmful to the environment or incentivises the use of green technology. On one hand, more government control and regulation may force firms and individuals to reduce their emissions. On the other hand, more economic freedom is likely to enable innovation and the adoption of green technological development. In this paper, I therefore combine data on growth in greenhouse gas emissions and GDP per capita with the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedom of the World indices in order to test if economic freedom affects emissions. I do so in the context of estimating a standard Environmental Kuznets Curve in which economic freedom can both reduce overall levels as well as shift the shape of the curve. The results suggest that economic freedom reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also shifts the top point of the Kuznets Curve to the left. Part of this effect may be due to the effect of economic freedom on the adoption of renewable energy. |
| Keywords: | Economic freedom; Environmental performance; Greenhouse gases; Kuznets Curves |
| JEL: | H23 O31 P16 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1331&r=all |
| By: | Hashida, Yukiko; Withey, John; Lewis, David; Newman, Tara; Kline, Jeffrey |
| Abstract: | Conserving forests to provide ecosystem services and biodiversity will be a key environmental challenge as society strives to adapt to climate change. The ecosystem services and biodiversity that forests provide will be influenced by the behaviors of numerous individual private landowners as they alter their use of forests in response to climate change and any future carbon pricing policies that emerge. We evaluated the impact of forest landowners’ likely adaptation behaviors on potential habitat for 35 terrestrial, forest-dependent vertebrates across three U.S. Pacific states. In particular, we couple a previously estimated empirical-economic model of forest management with spatially explicit species’ range and habitat associations to quantify the effects of adaptation to climate change and carbon pricing on potential habitat for our focal species (amphibians, birds and mammals) drawn from state agency lists of species of conservation concern. We show that both climate change and carbon pricing policies would likely encourage adaptation away from currently prevalent coniferous forest types, such as Douglas-fir, largely through harvest and planting decisions. This would reduce potential habitat for a majority of the focal species we studied across all three vertebrate taxa. The total anticipated habitat loss for amphibians, birds and mammals considered species of state concern would exceed total habitat gained, and the net loss in habitat per decade would accelerate over time. Carbon payments to forest landowners likely would lead to unintended localized habitat losses especially in Douglas-fir dominant forest types, and encourage more hardwoods on private forest lands. Our study highlights potential tradeoffs that could arise from pricing one ecosystem service (e.g., carbon) while leaving others (e.g., wildlife habitat) unpriced. Our study demonstrates the importance of anticipating potential changes in ecosystem services and biodiversity resulting from forest landowners’ climate adaptation behavior and accounting for a broader set of environmental benefits and costs when designing policies to address climate change. |
| Keywords: | climate change; wildlife habitats; forests; ecosystem services; climate change mitigation and adaptation; carbon pricing policy |
| JEL: | Q2 |
| Date: | 2020–04–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99695&r=all |
| By: | World Bank Group |
| Keywords: | Environment - Air Quality & Clean Air Environment - Climate Change and Environment Environment - Coastal and Marine Environment Environment - Environment and Energy Efficiency Environment - Environmental Economics & Policies Environment - Environmental Protection Environment - Natural Resources Management Environment - Pollution Management & Control Environment - Sustainable Land Management Environment - Water Resources Management |
| Date: | 2019–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:31643&r=all |
| By: | Kendall, Alissa; Harvey, John; Butt, Ali A.; Lozano, Mark T.; Saboori, Arash; Kim, Changmo |
| Abstract: | Local governments have steadily increased their initiative to address global climate change, and many present their proposed strategies through climate action plans (CAPs). This study conducts a literature review on current local approaches to greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction strategies by assessing CAPs in California and presents common strategies in the transportation sector along with useful tools. One identified limitation of many CAPs is the omission of quantitative economic cost and emissions data for decision-making on the basis of cost-effectiveness. Therefore, this study proposes a framework for comparing strategies based on their life cycle emissions mitigation potential and costs. The results data can be presented in a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) to allow for side-by-side comparison of considered strategies. Researchers partnered with Yolo and Unincorporated Los Angeles Counties to analyze 7 strategies in the transportation and energy sectors (five and two, respectively). A MACC was subsequently developed for each county. Applying the life cycle approach revealed strategies that had net cost savings over their life cycle, indicating there are opportunities for reducing emissions and costs. The MACC also revealed that some emissions reduction strategies in fact increased emissions on a life cycle basis. Applying the MACC framework to two case study jurisdictions illustrated both the feasibility and challenges of including quantitative analysis in their decision-making process. An additional barrier to using the MACC framework in the context of CAPs, is the mismatch between a life cycle and annual accounting basis for GHG emissions. Future work could explore more efficient data collection, alternative scopes of emissions for reporting, and environmental justice concerns. View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Law, Greenhouse gas reduction, climate action plan, life cycle assessment, local governments, marginal abatement curve |
| Date: | 2020–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt4pp80768&r=all |
| By: | Gramkow, Camila |
| Abstract: | The present study seeks to explore how fiscal policies can employed to deliver both socioeconomic and environmental dividends with a focus on Brazil as a case study. In the current context where the global economy in general and Brazil’s economy in particular are struggling to reinvigorate, whereas disregarding environmental concerns is a hazard for long-term economic development itself, the focus is thus on reviewing the recent literature that seeks to reconcile a stronger economic and social performance based on fiscal instruments that foster sustainable investments. An overview of the theoretical a conceptual literature on green fiscal policies is presented, and the recent on the ground applications of such policies are also discussed. Both the theoretical framework and the international experiences provide useful insights and lessons learned to analyze the case of Brazil. Brazil’s vast territory, which is home to the world’s 8th largest economy and to the most biodiverse ecosystems in the planet, makes an interesting case study of how an armory of green fiscal policies could be implemented to recover growth sustainably. |
| Keywords: | POLITICA FISCAL, MEDIO AMBIENTE, DESARROLLO ECONOMICO, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, ECONOMIA VERDE, PAISES DE INGRESOS MEDIANOS, FISCAL POLICY, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GREEN ECONOMY, MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES |
| Date: | 2020–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col029:45418&r=all |
| By: | Laurence Scialom |
| Abstract: | Central banks are faced with the financial challenge of climate change: on the one hand, the need for a massive reallocation of financial flows from "brown" to "green" activities and sectors and on the other hand climate related financial risks considered as systemic. Responding to this challenge will lead to profound changes in their doctrine and practices. This article shows that history is punctuated by such rapid changes in central banking. It analyses the arguments for integrating financial climate risks into central banks' doctrine and operational framework and attempts to explore what a greening of central bank actions might mean in practice. |
| Keywords: | central banking, climate change, climate related financial risk |
| JEL: | E5 N Q5 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:drm:wpaper:2020-7&r=all |
| By: | Felix Laumann; Julius von K\"ugelgen; Mauricio Barahona |
| Abstract: | The United Nations' ambitions to combat climate change and prosper human development are manifested in the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), respectively. These are inherently inter-linked as progress towards some of these objectives may accelerate or hinder progress towards others. We investigate how these two agendas influence each other by defining networks of 18 nodes, consisting of the 17 SDGs and climate change, for various groupings of countries. We compute a non-linear measure of conditional dependence, the partial distance correlation, given any subset of the remaining 16 variables. These correlations are treated as weights on edges, and weighted eigenvector centralities are calculated to determine the most important nodes. We find that SDG 6, clean water and sanitation, and SDG 4, quality education, are most central across nearly all groupings of countries. In developing regions, SDG 17, partnerships for the goals, is strongly connected to the progress of other objectives in the two agendas whilst, somewhat surprisingly, SDG 8, decent work and economic growth, is not as important in terms of eigenvector centrality. |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2004.09318&r=all |
| By: | Ekundayo P. Mesagan (Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria.); Chidi N. Olunkwa (University of Lagos, Nigeria) |
| Abstract: | This study investigates the effects of energy consumption and capital investment on environmental degradation in selected African countries between 1981 and 2017 using panel cointegration approaches. The Fully Modified and the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares results affirm that energy consumption positively affects carbon emissions in Algeria, Nigeria, Morocco, and in the panel. At the same time, both also confirm that capital investment positively and significantly impacts carbon emissions in the region. Again, results show that capital investment augments energy use to reduce carbon emissions in Africa significantly. This implies that capital investment can provide needed impetus to reduce environmental degradation in the continent. The study, therefore, recommends that African countries should focus on energy conservation policies to reduce the adverse effect of energy use on carbon emissions. |
| Keywords: | Electricity Consumption, Capital investment, Environmental Degradation, Africa |
| JEL: | Q40 Q42 Q43 Q54 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/022&r=all |
| By: | Daniel M. Hungerman; Vivek S. Moorthy |
| Abstract: | We use variation in weather to study the long-term effects of the original Earth Day on attitudes, environmental outcomes, and children's health. Unusually bad weather in a community on April 22, 1970, is associated 10 to 20 years later with weaker support for the environment, particularly among those who were school-aged in 1970. Bad weather on Earth Day is also associated with higher levels of carbon monoxide in the air and greater risk of congenital abnormalities in infants born in the following decades. These results indicate a long-lasting and localized effect of Earth Day, and more generally demonstrate the enduring value of voluntary environmental action |
| JEL: | H4 I1 Q10 Z10 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26979&r=all |
| By: | Elert, Niklas (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)); Lundin, Erik (Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)) |
| Abstract: | It is well-known that men and women differ in their views regarding the severity of climate change, but do they also differ in their support for climate policy and in undertaking climate action? Previous evidence on this question is inconsistent, but unique survey data from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency enable us to answer it in the affirmative. Swedish women worry more about climate change and perceive it to be a bigger threat than men do. Furthermore, women report a greater support than men for policies to mitigate climate change through political interventions, and also undertake more voluntary actions to achieve this goal. More generally, the results suggest that women and men differ in their willingness to alter behavior and support policy to help mitigate other large scale crises, such as global pandemics. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; Public opinion; Gender; Environmental beliefs |
| JEL: | H23 J16 O44 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–04–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:iuiwop:1332&r=all |
| By: | Patrick Bolton; Marcin Kacperczyk |
| Abstract: | This paper explores whether carbon emissions affect the cross-section of U.S. stock returns. We find that stocks of firms with higher total CO2 emissions (and changes in emissions) earn higher returns, after controlling for size, book-to-market, momentum, and other factors that predict returns. We cannot explain this carbon premium through differences in unexpected profitability or other known risk factors. We also find that institutional investors implement exclusionary screening based on direct emission intensity in a few salient industries. Overall, our results are consistent with an interpretation that investors are already demanding compensation for their exposure to carbon emission risk. |
| JEL: | G12 H23 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26968&r=all |
| By: | Stukach, Victor; Starovoytova, Natalya; Dolmatova, Olga; Evdokhina, Olga |
| Abstract: | This article sets the goal: to create a methodological basis for the development of a specific infrastructure of domestic food assistance, to ensure healthy nutrition for those in need. Proposals for measures ensuring food security, the creation of human capital, the development of agricultural production and the rational management of natural resources are presented. The proposals on the use of state support tools within the framework of the “green basket” of the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the motivation of farmers to maintain soil fertility and use the land withdrawn from circulation as a resource for the production of environmentally friendly food are presented. Land resources are needed to organize environmentally friendly production with a low processing intensity - without the use of pesticides with a limited amount of fertilizer. |
| Keywords: | food aid, state support, technologies for soil conservation agriculture |
| JEL: | D1 O2 Q55 Q57 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99673&r=all |
| By: | Pipitpukdee, Siwabhorn; Attavanich, Witsanu; Bejranonda, Somskaow |
| Abstract: | This study investigated the impact of climate change on yield, harvested area, and production of sugarcane in Thailand using spatial regression together with an instrumental variable approach to address the possible selection bias. The data were comprised of new fine-scale weather outcomes merged together with a provincial-level panel of crops that spanned all provinces in Thailand from 1989–2016. We found that in general climate variables, both mean and variability, statistically determined the yield and harvested area of sugarcane. Increased population density reduced the harvested area for non-agricultural use. Considering simultaneous changes in climate and demand of land for non-agricultural development, we reveal that the future sugarcane yield, harvested area, and production are projected to decrease by 23.95%–33.26%, 1.29%–2.49%, and 24.94%–34.93% during 2046–2055 from the baseline, respectively. Sugarcane production is projected to have the largest drop in the eastern and lower section of the central regions. Given the role of Thailand as a global exporter of sugar and the importance of sugarcane production in Thai agriculture, the projected declines in the production could adversely affect the well-being of one million sugarcane growers and the stability of sugar price in the world market. |
| Keywords: | climate change impacts; sugarcane; yield; harvested area; production; Thai agriculture |
| JEL: | C23 Q15 Q16 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–02–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99796&r=all |
| By: | Andree,Bo Pieter Johannes |
| Abstract: | The fast spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has resulted in the emergence of several hot-spots around the world. Several of these are located in areas associated with high levels of air pollution. This study investigates the relationship between exposure to particulate matter and COVID-19 incidence in 355 municipalities in the Netherlands. The results show that atmospheric particulate matter with diameter less than 2.5 is a highly significant predictor of the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases and related hospital admissions. The estimates suggest that expected COVID-19 cases increase by nearly 100 percent when pollution concentrations increase by 20 percent. The association between air pollution and case incidence is robust in the presence of data on health-related preconditions, proxies for symptom severity, and demographic control variables. The results are obtained with ground-measurements and satellite-derived measures of atmospheric particulate matter as well as COVID-19 data from alternative dates. The findings call for further investigation into the association between air pollution and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk. If particulate matter plays a significant role in COVID-19 incidence, it has strong implications for the mitigation strategies required to prevent spreading. |
| Date: | 2020–04–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9221&r=all |
| By: | Garbarino, Nicola (Bank of England); Guin, Benjamin (Bank of England) |
| Abstract: | Policymakers have put forward proposals to ensure that banks do not underestimate long-term risks from climate change. To examine how lenders account for extreme weather, we compare matched repeat mortgage and property transactions around a severe flood event in England in 2013–14. First, lender valuations do not ‘mark-to-market’ against local price declines. As a result valuations are biased upwards. Second, lenders do not offset this valuation bias by adjusting interest rates or loan amounts. Third, borrowers with low credit risk self-select into high flood risk areas. Overall, these results suggest that lenders do not track closely the impact of extreme weather ex-post, and that public flood insurance programs may subsidise high income households. |
| Keywords: | D12; G21; Q51; Q54 |
| JEL: | D12 G21 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–03–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:boe:boeewp:0856&r=all |
| By: | Klaudijo Klaser; Lorenzo Sacconi; Marco Faillo |
| Abstract: | Many actions we take today will show some of their consequences in the future. Therefore future generations, although they cannot have a real voice, should be considered as direct stakeholders of some of our present decisions. As far as this intertemporal misalignment between actions and outcomes is concerned, climate change is the most evident example we have of negative externality towards the future. This paper looks at the climate change problem and the related international agreements on the reduction of greenhouse gas emission through the social contract perspective.. We apply John Rawls’s veil of ignorance decision-making model within an experimental setting. In particular, we implement a sequential group dictator game where generations (groups of players) are located on a chain representing the time line. The (laboratory) veil of ignorance induces a fair ex-ante perspective regarding the distribution of resources between generations, however ex-post compliance to the agreement remains an open issue. |
| Keywords: | Experimental Economics, Climate Change, Intergenerational Allocation of Resources, Veil of Ignorance, Social Contract Theory |
| JEL: | D63 D64 F64 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwpce:2003&r=all |
| By: | Ivan Faiella (Bank of Italy); Luciano Lavecchia (Bank of Italy) |
| Abstract: | This article presents a first insight on the carbon content of business loans in Italy, using three different methods to identify the sectors more exposed to transition risks. According to our estimates, the loans’ carbon footprint of Italian banks is small compared to other European peers and the outstanding loans exposed to transition risk can be estimated in a range between 37 and 53 percent of total loans as of 2018 data, according to the methodology used. This information can be used as a starting point to evaluate, within a climate-scenario framework, how different climate policies influence the stability of the banking sector |
| Keywords: | climate change, financial stability, climate stress test, transition risk |
| JEL: | Q54 G21 G28 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bdi:opques:qef_557_20&r=all |
| By: | Alipio, Mark |
| Abstract: | Background and Methodology: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world’s deadliest communicable diseases. To circumvent surges of TB cases, several studies have been carried out analyzing the determinants of TB incidence and recommended policy measures based on the significant indicators. Although the determinants were suggested for strategic planning of TB, the implementation of new measures was either unsuccessful or difficult to realize because of logistical, administrative, and financial constraints. This ecological multinational-based study aims to unravel potential determinants of TB incidence across 23 countries in East Asia and Pacific for a five year-period (2010-2014). Carbon dioxide emission, PM2.5 air pollution exposure, unemployment (percent of total labor force), percent of people using at least basic sanitation services, percent of people practicing open defecation, health expenditure (percent of GDP), and out-of-pocket health expenditure are included as the determinants of TB incidence. The disentangling of possible association between variables was carried out using panel regression analysis. Findings: For every one unit increase in microgram per cubic meter of PM2.5 pollution, in the unemployment percentage of total labor force, and in the percentage of out-of-pocket health expenditure, the rate of TB cases per 100,000 population was predicted to be 4.617, 13.504, and 3.467 higher, respectively, holding other variables constant. On the other hand, for every one unit increase in the kiloton of CO2 emission and in the percent of people using at least basic sanitation services, the rate of TB cases per 100,000 population was predicted to be 0.00003828 and 4.457 lower, respectively. Percent of people practicing open defecation and health expenditure (percent of GDP) did not significantly influence TB incidence. Interpretation: The study suggests how an increase in unemployment consequently increases TB incidence across the countries. Proper implementation of programs that could promote proper hygiene is essential to increase adherence of people to basic sanitation practices. Based on the study, this is an important factor in mitigating higher incidence of TB. Therefore, strategies may be formulated to either maintain or improve this determinant in order to significantly reduce TB cases. Finally, concerted efforts may be developed to decrease emission of hazardous finer particles from residential, industrial, and agricultural burning, in order to control tuberculosis. |
| Keywords: | Carbon dioxide emission; air pollution; unemployment; sanitation; open defecation; health expenditure; out-of-pocket health expenditure; tuberculosis incidence; East Asia and Pacific; public health; economics |
| JEL: | A12 C4 C6 H51 I14 I15 I18 I38 |
| Date: | 2020–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99647&r=all |
| By: | Loayza,Norman V.; Pennings,Steven Michael |
| Abstract: | COVID-19 not only represents a worldwide public health emergency but has become an international economic crisis that could surpass the global financial crisis of 2008?09. Right now, containment and mitigation measures are necessary to limit the spread of the virus and save lives. However, they come at a cost, as shutdowns imply reducing economic activity. These human and economic costs are likely to be larger for developing countries, which generally have lower health care capacity, larger informal sectors, shallower financial markets, less fiscal space, and poorer governance. Policy makers will need to weigh carefully the effectiveness and socioeconomic consequences of containment and mitigation policies, responding to epidemiological evidence on how the virus spreads and trying to avoid unintended consequences. Economic policy in the short term should be focused on providing emergency relief to vulnerable populations and affected businesses. The short-term goal is not to stimulate the economy?which is impossible, given the supply-restricting containment measures, but rather to avoid mass layoffs and bankruptcies. In the medium term, macroeconomic policy should turn to recovery measures, which typically involve monetary and fiscal stimulus. However, in many developing countries, stimulus may be less effective because monetary transmission is weak and fiscal space and fiscal multipliers are often small. A more viable goal for macroeconomic policy in developing countries is avoiding procyclicality, ensuring the continuity of public services for the economy, and supporting the vulnerable. Because COVID-19 is truly a global shock, international coordination is essential, in economic policy,health care and science, and containment and mitigation efforts. Critical times call for well-designed government action and effective public service delivery?preserving, rather than ignoring, the practices for macroeconomic stability and proper governance that serve in good and bad times. |
| Keywords: | Health Care Services Industry,Public Health Promotion,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Economic Conditions and Volatility |
| Date: | 2020–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbkrpb:147291&r=all |
| By: | Morgane Barbet-Massin (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Jean-Michel Salles (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Franck Courchamp (ESE - Ecologie Systématique et Evolution - UP11 - Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 - AgroParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Since its accidental introduction in 2003 in France, the yellow-legged Asian hornet Vespa velutina ni-grithorax is rapidly spreading through France and Europe. Economic assessments regarding the costs of invasive species often reveal important costs from required control measures or damages. Despite the rapid invasion of the Asian yellow-legged hornet in Europe and potential damage to apiculture and pollination services, the costs of its invasion have not been evaluated yet. Here we aimed at studying the costs arising from the Asian yellow-legged hornet invasion by providing the first estimate of the control cost. Today, the invasion of the Asian yellow-legged hornet is mostly controlled by nest destruction. We estimated that nest destruction cost €23 million between 2006 and 2015 in France. The yearly cost is increasing as the species keeps spreading and could reach €11.9 million in France, €9.0 million in Italy and €8.6 million in the United Kingdom if the species fills its current climatically suitable distribution. Although more work will be needed to estimate the cost of the Asian yellow-legged hornet on apiculture and pollination services, they likely exceed the current costs of control with nest destruction. It could thus be worth increasing control efforts by aiming at destroying a higher percentage of nests. |
| Keywords: | impact,biological invasions,IAS,Invasive alien species,yellow-legged hornet |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02548072&r=all |
| By: | Nathaly Rivera (University of Alaska Anchorage); Scott Loveridge (Michigan State University) |
| Abstract: | We derive causal property value impacts of the coal-to-gas fuel switching conversion implemented by several power plants in the United States. We use an extensive dataset of property transactions around the country and adopt several spatial difference-in-difference approaches that use records of residential property transactions of homes with wind exposure and proximity to the switching plants before and after the switch. A triple-differences control function estimator using coal-fired plants that did not innovate strengthens these estimations. Our results indicate that the shutdown of coal-fired generators increases property values of downwind homes by 15% in the immediate vicinity of fuel-switching plants ( |
| Keywords: | Fossil Fuels, Fuel Switching, Environmental Quality, Housing Market, Environmental Valuation, Hedonic Models |
| JEL: | C7 C9 D7 Q2 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ala:wpaper:2020-01&r=all |
| By: | Liesebach, Mirko |
| Abstract: | Every four years, the National Poplar Commissions report on the progress of the International Poplar Commission IPC, one of the oldest, firmly established organizations of the FAO (Organization for Food and Agriculture of the United Nations). The reports will be collected and published for the 26th session of the International Poplar Commission in Rome in October 2020. For Germany, the Thünen Institute for Forest Genetics is compiling the report on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. With the reform of the poplar commission, the range of tree species was expanded to include fast-growing tree species in the reporting period. In addition to poplars and willows, Germany has decided to add hybrid larch and black locust for the time being. Based on the numbers from the Federal Forest Inventory (2012), the area with fast growing trees can be estimated as follows: poplars 147,000 ha (approx. 17,000 ha natural regenerated and 130,000 ha planted), willows 75,000 ha (natural regenerated), hybrid larch 3,000 ha (planted), and black locust 42,000 ha (planted). The current cultivation of poplars and willows is largely limited to short rotation coppice plantations (SRC). Several factors are responsible for this: attractive alternative crops, in particular maize cultivation for biogas, combined with the extensive ban on the conversion of grassland as well as a lack of impetus from the Greening Regulation passed at EU level in 2014. The total SRC surface in Germany is currently stagnating at 7,000 hectares. During the reporting period, two poplar clones were approved in the category "tested". 13 further poplar clones were proposed for preliminary approval for the use of biomass production in short rotation due to their significant superiority in the biomass characteristic. Furthermore, the recommendation was made to approve of family parents for the production of forest reproductive material from 2 Populus tremula combinations was made. A total of 13 research projects and ten joint research projects (with together 33 projects), carried out at 22 institutions on genetics and breeding, cultivation, physiology, resistance of poplars and willows as well as wood utilisation were funded by third parties and have been included in the report. Also, 90 publications are listed in the report. |
| Keywords: | poplar,Populus,willow,Salix,hybrid larch,Larix x eurolepis,black locust,Robinia pseudoacacia,cultivated area,short rotation coppice,forest reproductive material,research projects,publication,Pappel,Weide,Hybridlärche,Robinie,Anbaufläche,Kurzumtriebsplantage,forstliches Vermehrungsgut,Forschungsprojekte,Veröffentlichung |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:jhtiwp:141a&r=all |
| By: | Kerstin H\"otte; Anton Pichler; Fran\c{c}ois Lafond |
| Abstract: | Successfully combating climate change will require substantial technological improvements in Low-Carbon Energy Technologies (LCETs). An efficient allocation of R&D budgets to accelerate technological advancement necessitates a better understanding of how LCETs rely on scientific knowledge. In this paper, we sketch for the first time the evolution of knowledge bases for key LCETs and show how technological interdependencies change in time. We use data covering almost all US patents as well as scientific articles published in the past two centuries to quantify the history of LCETs and their dependence on science. We show how the drivers of low-carbon innovations shifted from Hydro and Wind energy to Nuclear fission, and more recently to Solar PV and back to Wind. Our analysis demonstrates that 1) LCETs rely increasingly on science, 2) Solar PV and Nuclear fusion depend heavily on science, while Hydro energy does not, 3) renewable and nuclear energy technologies rely on a strikingly different kind of science, and 4) there is a remarkable convergence of scientific knowledge bases of renewables over recent decades. These findings suggest a need for technology-specific research policies, although targeted research in renewables is likely to cross-fertilize a wider range of LCETs. |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2004.09959&r=all |
| By: | Stoffel, Tim |
| Abstract: | Public Procurement is a highly regulated process ruled by a complex legal framework. It comprises not only national but also, increasingly, sub- and supranational regulations, giving rise to a multi-level regulatory governance of public procurement. The integration of sustainability aspects into public procurement, as called for in goal 12.7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030, needs to take this multi-level character into account. This reports focuses on social considerations, which are a central part of sustainable procurement - whether with a domestic focus or along international value chains. Social considerations have been somewhat neglected in Europe, whereas they feature prominently in procurement regulations in many countries of the Global South, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (see Stoffel, Cravero, La Chimia, & Quinot, 2019). The advanced process of regional integration in the European Union (EU) and the progress made towards integration in some regional economic communities in Sub-Saharan Africa call for deeper analyses of the influence of the higher levels of the regulatory framework on the lower levels, and the consequences of regulation. The question is whether public entities, from the national down to the local level, are required to integrate socially responsible public procurement (SRPP) into their procurement processes and tenders, or at least have the option to do so. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:diedps:92020&r=all |
| By: | Tahar TOLBA (Warocqué School of Business & Economics, Université de Mons (Belgique)); Aurore MORONCINI (Warocqué School of Business & Economics, Université de Mons (Belgique)); Youcef KEHILA (Laboratoire Architecture et Environnement - École Polytechnique d’Architecture et d’Urbanisme EPAU, Alger (Algérie)) |
| Abstract: | Conscient des enjeux environnementaux du développement durable, l’État Algérien a adopté, depuis le début des années 2000, plusieurs stratégies visant la préservation de l’environnement, notamment en matière de gestion des déchets solides. Ces derniers sont en effet, un des principaux enjeux environnementaux auxquels doivent faire face au quotidien les collectivités locales. Leur gestion s’inscrit dans le cadre du Plan National d’Actions Environnementales et du Développement Durable (PNAE-DD) à travers l’adoption, en 2002, du Programme National de Gestion Intégrée des Déchets Ménagers et Assimilés (PROGDEM). Les déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA) sont en constante augmentation aussi bien en termes absolus que par habitant. En 2018, la production des DMA a atteint environ 13 millions de tonnes. Ils représentent la fraction la plus importante des déchets produits, toutes catégories confondues (inertes, industriels, …). Il est du ressort des collectivités locales de s’assurer que leur collecte est totale sur l’ensemble de leur territoire. Il leur revient également de trouver en parallèle, des modes de traitement les plus appropriés : enfouissement, valorisation, recyclage, etc. Selon une étude réalisée par la Banque mondiale dans le cadre du Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP), une bonne gestion des déchets ménagers est estimée à 4 000 DZD/tonne (MATE, 2004). Cette évaluation est extrêmement élevée au regard du pouvoir d’achat des ménages. La taxe d’enlèvement d’ordures ménagères (TEOM) par ménage, fixée par la loi de finance 2015, se situe entre 1 000 et 1 500 DZD/an. Cependant, les ménages ne participent, au travers de cette taxe, que de manière très faible au coût réel, dans la mesure où le montant réellement collecté de la TEOM ne s’élève qu’à 15 % de ce qui devrait être perçu (MEER, 2018c). Il y a donc nécessité, d’adopter une véritable politique de recouvrement des coûts pour garantir une gestion durable des déchets ménagers et assimilés (DMA). Dans cette contribution, il s’agit de mettre en exergue, la situation de la gestion des déchets ménagers en Algérie et les modes de financement du service à travers, une analyse du contexte socio-économique ainsi que des recettes communales et des coûts de gestion des DMA. |
| Keywords: | Algérie, Déchets ménagers et assimilés, gestion des déchets, recouvrement des coûts |
| JEL: | H23 H31 K32 Q51 Q53 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2003&r=all |
| By: | Didac Jorda-Capdevila; Mathias Brummer; Daniel Bruno; Rui Alexandre Castanho; Antonio J. Castro; Pau Fortuno; Jiri Jakubinsky; Tatiana Kaletova; Esther Kelemen; Phoebe Koundouri; Ivana Logar; Luis Loures; Joana Mendes; Clara Mendoza-Lera; Cristina Quintas-Soriano; Pablo Rodriguez-Lozano; Daniel von Schiller; Rachel Stubbington; Tim Sykes; Elisa Tizzoni; Amelie Truchy; Stella Tsani (Athens University of Economics and Business) |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2015&r=all |
| By: | World Bank |
| Keywords: | Public Sector Development - Public Sector Management and Reform Public Sector Development - Public Financial Management Education - Knowledge for Development Environment - Climate Change and Environment Private Sector Development - Business Environment |
| Date: | 2018–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:31281&r=all |
| By: | Hooijen, Inge (RS: GSBE Theme Learning and Work); Bijlsma, Ineke (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, ROA / Dynamics of the labour market); Cörvers, Frank (RS: GSBE Theme Learning and Work, RS: SBE - MACIMIDE, ROA / Human capital in the region, RS: FdR Institute ITEM); Poulissen, Davey (RS: GSBE other - not theme-related research, ROA / Training and employment) |
| Abstract: | There is ample evidence from different research disciplines that location factors such as employment opportunities or the availability of amenities and facilities are a powerful predictor of settlement behaviour. Recent research suggests that citizens’ mean personality traits could be an additional predictor of where young people settle. We therefore explore 1) the extent to which recent graduates in the Netherlands are geographically clustered with respect to five different personality traits, 2) whether the geographical clustering of graduates is intensified as they grow older, 3) how regional environmental characteristics are related to personality traits, and 4) the extent to which personality traits play a role in graduates’ location choices. Our results reveal a distinct geographical clustering of personality traits among the different regions in the Netherlands. We also show that this geographical clustering becomes more blurred as graduates age. The results furthermore show robust associations between personality traits and several environmental characteristics with respect to demographic, economic, health, political, sociocultural, crime, and religious outcomes. In addition, we show that personality traits play a role in graduates’ location choices. Economic factors seem to have a larger impact in determining location choices than personality traits. |
| JEL: | J61 R23 D91 |
| Date: | 2020–02–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:unm:umaror:2020001&r=all |
| By: | Sobah Abbas Petersen (Norwegian University of Science and Technology); Phoebe Koundouri |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aue:wpaper:2014&r=all |
| By: | John Y. Campbell; Roman Sigalov |
| Abstract: | We show that reaching for yield—a tendency to take more risk when the real interest rate declines while the risk premium remains constant—results from imposing a sustainable spending constraint on an otherwise standard infinitely lived investor with power utility. This is true for two alternative versions of the constraint which make wealth and consumption follow martingales in levels or in logs, respectively. Reaching for yield intensifies when the interest rate is initially low, helping to explain the salience of the topic in the current low-rate environment. The sustainable spending constraint also affects the response of risktaking to a change in the risk premium, which can even be negative when the riskless interest rate is sufficiently low. In a variant of the model where the sustainable spending constraint is formulated in nominal terms, low inflation also encourages risktaking. |
| JEL: | E43 G11 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27025&r=all |
| By: | Olivier DAMETTE; Claude DIEBOLT; Stephane GOUTTE; Umberto TRIACCA |
| Abstract: | This paper presents the findings of climate change impact on a widespread human crisis due to a natural occurrence, focusing on the so-called Little Ice Age period. The study is based on new non-linear econometrics tools. First, we reassessed the existence of a significant cooling period using outliers and structural break tests and a nonlinear Markov Switching with Levy process (MS Levy) methodology. We found evidence of the existence of such a period between 1560-1660 and 1675-1700. In addition, we showed that NAO teleconnection was probably one of the causes of this climate change. We then performed nonlinear econometrics and causality tests to reassess the links between climate shock and macroeconomic indicators. While the causal relationship between temperature and agricultural output (yields, production, price) is strongly robust, the association between climate and GDP identified by the MS Levy model does not reveal a clear causality link. Although the MS Levy approach is not relevant in this case, the causality tests indicate that social disturbance might also have been triggered by climate change, confirming the view of Parker (2013). These findings should inform current public policies, especially with regard to the strong capacity of climate to disrupt social and economic stability. |
| Keywords: | Little Ice Age, climate change, non-linear econometrics, Markov Switching Levy, Causality, Economic cycles, Social crisis. |
| JEL: | C53 E32 F00 Q00 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-20&r=all |
| By: | Mats Kröger; Sun Xi; Olga Chiappinelli; Marius Clemens; Nils May; Karsten Neuhoff; Jörn Richstein |
| Abstract: | Bereits während der Finanzkrise in den Jahren 2008/2009 wurde diskutiert, ob klimapolitische Maßnahmen kurzfristig die Produktion und Nachfrage stimulieren und so auch Teil von Konjunkturpaketen sein können. Obwohl politische Entscheidungsträger in einer Krise dazu tendieren, auf bewährte Mittel zu setzen, wurden damals weltweit klimafreundliche Komponenten in die nationalen Konjunkturpakete integriert. Die Erfahrungen der vergangenen Krise zeigen, dass eine solche klimaorientierte Konjunkturpolitik nicht nur kurzfristig zu Wirtschaftswachstum und Arbeitsplätzen führt, sondern auch die Grundlage für langfristige Innovationen und eine klimafreundliche wirtschaftliche Entwicklung schafft. Etwa durch die Einführung von Differenzverträgen für CO2-arme Industrieprozesse und für erneuerbare Energien und Green Public Procurement können Regierungen sicherstellen, dass ihre klimapolitischen Impulse eine transformative Wirkung entfalten. Auch in der Corona-Krise können „grüne Stimuli“ einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Erholung der Wirtschaft leisten |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwakt:39de&r=all |
| By: | Klaudijo Klaser; Luigi Mittone |
| Abstract: | It is well known that different deterministic mechanisms (like formal audits and material punishments) can stem free riding behaviour in social dilemmas. The behaviouralist literature identified then several other environmental and psychological variables which can influence agents’ attitude to cooperate. By means of a repeated tax compliance game run in an experimental laboratory, our study measures the effects of a Rawlsian veil of ignorance on cooperation over time. In particular we found that in our experimental design the (laboratory) veil of ignorance has an effect both on the ex-ante distribution of votes concerning the adoption of a specific tax regime and on the ex-post tax compliance level between treatments, but not on compliance across rounds, which shows to be decreasing. |
| Keywords: | Experimental Economics, Inequality, John Rawls, Tax Compliance, Veil of Ignorance |
| JEL: | D63 C91 H26 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:trn:utwpce:2002&r=all |
| By: | Abdelbari El Khamlichi (CleRMa - Clermont Recherche Management - Clermont Auvergne - École Supérieure de Commerce (ESC) - Clermont-Ferrand - UCA - Université Clermont Auvergne, UCD - University of Chouaîb Doukkali) |
| Abstract: | Les indices boursiers socialement responsables font partie de la finance dite éthique. Ils proposent aux investisseurs des opportunités d'investissement conformes à leurs orientations sociales, environnementales et de gouvernance. Ils suivent l'évolution d'un portefeuille constitué uniquement de sociétés cotées respectant des exigences éthiques, et sont des sous-ensembles d'univers d'investissement parce qu'ils sont obtenu après un processus de filtrage. Les critères utilisés dans le filtrage sont essentiellement basés sur l'exclusion sectorielle, et varient d'un pays à l'autre, d'une agence de notation à l'autre, voire d'un fournisseur d'indices à l'autre. Dans cet article, nous nous proposons d'abord de passer en revue les indices socialement responsables, de mentionner leur lien avec l'éthique, et d'analyser leurs critères de filtrage, et d'explorer leur contribution au respect des principes du développement durable. Ensuite, nous proposons une étude empirique où nous comparons l'indice S&P500 avec son homologue socialement responsable (S&P 500 Environnemental and Socially Responsible) |
| Keywords: | Ethics,Susntainable development,Equity indices,SRI,screening,éthique,développement durable,indices boursiers,ISR,filtrage |
| Date: | 2019–12–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02541291&r=all |
| By: | Takahiro Yabe; Yunchang Zhang; Satish Ukkusuri |
| Abstract: | In recent years, extreme shocks, such as natural disasters, are increasing in both frequency and intensity, causing significant economic loss to many cities around the world. Quantifying the economic cost of local businesses after extreme shocks is important for post-disaster assessment and pre-disaster planning. Conventionally, surveys have been the primary source of data used to quantify damages inflicted on businesses by disasters. However, surveys often suffer from high cost and long time for implementation, spatio-temporal sparsity in observations, and limitations in scalability. Recently, large scale human mobility data (e.g. mobile phone GPS) have been used to observe and analyze human mobility patterns in an unprecedented spatio-temporal granularity and scale. In this work, we use location data collected from mobile phones to estimate and analyze the causal impact of hurricanes on business performance. To quantify the causal impact of the disaster, we use a Bayesian structural time series model to predict the counterfactual performances of affected businesses (what if the disaster did not occur?), which may use performances of other businesses outside the disaster areas as covariates. The method is tested to quantify the resilience of 635 businesses across 9 categories in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. Furthermore, hierarchical Bayesian models are used to reveal the effect of business characteristics such as location and category on the long-term resilience of businesses. The study presents a novel and more efficient method to quantify business resilience, which could assist policy makers in disaster preparation and relief processes. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2004.11121&r=all |
| By: | Didier Sornette (ETH Zürich - Department of Management, Technology, and Economics (D-MTEC); Swiss Finance Institute); Peter Cauwels (ETH Zürich; Director Quaerens CommV); Euan Mearns (ETH Zürich - Department of Management, Technology, and Economics (D-MTEC)); Ke Wu (ETH Zurich - Department of Management, Technology, and Economics (D-MTEC)) |
| Abstract: | The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is stressing the world population, health care system and economies at a level not experienced since WWII or the last “Spanish flu” pandemic of 1918. This shock provides a real-life test of the resilience of human societies, challenging our understanding and level of preparation. We suggest that a decay of global individual health resilience, due to cumulative multi-factor pollutions and modern ways of life, has made the whole population strongly susceptible to the Covid 19 pandemic. To ensure future resilient societies, we propose to prioritize economic development fostering depollution of the ecosystem and of individuals, and training individual responsibility. |
| Keywords: | Covid-19, resilience, system, pollution, individual responsibility, social digital technologies |
| JEL: | I12 I18 I30 M14 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:chf:rpseri:rp2023&r=all |
| By: | Jennifer SUMNER (Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto (Canada)); Derya TARHAN (Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) of the University of Toronto (Canada)); John Justin McMURTRY (Business and Society Program at York University (Toronto)) |
| Abstract: | In the face of chronic food insecurity brought on by centuries of colonialism, some Indigenous communities in Canada are turning to the social and solidarity economy to craft their own solutions to hunger. This paper explores these solutions, using a case study of the Northern Manitoba Food, Culture and Community Collaborative (NMFCCC) to illustrate how they are helping to implement the second Sustainable Development Goal – zero hunger. Through local initiatives such as community gardens and greenhouses, co-operatives, community kitchens, school gardens, community-based food programs, food markets and public-sector procurement, they are also helping to implement other Sustainable Development Goals, while providing models that can be replicated in diverse communities. The emphasis on community ownership, control and benefits highlights the importance of a definition of the SSE that is based on community needs. |
| Keywords: | Community gardens and greenhouses; co-operatives; Indigenous food sovereignty; social and solidarity economy; zero hunger |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:2001&r=all |
| By: | Ghasemi, Abdolrasoul; Boroumand, Yasaman; Shirazi, Masoud |
| Abstract: | The issue of coronavirus outbreak in the world, though new, is equally pervasive. It has posed a new and ambiguous challenge to the economic growth of countries around the world. Undoubtedly, the efforts of countries to curb the spread of this virus and reduce the number of deaths are necessary for other strategies that will be taken in other areas, especially in the economic field. Comparing countries only based one the statistics on virus spread and mortality without considering the contextual variables, can be misleading. Thus using dynamic data envelopment analysis, this study calculated the performance of 19 selected countries in two dimensions: inefficiency of preventing coronavirus spread and inefficiency of preventing deaths caused by coronavirus from February 2 to April 12. According to the study, the inefficiency trend of preventing coronavirus spread in Singapore, South Korea, China and Australia are decreasing during the period under review and the inefficiency trend of other countries, which of course differ in terms of inefficiency, are increasing with different slopes. Also, Australia, Finland, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand have experienced less inefficiency in preventing deaths caused by coronavirus compared to other countries. Stringency index and global health security (GHS) index have been used as well, to analyze the findings and at the end some suggestions have been presented. |
| Keywords: | Coronavirus, Covid19, DEA, Window Analysis, Efficiency, Government |
| JEL: | C61 I18 |
| Date: | 2020–04–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:99791&r=all |
| By: | Olivier Damette; Stephane Goutte |
| Abstract: | This paper contributes to the new climate-society literature (Carleton and Hsiang, 2016) by analysing the role of climate in conflicts over the historical period from 1500 to 1800, in the vein of the recent literature initiated by Tol and Wagner (2010) and Burke and Hsiang (2014). As far as we know, this study is the first to apply copulas and time-varying copula analysis to climate-economics literature and to the analysis of climate and conflicts in a historical time series context. Effects of temperatures, precipitation and ENSO/NAO teleconnection on conflicts were investigated. Copula analysis enabled us to identify a positive dependence between temperatures and conflicts, and negative or positive dependences between anomalous precipitation and conflicts, by explicitly focusing on the joint marginal distribution of our variables. Using a time-varying approach, we were also able to precisely identify the periods/regimes during which the link between climate and conflict was genuinely active and then check the robustness of previous literature, such as Zhang et al. (2006, 2007, 2011). |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Conflicts, Social Disturbances, Global Crisis, Copulas. |
| JEL: | C33 O40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ulp:sbbeta:2020-19&r=all |
| By: | Gert G. Wagner; Simon Kühne; Nico A. Siegel |
| Abstract: | Die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Einschränkungen durch die Corona-Maßnahmen hat die große Mehrheit der Deutschen mit Disziplin mitgetragen. Sogar am Osterwochenende hielt sich die Bevölkerung an die weitreichenden Kontaktbeschränkungen. Doch nun wecken selektive Lockerungsmaßnahmen, also die Wiedereröffnung von vielen Geschäften und öffentlichen Einrichtungen wie Schulen, die Hoffnung auf die Rückkehr in die Normalität. Damit wächst auch die Gefahr, dass die Selbstdisziplin nachlässt. Eine seit mehr als einem Monat laufende tägliche Befragung von infratest dimap lässt erst geringe Ermüdungserscheinungen in der Bevölkerung erkennen und zeigt auch, dass rund 40 Prozent der Menschen im Land sich durch die bisherigen Maßnahmen stark eingeschränkt sehen. Die Erhebung zeigt zudem, wie die Befragten weiteren Maßnahmen wie Tracing-App und Schutzmaskenpflicht gegenüberstehen. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwakt:35de&r=all |
| By: | Abdelatif Kerzabi (Université de Tlemcen - Université de Tlemcen) |
| Abstract: | La rente est une catégorie de la répartition dont l'appropriation est liée aux rapports de propriété sur une ressource naturelle. En Algérie, la rente provient de l'écart entre le cout d'extraction des hydrocarbures et leur valeur sur le marché mondial. La redistribution de cette rente par l'Etat passe par les dépenses publiques (salaires, subventions, soutien des prix, infrastructures, logements….). Sauf que ces dépenses n'arrivent pas à enclencher la croissance économique. Où sont les contraintes? |
| Date: | 2020–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02546403&r=all |
| By: | Siramane Coulibaly; Bernard Fortin; Maripier Isabelle |
| Abstract: | La situation critique provoquée par la COVID-19 dans les CHSLD et les résidences privées pour aînés (RPA) nous amène à réfléchir sur la question du maintien à domicile des personnes âgées au Québec. Près de 75% des décès connus dans la province proviennent des centres d’hébergement où le virus se propage plus rapidement. Le débat public au cours des dernières semaines s’est focalisé sur les mesures qui peuvent être mises de l’avant du côté de l’offre de services dans les CHSLD et les RPA afin d’alléger les pressions sur le réseau. Cependant, dans un contexte de plus long terme, certaines politiques visant à réduire la demande de soins en milieu institutionnel offrent aussi des avenues prometteuses, et pourraient aider à limiter les ravages que pourrait causer une prochaine pandémie. On pense en particulier aux politiques qui influencent à la hausse la demande pour les services d’aide à domicile. Celles-ci favorisent le maintien des aînés dans leur milieu de vie et permettent d’éviter ou de retarder l’hébergement en institution. Cette question est particulièrement cruciale au Québec. |
| Keywords: | , COVID-19,CHSLD,Maintien à domicile,PEFSAD,Assurance autonomie |
| Date: | 2020–04–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2020pe-03&r=all |
| By: | Luis Fernando Mejía |
| Abstract: | La economía mundial está sufriendo el impacto de un choque sin precedentes en más de un siglo, la expansión del COVID-19 que ha causado una disrupción en la actividad económica en la medida en que las autoridades se han visto en la obligación de adoptar medidas de contención para “aplanar” la curva de contagio. Con la alta incertidumbre asociada a la duración de esta pandemia, así como al impacto económico y social de las medidas adoptadas, los tomadores de decisión están enfrentando decisiones difíciles acerca de la naturaleza y grado de las respuestas que permitan mitigar los impactos negativos de esta crisis. Respondiendo a esta difícil coyuntura, este documento provee algunos números preliminares con el fin de informar las decisiones de política en Colombia. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Costos Económicos del Coronavirus, Costos Económicos en Salud, Costos Económicos de Medidas de Contención, Impacto Económico y Social, Coronavirus, Colombia, Economic Costs of the Coronavirus, Coronavirus |
| JEL: | I15 H51 |
| Date: | 2020–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:018136&r=all |
| By: | Daniel Lewis; Karel Mertens; James H. Stock |
| Abstract: | This paper describes a weekly economic index (WEI) developed to track the rapid economic developments associated with the response to the novel Coronavirus in the United States. The WEI shows a strong and sudden decline in economic activity starting in the week ending March 21, 2020. In the most recent week ending March 28, the WEI indicates economic activity has fallen further to -6.19% scaled to 4 quarter growth in GDP. |
| JEL: | C51 E01 E66 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:26954&r=all |
| By: | Frederic Boissay; Phurichai Rungcharoenkitkul |
| Abstract: | Past epidemics had long-lasting effects on economies through illness and the loss of lives, while Covid-19 is marked by widespread containment measures and relatively lower fatalities among young people. The short-term costs of Covid-19 will probably dwarf those of past epidemics, due to the unprecedented and synchronised global sudden stop in economic activity induced by containment measures. The current estimated impact on global GDP growth for 2020 is around -4%, with substantial downside risks if containment policies are prolonged. Output losses are larger for major economies. |
| Date: | 2020–04–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bis:bisblt:7&r=all |
| By: | Theodore Breton |
| JEL: | I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2020–04–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000122:018117&r=all |
| By: | Lengwiler, Yvan (University of Basel) |
| Abstract: | The COVID-19 pandemic and the partial shutdown of the economy has highlighted the lack of measurements of economic activity that are available with a short lag and at high frequency. The consumption of electricity is a candidate for such a proxy. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, electricity, seasonal adjustment, weather data |
| JEL: | C50 E01 |
| Date: | 2020–04–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bsl:wpaper:2020/07&r=all |
| By: | Gilles Pache (CRET-LOG - Centre de Recherche sur le Transport et la Logistique - AMU - Aix Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | La crise sanitaire que nous traversons semble être le révélateur d'une inversion en cours des valeurs : des professions parfois mal aimées, voire méprisées, sont désormais présentées comme essentielles pour faire face à la pandémie. C'est le cas de la logistique. Depuis quelques semaines, les discours des politiques n'ont ainsi de cesse de louer l'importance cruciale des systèmes d'approvisionnement. Réflexions sur une révolution (peut-être) en cours. |
| Date: | 2020–04–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02534653&r=all |
| By: | Weinand, Jann; Ried, Sabrina; Kleinebrahm, Max; McKenna, Russell; Fichtner, Wolf |
| Abstract: | An increasing number of municipalities are striving for energy autonomy. This study determines in which municipalities and at what additional cost energy autonomy is feasible for a case study of Germany. An existing municipal energy system optimization model is extended to include the personal transport, industrial and commercial sectors. A machine learning approach identifies a regression model among 19 methods, which is best suited for the transfer of individual optimization results to all municipalities. The resulting levelized cost of energy (LCOE) from the optimization of 15 case studies are transferred using a stepwise linear regression model. The regression model shows a mean absolute percentage error of 12.5%. The study demonstrates that energy autonomy is technically feasible in 6,314 (56%) municipalities. Thereby, the LCOEs increase in the autonomous case on average by 0.41 €/kWh compared to the minimum cost scenario. Apart from energy demand, base-load-capable bioenergy and deep geothermal energy appear to have the greatest influence on the LCOEs. This study represents a starting point for defining possible scenarios in studies of future national energy system or transmission grid expansion planning, which for the first time consider completely energy autonomous municipalities. |
| Keywords: | Energy autonomy,renewable energy,geothermal power generation,electric vehicles,vehicle-to-grid,mixed integer linear programming,regression analysis |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:kitiip:40&r=all |
| By: | Francesc Obiols-Homs |
| Abstract: | I develop an extension of a canonical epidemiology model in which the policy in place determines the probability of transmission of an epidemic disease. I use the model to evaluate the effects of isolating symptomatic individuals, of increasing social distancing and of tests of different quality: a poor quality test that can only discriminate between healthy and infected individuals (such as polymerase chain reaction -PCR- or Rapid Diagnostic Test), and a high quality test that is able to discriminate between immune and vulnerable healthy, and infected individuals (such as a serology test like Neutralization Assay). I find that isolating symptomatic individuals has a large effect at delaying and reducing the pick of infections. The combination of this policy with the poor quality test represents only a negligible improvement, whereas with the high quality test there is an additional delaying and reduction in the pick of infections. Social distancing alone cannot achieve similar effects without incurring in enormous output losses. I explore the combined effect of social distancing at early stages of the epidemic with a following period of tests and find that the best outcome is obtained with a light reduction of human interaction for about three months together with a subsequent test of the population over 40 days. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, social distancing, Testing |
| JEL: | E1 E65 H12 I1 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bge:wpaper:1173&r=all |
| By: | Röhl, André; Zerbin, Daniel |
| Abstract: | Ziel dieses Working Papers ist es, die Entwicklung der Wirtschaftskriminalität im Zuge der Corona-Pandemie zu analysieren. Auf Grundlage eines Medienlagebildes werden mit Hilfe kriminalwissenschaftlicher Theorien Auswirkungen der aktuellen Krisenlage für das Deliktfeld der Wirtschaftskriminalität bewertet sowie Handlungsempfehlungen für Unternehmen erörtert. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:nbswps:22020&r=all |
| By: | Zachary A. Bethune; Anton Korinek |
| Abstract: | We analyze the externalities that arise when social and economic interactions transmit infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Individually rational agents do not internalize that they impose infection externalities upon others when the disease is transmitted. In an SIR model calibrated to capture the main features of COVID-19 in the US economy, we show that private agents perceive the cost an additional infection to be around $80k whereas the social cost including infection externalities is more than three times higher, around $286k. This misvaluation has stark implications for how society ultimately overcomes the disease: for a population of individually rational agents, the precautionary behavior by the susceptible flattens the curve of infections, but the disease is not overcome until herd immunity is acquired. The resulting economic cost is high; an initial sharp decline in aggregate output followed by a slow recovery over several years. By contrast, the socially optimal approach in our model focuses public policy measures on the infected in order to contain the disease and quickly eradicate it, which produces a much milder recession. If targeting the infected is impossible, the optimal policy in our model is still to aggressively contain and eliminate the disease, and the social cost of an extra infection rises to $586k. |
| JEL: | E1 E65 H12 H23 I18 |
| Date: | 2020–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:27009&r=all |
| By: | Theodore Breton |
| JEL: | I12 I18 |
| Date: | 2020–04–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000122:018118&r=all |
| By: | Alex Bohl; Michelle Roozeboom-Baker |
| Abstract: | This primer is designed to help researchers, data scientists, and others who analyze health care claims or administrative data (herein referred to as “claims†) quickly join the effort to better understand, track, and contain COVID-19. |
| Keywords: | COVID-19, Health Care |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mpr:mprres:454610dac1ae416188a69779f0986844&r=all |
| By: | Dawud Ansari; Claudia Kemfert |
| Abstract: | Der Erdölpreis befindet sich im freien Fall: Nachdem sich der Markt seit 2016 zunehmend stabilisiert hatte, brach der Preis im ersten Quartal 2020 um etwa 70 Prozent ein. Für diesen Rückgang hat einerseits die Corona-Krise gesorgt, anderseits aber auch der Preiskrieg zwischen Saudi-Arabien und Russland. Verhandlungen zwischen der von Saudi-Arabien dominierten Organisation erdölexportierender Länder (OPEC) und Russland über Förderkürzungen erlitten Anfang März einen Dämpfer, eine Einigung blieb zunächst aus. Rund einen Monat später verständigten sich die OPEC-Mitglieder und weitere Ölexporteure nach zähem Ringen doch auf eine umfangreiche Drosselung, deren Ankündigung die Talfahrt allerdings noch nicht beenden konnte. Der Preis für Erdöl der US-Sorte WTI stürzte erstmals in seiner Geschichte ins Minus, der Preis für die internationale Referenzsorte Brent rutschte ebenfalls wieder ab. Vor allem da Erdöllager, die Marktschwankungen sonst abfedern, nun zunehmend gefüllt sind, dürften sich die Turbulenzen in den kommenden Wochen fortsetzen. Marktsimulationen am DIW Berlin zeigen, wie sowohl Angebot als auch Nachfrage den Ölpreis destabilisiert haben. Die Ergebnisse geben Aufschluss, welche Preispfade möglich sind, aber auch welche Relevanz Corona-Krise, Preiskrieg und anstehenden Förderkürzungen hierbei zukommt. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwakt:36de&r=all |
| By: | Mélanie Bourassa Forcier; Jean-François Cloutier |
| Abstract: | Le 13 avril le premier ministre François Legault rallongeait la liste d’emplois prioritaires. Cette annonce, destinée à redémarrer l’économie, en a soulagé plusieurs. En soirée, l’INSPQ publiait les « Conditions nécessaires au maintien des services essentiels et à l’ouverture progressive des autres milieux de travail ». Essentiellement, pour les emplois non prioritaires, ce document reprend les directions que nous connaissons dont se laver les mains, respecter la mesure de distanciation requise et ne pas intégrer le travail en présence de symptômes. Un peu plus tôt, Radio-Canada rapportait toutefois que la gestion de ces mesures par certains employeurs s’avère difficile, la CNESST ayant reçu de nombreuses plaintes à ce sujet, particulièrement en lien avec le non-respect des mesures de distanciation. Plusieurs pays ont recours, ou examinent la pertinence du recours, à des applications de géolocalisation et d’identification de risques (par exemple : vert = en santé, jaune= à risque et rouge = infecté) sur téléphones intelligents comme mesure de déconfinement graduel et « sécuritaire ». Certaines de ces applications pourraient aussi avoir comme fonction celle d’émettre des vibrations lorsque la mesure de distanciation n’est pas respectée et/ou permettent d’identifier les zones où la circulation est plus fréquente soit pour augmenter l’entretien ménager ou modifier les horaires de travail. Différents acteurs d’ici ont d’ailleurs annoncé travailler sur le développement de telles applications qui ne sont pas sans soulever leur lot d’enjeux éthiques quant au droit à la vie privée. À ces enjeux s’ajoutent des questions quant à la fiabilité réelle de ces applications (risque d’erreur) et quant aux risques de stigmatisation qu’elles pourraient comporter. Advenant leur déploiement au Québec, l’ensemble de ces enjeux devra, bien évidemment, être analysé avant leur lancement. Nous prononcer sur ces derniers n’est toutefois pas l’objet de notre présent propos. Nous souhaitons plutôt guider les employeurs qui pourraient ici percevoir l’utilisation de telles applications comme une des mesures favorisant la réintégration graduelle et sécuritaire de leurs activités jugées non prioritaires. |
| Keywords: | , COVID-19,Sécurité au travail,Applications de géolocalisation et d’identification de risques,Aspects légaux |
| Date: | 2020–04–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cir:circah:2020pe-02&r=all |
| By: | Astrid Martínez Ortiz |
| Abstract: | Este trabajo pretende contestar dos preguntas: la primera sobre cómo sería La Guajira sin la contribución de la producción del carbón y la segunda sobre cuál habría sido el desempeño del departamento hasta hoy, en ausencia de la explotación del mineral. Se analizan los efectos de una suspensión súbita de la actividad carbonera en el departamento y el tiempo que tomaría reconfigurar la economía mediante los aportes de otras actividades. Se muestra también el efecto de la pérdida del aporte de Carrejón en las finanzas nacionales y territoriales. Al respecto del análisis contra-factual, se adopta un método de comparación de trayectorias con otros departamentos que mostraran condiciones iniciales similares y se concluye que hay una path dependance en que la situación inicial, con sus brechas respecto del resto de la nación, se perpetúa ante la ausencia de una intención pública de cambiar la situación existente en el punto de partida o de modificar la trayectoria, la velocidad y el patrón de especialización de las economías seleccionadas. |
| Keywords: | La Guajira Sin Carbón, Economía de La Guajira, Producción del Carbón, Inversión Social de Cerrejón, Carbón, Indicadores Socioeconómicos en La Guajira, Industria del Carbón, La Guajira, Cerrejón, Coal, Coal Production |
| JEL: | L71 L72 D24 F43 O13 |
| Date: | 2019–06–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000124:018128&r=all |