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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Garnaut, Ross |
| Abstract: | To John Crawford, the role of economics was to illuminate real world conditions and improve policy options. At a time of historic change in climate and Australia’s international environment, we need Crawford’s approach to economics as never before. Growth in global population and incomes, and climate change, are putting pressure on land and water resources. Transformation of land use and food consumption are important dimensions of the response to climate change. Australian research skills in agriculture, biology, botany, engineering and economics can secure the Australian transformation and extend it internationally. The challenges of climate change are especially acute and the opportunities exceptionally large in Australia. The drying and warming of southern Australia is undermining established agricultural and pastoral activities. But rural and provincial Australia have global comparative advantage of considerable value in activities the value of which will be greatly increased in the zero-carbon emissions world that is necessary to limit damage from climate change: renewable energy resources; opportunities for biomass production as a zero-emissions source of inputs into industrial activities; and the opportunity for sequestration of carbon in Australian soils, pastures, woodlands and savannahs, and forests. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301970&r=all |
| By: | Mary O. Agboola (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia); Festus V. Bekun (Eastern Mediterranean University, Turkey) |
| Abstract: | This study empirically investigates the agriculture-induced environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in an agrarian framework. Annual time series data from 1981–2014 was employed using Augmented Dickey–Fuller and the Phillips–Perron (PP) unit root test complemented by the Zivot and Andrews unit root test that accounts for a single structural break to ascertain stationarity properties of variables under consideration. For the cointegration analysis, an autoregressive distributive lag methodology and the recent novel Bayer and Hanck combined cointegration technique is employed. For the direction of causality, the Granger causality test is used as estimation technique. Empirical findings lend support for the long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables under consideration. This study also validates the inverted U-shaped pattern of EKC for the case of Nigeria, affirming that Nigeria remains at the scale-effect stage of its growth trajectory. Further empirical results show that foreign direct investment attraction helps mitigate carbon emissions in Nigeria. Based on these results, several policy prescriptions on the Nigerian energy mix and agricultural operations in response to quality of the environment were suggested for policymakers, stakeholders, and environmental economists that formulate and design environmental regulations and strategies to realise the Goal 7 of sustainable development goals (SDGs). |
| Keywords: | Agriculture ecosystem, Energy consumption, Granger Causality, EKC, Nigeria |
| JEL: | C32 Q1 Q4 Q5 |
| Date: | 2019–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:abh:wpaper:19/040&r=all |
| By: | Cordella,Tito; Devarajan,Shantayanan |
| Abstract: | On June 1, 2017, President Trump announced the United States'withdrawal from the Paris agreement on climate change. Despite this decision, American firms continued investing in low-carbon technologies and some states committed to tougher environmental standards. To understand this apparent paradox, this paper studies how a weakening of environmental standards affects the behavior of profit-maximizing firms. It finds that a relaxation of emission standards (i) may increase firms'incentives to adopt clean technologies, but not to pollute less; (ii) may negatively affect industry profitability if it is perceived as temporary; and, when this is the case, (iii) the unilateral adoption of stricter standards by large states may increase the expected profitability of every firm. |
| Keywords: | Global Environment,Private Sector Economics,Climate Change and Health,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change and Environment,Energy and Mining,Energy Demand,Energy and Environment,Regulatory Regimes,Environmental Strategy,Environmental&Natural Resources Law,Judicial System Reform,Legal Reform,Legal Products,Social Policy,Legislation,Environmental Management |
| Date: | 2019–03–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8781&r=all |
| By: | Yongyang Cai |
| Abstract: | Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) of the climate and economy aim to analyze the impact and efficacy of policies that aim to control climate change, such as carbon taxes and subsidies. A major characteristic of IAMs is that their geophysical sector determines the mean surface temperature increase over the preindustrial level, which in turn determines the damage function. Most of the existing IAMs are perfect-foresight forward-looking models, assuming that we know all of the future information. However, there are significant uncertainties in the climate and economic system, including parameter uncertainty, model uncertainty, climate tipping risks, economic risks, and ambiguity. For example, climate damages are uncertain: some researchers assume that climate damages are proportional to instantaneous output, while others assume that climate damages have a more persistent impact on economic growth. Climate tipping risks represent (nearly) irreversible climate events that may lead to significant changes in the climate system, such as the Greenland ice sheet collapse, while the conditions, probability of tipping, duration, and associated damage are also uncertain. Technological progress in carbon capture and storage, adaptation, renewable energy, and energy efficiency are uncertain too. In the face of these uncertainties, policymakers have to provide a decision that considers important factors such as risk aversion, inequality aversion, and sustainability of the economy and ecosystem. Solving this problem may require richer and more realistic models than standard IAMs, and advanced computational methods. The recent literature has shown that these uncertainties can be incorporated into IAMs and may change optimal climate policies significantly. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.01615&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Delacote; Julia Girard; Antoine Leblois |
| Abstract: | Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is regularly threatened by the occurrence of weather shocks due to extreme events as well as inter-annual and intra-seasonal climate variability. In this paper, we wonder whether the way farmers respond to shocks can affect land-use and induce deforestation, a question that has only been marginally studied in the literature. We conduct a review of the impacts of weather shocks on agriculture, and review the strategies used by farmers to cope with and adapt to these threats. We then wonder how these strategies can affect land-use, drawing from the land-use change literature, and reviewing publications that have connected weather shocks, adaptation and land-use change. It appears that weather shocks can induce land-use change both in the short and long-term, with some practices leading to land conversion while others may foster conservation. However, many effects remain ambiguous, and are likely to depend on socioeconomic and geographic factors. |
| Keywords: | Weather shocks, Adaptation, Coping, Land-use, Deforestation, Agriculture |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cec:wpaper:1902&r=all |
| By: | Noha Elboghdadly (University of Bath, UK); Michael Finus (University of Graz, Austria) |
| Abstract: | Carbon leakage and the relocation of rms is one of the main concerns of governments when choosing their climate policy. In a strategic trade model with endogenous plant location, we study the effect of border carbon adjustments (BCAs) on equilibrium emission taxes in a non-cooperative policy game between two asymmetric countries. To this end, we compare a No-BCA regime with a BCA regime for two scenarios: a simultaneous and a sequential game. Without BCAs, a “race to the bottom” is the only Nash equilibrium. In a Stackelberg equilibrium, a second less negative outcome may emerge, which constitutes a Pareto-improvement to all governments. In this “wise chicken equilibrium”, the Stackelberg leader gives in, letting his/her firms relocate in order to avoid the race-to-the-bottom equilibrium. With BCAs, the race-to-the-bottom in carbon taxes can be avoided in the Nash equilibrium and also in Stackelberg equilibria global emissions are reduced. We show that the country imposing BCAs is always better off, global welfare usually increases with BCAs, even though the country on which BCAs are imposed may be better worse off. We characterize those conditions. |
| Keywords: | Endogenous plant location; global emissions; emission tax competition; border carbon adjustments |
| JEL: | F12 F18 H23 H87 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:grz:wpaper:2020-07&r=all |
| By: | Carozzi, Felipe; Roth, Sefi |
| Abstract: | We study whether urban density affects the exposure of city dwellers to ambient air pollution using satellite-derived measures of air quality for the contiguous United States. For identification, we rely on an instrumental variable strategy, which induces exogenous variation in density without affecting pollution directly. For this purpose, we use three variables measuring geological characteristics as instruments for density: earthquake risks, soil drainage capacity and the presence of aquifers. We find a positive and statistically significant pollution-density elasticity of 0.13. We also assess the health implications of our findings and find that doubling density in an average city increases annual mortality costs by as much as $630 per capita. Our results suggest that, despite the common claim that denser cities tend to be more environmentally friendly, air pollution exposure is higher in denser cities. This in turn highlights the possible trade-off between reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and preserving environmental quality within cities. |
| Keywords: | air pollution; urban congestion; density; health |
| JEL: | Q53 R11 I10 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:103393&r=all |
| By: | Don Fullerton |
| Abstract: | How was the birth of “Environmental Economics” related to the first Earth Day fifty years ago (April 22, 1970)? This short note introduces some ideas about an amazing burst of intellectual activity from 1968 to 1974. Environmental economics was not a field of economics before this brief period, but the main field journal was up and running by the end of it. This note on “environmental economics” will be published in the forthcoming “Earth 2020: An Insider’s Guide to a Rapidly Changing Planet” by Philippe D. Tortell (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers), along with a score of other notes about the fifty years of progress on air pollution, water, climate, oceans, fish, land, forest, biodiversity, plastics, contaminants, space junk, geo-engineering, media, law, and politics. |
| Keywords: | environment, policy, climate, Earth Day |
| JEL: | Q20 Q30 Q40 Q50 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8075&r=all |
| By: | Vivek Srikrishnan; Yawen Guan; Klaus Keller; Richard S.J. Tol (Department of Economics, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom) |
| Abstract: | Understanding how reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions impacts climate risks requires probabilistic projections of the baseline (“business-as-usual”) emissions. Previous studies deriving these baseline projections have broken important new ground, but are largely silent on two key questions: (i) What are the effects of deep uncertainties surrounding key assumptions such as remaining fossil fuel resources? (ii) Which uncertainties are the key drivers of the projected emissions and global warming? Here we calibrate a simple integrated assessment model using century-scale observations to project global emissions and committed temperature anomalies over the 21st century. We show that the projected emissions are highly sensitive to assumptions about available fossil fuel resources and decarbonization rates. We find that even under an optimistic, low-fossil fuel resources scenario, the median committed warming just by emitted CO2 in 2100 exceeds the 1.5 degree Celsius Paris Agreement target. Across the analyzed scenarios, the probability of exceeding the 2 degree Celsius target just from emitted CO2 ranges from 24% to 39%. The climate-system uncertainties and decarbonization rates are the key factors directly driving this uncertainty. Several economic growth parameters explain a large share of variability though their interactions. |
| Keywords: | integrated assessment, climate change, scenarios, markov chain monte carlo |
| JEL: | C11 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sus:susewp:0620&r=all |
| By: | Mathias Berthod (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the optimal environmental policy design in situations where the regulator - hereafter a government - can not strongly commit to announcements about future tax and subsidy levels. The motivation is that long-run perspectives of environmental policies often face short run concerns. One consistent illustration in Europe is related to the french government which cancelled the carbon tax increase for year 2019 following recent demonstrations of the yellow vest movement. Other examples include the case of the australian government abolishing the carbon tax in 2014, or the spanish government abruptly cancelling the renewable energy subsidies in 2012. I specifically consider environmental policies which aim at supporting the transition from the use of dirty technologies to clean technologies by subsidizing innovation. The interplay between innovation and environmental policies has been extensively addressed.1 However, a large share of the literature abstracts from the issue of commitment. In most papers, the analysis consists in comparing the optimal policy and a business-as-usual scenario (see Bosetti et al., 2009 ; Edenhoffer et al., 2006 ; Popp, 2006). Yet several authors point out that the government lack of commitment may lead to inefficient environmental innovation (see Wirl, 2013 ; Montero, 2011). The question thus arises: if a government can not strongly commit to announcements about future tax and subsidy levels, is there an efficient policy design? And, if so, how does it differ from the case of strong commitment? |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpceem:hal-02489971&r=all |
| By: | Mathias Berthod (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the optimal environmental policy design in situations where the regulator - hereafter a government - can not strongly commit to announcements about future tax and subsidy levels. The motivation is that long-run perspectives of environmental policies often face short run concerns. One consistent illustration in Europe is related to the french government which cancelled the carbon tax increase for year 2019 following recent demonstrations of the yellow vest movement. Other examples include the case of the australian government abolishing the carbon tax in 2014, or the spanish government abruptly cancelling the renewable energy subsidies in 2012. I specifically consider environmental policies which aim at supporting the transition from the use of dirty technologies to clean technologies by subsidizing innovation. The interplay between innovation and environmental policies has been extensively addressed.1 However, a large share of the literature abstracts from the issue of commitment. In most papers, the analysis consists in comparing the optimal policy and a business-as-usual scenario (see Bosetti et al., 2009 ; Edenhoffer et al., 2006 ; Popp, 2006). Yet several authors point out that the government lack of commitment may lead to inefficient environmental innovation (see Wirl, 2013 ; Montero, 2011). The question thus arises: if a government can not strongly commit to announcements about future tax and subsidy levels, is there an efficient policy design? And, if so, how does it differ from the case of strong commitment? |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02489971&r=all |
| By: | Moritz A. Drupp; Martin C. Hänsel |
| Abstract: | Climate change not only impacts production and market consumption, but also the relative scarcity of non-market goods, such as environmental amenities. We study fundamental drivers of the resulting relative price changes, their potential magnitude, and their implications for climate policy in Nordhaus’ prominent DICE model, thereby addressing one of its key criticisms. We propose plausible ranges for these relative prices changes based on best available evidence. Our central calibration reveals that accounting for relative prices is equivalent to decreasing pure time preference by 0.6 percentage points and leads to a more than 50 percent higher social cost of carbon. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, discounting, non-market goods, social cost of carbon, substitutability |
| JEL: | Q01 Q54 H43 D61 D90 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8052&r=all |
| By: | Bista, Raghu |
| Abstract: | Climate variability in Nepal has become a big environmental issue. This paper investigates empirically and analytically whether climate variability exists or not in different altitude, whether its direction moves and what will be its future direction. We use time series model based on the secondary data of hydrology and metrology collected from Department of Hydrology and Metrology, the Government of Nepal. The time series analysis finds climate variability in the different parts of Nepal in which all months have variability of temperature and rainfall precipitation. From 1975 to 2010, temperature raises annually by 20 C. However, rainfall is declining. It is forecasted change of temperature by 60c over next 40 years. In case of rainfall, it is forecasted constant and results drought in high altitude and flood in low altitude. Climate variability may be a big threat in the different parts of Nepal. |
| Keywords: | climate variability, environment, altitude, temperature, rainfall, Nepal |
| JEL: | Q54 Q56 Q57 |
| Date: | 2019–04–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98788&r=all |
| By: | Lee, Sang-Ho; Park, Chul-Hi |
| Abstract: | In the presence of R&D spillovers, we compare environmental regulations between an emission taxes and green R&D subsidies in private and mixed duopoly markets. We show that the green R&D subsidy is better (worse) than the emission tax when the green R&D cost is low (high) irrespective of the R&D spillovers, whereas the existence of a public firm encourages the government to adopt the subsidy policy. We then show that the optimal policy choice depends on the level of the R&D cost and the degree of R&D spillovers. In particular, when the R&D cost is high and the spillover rate is (not) weak, the government should choose the emission tax and (not) privatize the public firm. However, when the R&D cost is low, such a privatization policy is not desirable to society irrespective of the R&D spillovers. |
| Keywords: | emission tax; green R&D subsidy; R&D spillovers; privatization policy |
| JEL: | H2 L3 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98833&r=all |
| By: | Mamun, Abdullah; Martin, Will; Tokgoz, Simla |
| Abstract: | Agricultural support has changed substantially in both rich and poor countries in recent years. In rich countries, there has been a strong move to decoupled subsidies and a fall in average rates of protection. In developing countries, market price support remains the dominant form of protection and average rates of support have risen—breaking the traditional pattern of taxing agriculture. Emissions from agriculture and land use change have contributed up to a third of total greenhouse gas emissions, with beef, milk and rice production accounting for more than 80 percent of agricultural emissions. Agricultural support was biased against emission-intensive goods until recent years and is now only slightly biased towards them. Although emission intensities are relatively higher in the developing countries, they have fallen far more rapidly in developing countries than in the rich countries in the past quarter-century, as agricultural productivity has grown in developing countries. Policy reform will be challenging given the strong political-economy support for the current structure of protection. Increasing investments in research and development to raise productivity and lower the emissions intensity of agricultural output would help agriculture and the environment. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, environment, reforms, greenhouse gas emissions, land use change, agricultural productivity, research, greenhouse gases, market prices, agricultural support, market price support, F18 Trade and Environment, F64 Economic Impacts of Globalization: Environment, Q18 Agricultural Policy, Food Policy, H23 Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities, Redistributive Effects, Environmental Taxes and Subsidies, Q58 Environmental Economics: Government Policy, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1891&r=all |
| By: | Charlotte Bigard (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole); Pierre Thiriet (UR OPAALE - Optimisation des procédés en Agriculture, Agroalimentaire et Environnement - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture); Sylvain Pioch (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); John Thompson (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Continued urban development is a major cause of the loss of biodiversity. In this context, the objective of a No Net Loss (NNL) of biodiversity has been adopted in many countries worldwide. Reaching such an objective requires the application of the mitigation hierarchy, an environmental policy that aims to minimise the impact of urban development. It consists of a hierarchy transposed in France by a sequence of avoidance, reduction and, as a last resort, offsetting of residual impacts on biodiversity that have not been avoided or reduced. Currently, a project-by-project approach with little avoidance, much investment in the reduction of impacts and piecemeal efforts to offset biodiversity losses, significantly limits the effectiveness of the application of the mitigation hierarchy. This difficulty is largely due to a lack of both anticipation and more strategic planning of the mitigation hierarchy by decision-makers at the landscape scale. The purpose of this study is to propose a method that "scales up" the implementation of the mitigation hierarchy from the project-level to a landscape-scale approach. Based on an empirical study, we propose an operational framework for implementation of the mitigation hierarchy at this landscape scale on the basis of spatial indices that are used to (1) set priorities for impact avoidance and (2) pre-identify sites as candidates for offset provision. This methodology provides a much-needed tool to anticipate for the avoidance step and integrate offsetting into the planning process in a more Strategic Environmental Assessment type approach. We show how the use of this method is relevant in a territory that is currently undergoing rapid population growth and urbanization (Montpellier Metropolitan Territory in the south of France). Finally, this paper illustrates the importance of conducting such research in close collaboration with practitioners and public decision-makers to facilitate interactions between developers and conservation stakeholders and improve implementation by land-use planners. |
| Keywords: | mitigation hierarchy,land-use planning,no net loss,strategic environmental assessment,conservation science |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02448992&r=all |
| By: | Gilles Grolleau (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Lisette Ibanez (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Naoufel Mzoughi (ECODEVELOPPEMENT - Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) |
| Abstract: | Some experimental and archival studies have found empirical support for the scope-severity paradox (SSP), according to which the perceived harm of the same crime or wrongdoing decreases when the number of victims is greater. In the context of environmental wrongdoing, we investigate whether the SSP applies when the number of perpetrators of a crime or wrongdoing increases. Using a survey experiment with two scenarios and five treatments (variations of the number of perpetrators and the individual and total harms committed), we test whether the perceived severity and punishment recommendation for perpetrators of an environmental wrongdoing decrease as the number of perpetrators increases, independent of the total environmental harm committed. Unlike the studies that look at the SSP phenomenon as regards number of victims, we do not find direct support for the existence of a SSP effect regarding number of perpetrators. We do find, however, that participants evaluating the one-perpetrator treatments are more likely to judge with the highest severity. We also provide some collateral insights such as the insensitiveness of participants to the individual pollution level, once the environmental damage exceeds a certain threshold. Our results extend previous SSP studies in important directions and suggest some policy implications, and avenues for further research. |
| Keywords: | environmental wrongdoing,pollution,punishment,scope-severity paradox |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02445686&r=all |
| By: | Lefebvre, Marianne; Midler, Estelle; Bontems, Philippe |
| Abstract: | Farmers choose to avoid some risks by not engaging into practices with uncertain profits. Yet, they still face background risk beyond their control, such as climate change. The impact of background risk on decisions to adopt risky environment-friendly agricultural practices is analysed through a theoretical model and a public good experiment. We find that background risk discourages adoption, despite the fact that it affects both environmentally-friendly and conventionally farmed land equally. An incentive payment increases adoption but is significantly less efficient in the presence of both foreground and background risks. Results shed light on potential synergies between greening the CAP and supporting risk management. |
| Keywords: | Common Agricultural Policy; Agri-environmental measures; Background risk,;Lab; experiment; Public good game |
| JEL: | C93 D81 Q18 Q12 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tse:wpaper:124137&r=all |
| By: | Diego Víctor de Mingo-López (Department of Finance and Accounting, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain); Juan Carlos Matallín-Sáez (Department of Finance and Accounting, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain); Amparo Soler-Domínguez (Department of Finance and Accounting, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain); Emili Tortosa-Ausina (IVIE and Department of Economics, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable investment responds to claims for carbon and climate-neutral societies. To addresses the urgency around climate change and provide more qualified information to investors, Morningstar has developed the Low Carbon Designation (LCD), an indicator that the companies held in a portfolio are in general alignment with the transition to a low-carbon economy. It is assigned to portfolios that have low carbon-risk and fossil-fuel exposure scores. This study takes this a step further by examining the relationship between these scores and financial performance. With this aim, we analyze 3,920 socially responsible mutual funds in the world. Results show differences in financial performance, according scores and investment areas. We find evidence that funds characterized with higher levels of sustainability achieved better performance than funds more exposed to carbon and fossil fuel involved companies. Therefore we provide insights on the informativeness of these new scores for fund selection by investors, for a fairer comparison between socially responsible and conventional funds -since that sustainability improves performance- and for developing low carbon economies. |
| Keywords: | environmental, low-carbon, mutual fund, performance, sustainability |
| JEL: | G11 G17 G23 G2 N20 Q56 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:jau:wpaper:2020/15&r=all |
| By: | Ferrer, Alice Joan de la Gente |
| Abstract: | The CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) has been pilot-testing climate-smart villages (CSVs) in South East Asia (SEA), in Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR and the Philippines, since 2014. The CSVs serve as loci for community mobilisation and participatory processes, where knowledge and capabilities of men and women are enhanced and their motivation is promoted to take action towards food security, agricultural productivity, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. In the CSVs, evidence is generated at local scales of what Climate Smart Agriculture options work best – where, why and how – and this evidence is used to draw out lessons for agricultural development practitioners, policy makers and investors from local to global levels. The CSV approach, being context-responsive, process-focused and outcomeoriented, strengthens existing village programs and structures towards climate action. The CSV approach is now being considered in programs in the Philippines, Vietnam and Myanmar. Here we report how the CSVs have been contextualised, how participatory processes have been implemented, and how emerging outcomes have been attained. |
| Keywords: | Community/Rural/Urban Development, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301974&r=all |
| By: | Late Lawson (BETA, CNRS, INRAE & University of Strasbourg); Lawson Late |
| Abstract: | This paper assesses the interactions between human societies and nature, arguing that population growth and forest resources harvest cause natural habitat conversion, which resolves into biodiversity loss. Relying on profit and utility maximization behaviours, we describe the joint evolution of population, forest and species stock by a dynamic system characterized by a locally stable steady state. Compared to existing studies, we enlighten the possibility of total extinction of biological species (empty forests). Furthermore, our analysis supports an impossible peaceful cohabitation, as in presence of human population growth, forest resources and species stock diverge from their carrying capacity. Finally, scenarios analyses associated with high fertility and preference for the resource-based good globally indicate rapid population growth followed by a sudden drop. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, Population, Forest clearing, Habitat destruction, Species loss |
| JEL: | Q32 Q57 R11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2020.08&r=all |
| By: | Chepeliev, Maksym |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this note is to document data sources and steps used to develop the non-CO2 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions database for the GTAP Data Base Version 10A. Emissions are reported for three types of non-CO2 GHGs – CH4 (methane), N2O (nitrous oxide) and the group of fluorinated gases (F-gases), and cover four reference years – 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014. FAOSTAT dataset is used for sourcing agricultural non-CO2 emissions, EDGAR v5.0 and v4.2 databases are used to source non-agricultural emissions. Each emission flow is associated with one of the four sets of emission drivers: output by industries, endowment by industries, input use by industries and consumption by households. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gta:resmem:5993&r=all |
| By: | Thanasis Stengos (Department of Economics and Finance, University of Guelph, Guelph ON Canada); Nikos Fatouros (Department of Economics and Finance, University of Guelph, Guelph ON Canada) |
| Abstract: | We use a model of endogenous growth with vertical innovations in order to derive optimal energy policy under uncertainty. Innovation can be directed to dirty, green or nuclear technologies, which in turn can be used to produce different types of energy. We show that, nuclear energy usage is not only a necessary welfare maximizing condition but also a crucial determinant of economic growth in the long-run. In addition, we find no evidence supporting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis under optimal policy implementation. Lastly, empirical results based on a panel VAR specification suggest that increases in emissions are strongly persistent in the long-run. Thus, a worsening of environmental quality seems to create dynamics that lead to even higher levels of emissions in the future. |
| Keywords: | Growth, Nuclear Energy, Innovation |
| JEL: | O31 O44 Q42 Q55 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gue:guelph:2020-02&r=all |
| By: | Djanibekov, Utkur; Khamizina, Asia; Villamor, Grace; Lamers, John |
| Abstract: | Irrigated agricultural production in Uzbekistan is threatened by the impacts of land degradation, irrigation water scarcity and climate change. The conversion of marginal croplands to tree plantations is an option for rehabilitation of nutrient-depleted cropland soils, saving of irrigation water, carbon sequestration, and improving population welfare. The economic benefits and impacts of tree planting on marginal croplands, and policies that may facilitate the adoption of this land use are not well known. We employed various methods at different scales to investigate economically viable options of afforestation on marginal croplands on example of irrigated drylands of Uzbekistan. This includes analyzing the impacts of afforestation supported by the carbon (C) sequestration reward on the rural livelihoods. At field level (one hectare), the stochastic dominance analysis was employed to investigate the financial attractiveness of afforestation on marginal farmlands under uncertainty. At the farm level, the expected utility method was employed to analyze effects of this land use change on farm incomes. To consider the bimodal structure of agriculture in Uzbekistan, the stochastic dynamic farm-household model was developed. The results indicate that due to benefits from non-timber products, afforestation is a more viable land use option on marginal lands than crop cultivation. Allowing the exemption of marginal lands from cotton cropping in favor of tree planting would incentivize afforestation. At the same time, the field level analysis indicates that due to variability in returns a substantial increase in C prices would make afforestation as financially attractive as crops on marginal lands. However, when considering uncertainties in land use returns at the whole farm level, afforestation would occur without the C incentives due to improved irrigation water use efficiency and reduced revenue risks through land use diversification. Through the considered farm-household wage-labor relationship, the benefits of afforestation on marginal croplands at farm would be also transferred to rural smallholders employed at this farm. This would mainly result from improved payment structure by tree products, particularly fuelwood and foliage for livestock fodder. |
| Keywords: | International Development, Land Economics/Use, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302378&r=all |
| By: | Simon Quemin |
| Abstract: | Unlike standard supply-side policies, the market stability reserve (MSR) can be used as a potent means of raising climate ambition. We calibrate an emissions trading model to the EU ETS and show that allowing firms to use rolling finite planning horizons can replicate past annual price and banking developments well compared to a standard infinite horizon, including the 2018 price rally. When firms have bounded foresight, indirectly raising ambition through the MSR is not equivalent to directly raising ambition through the emissions cap trajectory. Leveraging the MSR to raise ambition can be efficiency improving as it partially compensates for bounded foresight by frontloading abatement efforts so we analyze its interdependence with the cap trajectory to exploit synergies and minimize regulatory costs. Additionally, we quantitatively assess and compare changes in the MSR parameters for the 2021 review. In any case, MSR-induced resilience to demand shocks remains limited and one-sided by design. |
| Keywords: | Emissions trading, Rolling horizon, Raising ambition, Market stability reserve, EU ETS |
| JEL: | D47 D81 H32 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cec:wpaper:2002&r=all |
| By: | Noura Mansouri; David Wogan; Humaid Kanji (King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center) |
| Keywords: | Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), Sustainable Agriculture, Water Scarcity |
| Date: | 2020–03–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:prc:dpaper:ks--2020-dp06&r=all |
| By: | Agata Rzekęć (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier); Celine Vial (UMR MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - CIHEAM-IAMM - Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier - CIHEAM - Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, Pôle développement innovation et recherche - Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Equitation); Geneviève Bigot (METAFORT - Mutations des activités des espaces et des formes d'organisation dans les territoires ruraux - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement - VAS - VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | Equines have a peculiar place in our society. From livestock to sport, through to landscape managers and leisure partners, equines show a wide range of little-known environmental advantages and assets. Today's wake-up calls about the environment are progressively putting pressure on stakeholders of the agricultural sector, including the equine industry. This study focusses on the main environmental consequences of equine use and possession in Europe based on scientific and technical sources under the lens of five leading sectors where equines show unique impacts as green assets. Now, more than ever before, it is important to highlight the role of equines as a green alternative in political debates and management practices to give them the place equines deserve in the ecological transition of agriculture. |
| Keywords: | horse,environment,grazing,land use,équidé,cheval,environnement,pâturage,utilisation du territoire,biodiversité |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02437660&r=all |
| By: | Molintas, Dominique Trual |
| Abstract: | Snapshots of the phenomenon coronavirus serves as the laboratory of epistemologies for development. Factors of development are capital formation and natural resources; condition of foreign trade, economic system and political freedom. The word factor is defined as the influence that contributes to, otherwise enable conclusive results or outcomes—and development is defined as the positive change from current situation per’se. Development is a process, for the reason that change is a constant inevitable part of life; whereby notions of development turnout ambiguous when without specific parameters and figures to bolster arguments or whenever nonspecific. This paper presents the development impact on trade and ecology, economy and capital formation, as a result of the coronavirus phenomenon; specifically the equivalent elucidations by the slash in CO2 emissions and reduced global warming in China. |
| Keywords: | China, Factors of Development, International Trade, Carbon Emissions, Coronavirus |
| JEL: | F1 F2 Q5 |
| Date: | 2020–02–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98858&r=all |
| By: | Gusti Ayu Komang Sri Mahayuni |
| Abstract: | Indonesia, one of the largest agricultural countries, is facing environmental threats and extinction of local seeds. Over time, more and more farmers have been depending on hybrid and transgenic seeds that need inputs, such as chemical pesticides, fungicides, and fertilizers. Farmers have to buy from companies that produce seeds and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, this practice is eradicating Indonesia’s indigenous plants and biodiversity, such as local squash and local beans that Balinese people usually used for ceremonies. The Local Balinese Seeds Preservation Project of the IDEP Foundation (Yayasan IDEP Selaras Alam) aims to implement sustainable agriculture in the communities of Bali. IDEP Foundation is a nonprofit organization that supports sustainable development through permaculture. Its seed preservation project seeks to implement seed-saving activities in local communities that are located in Banjar Dauh Uma, Batuan village, Sukawati, Gianyar regency. Seed saving, which is also part of permaculture principles, is a high-potential method to implement in any agricultural field. This is also an urgent matter for farmers in Indonesia and needs to be developed because Indonesia does not have an integrated seed bank on a national scale. The one-year project was completed in several stages. The first stage was a desk study on seed varieties that currently exist in Bali, local Balinese seeds, and disbursement areas. The next phase was implementing the local seed-saving process, improving the quality of seeds, and educating the communities about local seeds development. The goal was to come up with the first complete collection of local Balinese seeds that could be replicated in other areas across Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries. This project targeted to benefit 10 households in Banjar Dauh Uma that would be able to produce and grow their own food. Furthermore, the project aimed to promote savings and generate additional income from surplus seeds that IDEP Foundation helps distribute to markets in Bali. |
| Keywords: | Hindu Balinese ceremony, Balinese tradition, sustainable agriculture practice, local Balinese vegetable seeds, seed preservation, Indonesia |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2019:450&r=all |
| By: | Parkes, Ben; Higginbottom, Thomas P.; Hufken, Koen; Ceballos, Francisco; Kramer, Berber; Foster, Timothy |
| Abstract: | Extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, and excess rainfall, are a major cause of crop yield losses and food insecurity worldwide. Statistical or process-based crop models can be used to quantify how yields will respond to extreme weather and future climate change. However, the accuracy of weather-yield relationships derived from crop models, whether statistical or process-based, is dependent on the quality of the underlying input data used to run these models. In this context, a major challenge in many developing countries is the lack of accessible and reliable meteorological datasets. Gridded weather datasets, derived from combinations of in-situ gauges, remote sensing, and climate models, provide a solution to fill this gap, and have been widely used to evaluate climate impacts on agriculture in data-scarce regions worldwide. However, these reference datasets are also known to contain important biases and uncertainties. To date, there has been little research to assess how the choice of reference datasets in influences projected sensitivity of crop yields to weather. We compare multiple freely available gridded datasets that provide daily weather data over the Indian sub-continent over the period 1983- 2005, and explore their implications for estimates of yield responses to weather variability for key crops grown in the region (wheat and rice). Our results show that individual gridded weather datasets vary in their representation of historic spatial and temporal temperature and precipitation patterns across India. We show that these differences create large uncertainties in estimated crop yield responses and exposure to extreme weather events, which highlight the need for improved consideration of input data uncertainty in statistical studies that explore impacts of climate variability and change on agriculture. |
| Keywords: | INDIA, SOUTH ASIA, ASIA, climate change, crop modelling, weather, yields, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1870&r=all |
| By: | Antoine Kornprobst; Matt Davison |
| Abstract: | Our study aims at quantifying the impact of climate change on corn farming in Ontario under several warming scenarios at the 2068 horizon. It is articulated around a discrete-time dynamic model of corn farm income with an annual time-step, corresponding to one agricultural cycle from planting to harvest. At each period, we compute the income given the corn yield, which is highly dependent on weather variables. We also provide a reproducible forecast of the yearly distribution of corn yield for 10 cities in Ontario. The price of corn futures at harvest time is taken into account and we fit our model by using 49 years of historical data. We then conduct out-of-sample Monte-Carlo simulations to obtain the farm income forecasts under a given climate change scenario. |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2003.01270&r=all |
| By: | Hoang,Trung Xuan; Le,Duong Trung; Nguyen,Ha Minh; Vuong,Nguyen Dinh Tuan |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the labor market impacts of a large-scale marine environmental crisis caused by toxic chemical contamination in Vietnam's central coast in 2016. Combining labor force surveys with satellite data on fishing-boat detection, the analysis finds negative and heterogeneous impacts on fishery incomes and employment and uncovers interesting coping patterns. Satellite data suggest that upstream fishers traveled to safe fishing grounds, and thus bore lower income damage. Downstream fishers, instead, endured severe impact and were more likely to substitute fishery hours for working secondary jobs. The paper also finds evidence on an impact recovery to fishing intensity and fishery income, and a positive labor market spillover to freshwater fishery. |
| Date: | 2019–04–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8827&r=all |
| By: | Vu, Trung V. |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the extent to which the cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism matters for the stringency of climate change policies across the world. I postulate that individualistic societies are endowed with a better capacity to implement stringent climate change regulations compared with their collectivistic counterparts. This notion is tested using data for a world sample of up to 92 countries. To achieve causal inference, I isolate exogenous sources of variation in individualistic cultures, based on blood distance to the UK and historical pathogen prevalence. The results lend strong empirical support to my propositions. I also find evidence that individualism exerts a positive influence on the stringency of climate change policies through enhancing the quality of governance and female political presentation. To account for unobserved country-specific factors, I perform subnational analyses using data from the World Values Survey. The results indicate that survey participants with an orientation towards individualistic cultures tend to self-report positive attitudes to pro-environmental policies, which is consistent with the international evidence. |
| Keywords: | climate change, environment, individualism, collectivism, culture. |
| JEL: | O44 Q54 Q58 Z10 |
| Date: | 2020–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98888&r=all |
| By: | Maliszewska,Maryla; Van Der Mensbrugghe,Dominique |
| Abstract: | China's Belt and Road Initiative aims to improve connectivity between China and more than 70 countries through infrastructure investment and regional cooperation. The initiative has the potential to accelerate significantly the rate of economic integration and development in the region, as trade costs decline. The goals of this paper are to (i) study the impacts of infrastructure improvements on Belt and Road Initiative and non?Belt and Road Initiative countries'trade flows, growth, and poverty; and (ii) suggest policies that would help maximize gains from the Belt and Road Initiative?induced trade cost declines. The analysis captures the trade costs reductions as a result of infrastructure improvements. The findings indicate that the Belt and Road Initiative would be largely beneficial. First, global income increases by 0.7 percent (in 2030 relative to the baseline). This translates into almost half a trillion dollars in 2014 prices and market exchange rates. The Belt and Road Initiative area captures 82 percent of the gain, with the largest percent gains in East Asia. Second, globally, the Belt and Road Initiative could contribute to lifting 7.6 million people from extreme poverty and 32 million from moderate poverty. Third, the initiative would lead to a modest increase in global carbon dioxide emissions, with a complex set of positive and negative outcomes at the national level for other types of emissions. |
| Keywords: | International Trade and Trade Rules,Inequality,Transport Services,Food Security,Construction Industry,Common Carriers Industry,Food&Beverage Industry,General Manufacturing,Pulp&Paper Industry,Textiles, Apparel&Leather Industry,Plastics&Rubber Industry,Business Cycles and Stabilization Policies |
| Date: | 2019–04–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8814&r=all |
| By: | Adrien Fabre (UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne); Mouez Fodha; Francesco Ricci (CEE-M - Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - FRE2010 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier, UM - Université de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | The production of energy from renewable sources is much more intensive in minerals than that from fossil resources. The scarcity of certain minerals limits the potential for substituting renewable energy for scarce fossil resources. However, minerals can be recycled,while fossil resources cannot. We develop an intertemporal model to study the dynamics of the optimal energy mix in the presence of mineral intensive renewable energy and fossil energy. We analyze energy production when both mineral and fossil resources are scarce,but minerals are recyclable. We show that the greater the recycling rate of minerals, the more the energy mix should rely on renewable energy, and the sooner should investment in renewable capacity take place. We confirm these results even in the presence of other better known factors that affect the optimal schedule of resource use: expected productivity growth in the renewable sector, imperfect substitution between the two sources of energy, convex extraction costs for mineral resources and pollution from the use of fossil resources. |
| Keywords: | Mineral Resources,Recycling,Energy Transition,Renewable and Non-Renewable Natural Resources |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02446805&r=all |
| By: | Udi Joshua (Federal University Lokoja, Kogi state, Nigeria); Festus V. Bekun (Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey); Samuel A. Sarkodie (Nord University Business School, Norway) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between foreign direct investment inflows and economic growth by incorporating the role of urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions as additional variables to avoid omitted variable bias. The different order of integration from the unit root test suggested the adoption of a dynamic autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing procedure. The results confirmed the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the outlined series within the period under investigation with a high speed of convergence. The ARDL equilibrium relationship shows that coal consumption is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide emissions in both short- (0.77%) and long- (0.86%) run. Economic growth was found to escalate CO2 emission by approximately 0.27% (in the short-run) and 0.19% (in the long-run). The Granger causality test indicates a non-causal effect between FDI inflow and economic expansion in South Africa, which implies that FDI is not a driver of economic advancement. The empirical study shows a bidirectional causal effect between urbanization and foreign direct investment. This suggests that urban development stimulates foreign direct investment in South Africa. The findings reveal a one-way link from GDP to coal consumption, suggesting economic prosperity promotes coal consumption. The study underscores that economic development and the attraction of more economic investments is in part, dependent on the conservative policy, development of urban centres through infrastructural improvement, and establishing industrial zones. |
| Keywords: | South Africa; coal consumption; CO2 emissions; climate change; urbanization |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:agd:wpaper:20/011&r=all |
| By: | Udi Joshua (Federal University Lokoja, Kogi state, Nigeria); Festus V. Bekun (Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey); Samuel A. Sarkodie (Nord University Business School, Norway) |
| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between foreign direct investment inflows and economic growth by incorporating the role of urbanization, coal consumption and CO2 emissions as additional variables to avoid omitted variable bias. The different order of integration from the unit root test suggested the adoption of a dynamic autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing procedure. The results confirmed the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between the outlined series within the period under investigation with a high speed of convergence. The ARDL equilibrium relationship shows that coal consumption is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide emissions in both short- (0.77%) and long- (0.86%) run. Economic growth was found to escalate CO2 emission by approximately 0.27% (in the short-run) and 0.19% (in the long-run). The Granger causality test indicates a non-causal effect between FDI inflow and economic expansion in South Africa, which implies that FDI is not a driver of economic advancement. The empirical study shows a bidirectional causal effect between urbanization and foreign direct investment. This suggests that urban development stimulates foreign direct investment in South Africa. The findings reveal a one-way link from GDP to coal consumption, suggesting economic prosperity promotes coal consumption. The study underscores that economic development and the attraction of more economic investments is in part, dependent on the conservative policy, development of urban centres through infrastructural improvement, and establishing industrial zones. |
| Keywords: | South Africa; coal consumption; CO2 emissions; climate change; urbanization |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exs:wpaper:20/011&r=all |
| By: | Schmidt, Emily; Rosenbach, Gracie; Mueller, Valerie |
| Abstract: | Papua New Guinea (PNG) is the country with the largest rural population share in the East Asia and Pacific region. In addition, PNG is affected by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic events that in severe years cause significant food insecurity due to failed agricultural production. Shrinking land holdings for agricultural production due to the growing population together with climate risk motivates many rural households to explore off-farm income generating opportunities. The analysis reported on here evaluates the importance of nonfarm employment in rural areas in PNG in diversifying risk to household welfare (associated with weather shocks, crop pests and diseases, agricultural price fluctuations, etc.), in smoothing seasonal income fluctuations, and in absorbing excess labor in households with limited agricultural resources. Our study draws upon a wide-ranging literature focused on the role of nonfarm enterprises in the livelihood strategies of rural households globally, e.g., de Janvry and Sadoulet 2001; Lanjouw and Lanjouw 2001; Jayne et al. 2003; Barrett et al. 2005; Haggblade et al. 2007; Lay et al. 2008. We use data collected from rural households in PNG between May and July 2018 by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The survey was administered to 1,026 households in 70 communities across specific districts in East Sepik, Madang, and West Sepik provinces and in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville. Respondent households were asked detailed questions about any nonfarm enterprises (NFE) in which they were involved, including questions on ownership, labor characteristics, and income generation. We explore how engaging in an NFE affects household welfare. In doing so, we evaluate two questions: 1) What barriers to entry exist for male- versus female-owned NFEs? 2) Do the welfare effects of NFE ownership differ by the sex of the owner? Overall, we find that households with an NFE have significantly higher annual per capita consumption compared to matched households without an NFE, amounting to an average increase in the value of annual household consumption of 180 kina (PGK) per capita. In addition, households with an NFE consume approximately 9.5 grams more protein per person per day and achieve greater diversity in their diets compared to households without an NFE. We find that the positive effects of NFE ownership on welfare outcomes are largely driven by male-owned and jointly-owned (male and female) NFEs. The welfare outcomes attributable to female-owned NFEs are much smaller. |
| Keywords: | PAPUA NEW GUINEA, OCEANIA, welfare, households, drought, rural areas, climate change, diet, nonfarm income, nonfarm enterprises, climate risk, household welfare, female-owned enterprises, dietary diversity, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:prnote:pngpn4&r=all |
| By: | Sattarov, Doniyor; Mal, Puran |
| Abstract: | The agricultural sector of Uzbekistan is still characterized by unsustainable production patterns and the agricultural institutions of the country are controlled to a large extent through government intervention. The Government takes the decision to grow cotton and wheat and fix the output prices. The decision about the production quotas for cotton and wheat leads to a restricted area and water availability for growing other crops. The country is affected by a locally occurring climate change as well as regional climate change threatens to aggravate existing water use conflicts. The current and expected climatic conditions are showing the additional irrigation applications for a sustainable and fruitful agricultural production. The partial implementation of reforms such as privatization and liberalization of agricultural markets affect the development of agriculture and agricultural trade in Uzbekistan. This paper highlights the major effects of market and price liberalization on agricultural trade using the partial equilibrium model AGRISIM which is based on the "Static World Policy Simulation Model" (SWOPSIM) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).With the help of the model, changes in general economic conditions and policy intervention in agricultural markets and foreign trade are simulated. The study suggests that the issues of sustainable agriculture development and food security in Uzbekistan can be achieved through, liberalization of agricultural markets and trade specially wheat and cotton. |
| Keywords: | Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Development, International Relations/Trade |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302376&r=all |
| By: | Campbell, Bruce |
| Abstract: | While the challenges of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in low-income countries are immense, there are opportunities for significant advances and transformations, related to rising urban populations and changing food demands, digitalisation of the food sector, new ways of connecting farmers, and creative financial models. Climate risk management will need to be at the core of future initiatives. Several elements will need to come together to achieve the desired transformation, including meaningful policy and governance change, deepened private sector engagement with smallholders, and significant advances in digitalisation. Through such means, both adaptation and mitigation in agriculture can be tackled. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301973&r=all |
| By: | Brennan McLachlan; G. Cornelis van Kooten; Zehan Zheng |
| Keywords: | Food security; CO2-fertilization, heat and crop yields; regression analysis |
| JEL: | O13 Q51 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rep:wpaper:2020-03&r=all |
| By: | Del Valle,Alejandro; Eriksson,Mathilda; Ishizawa Escudero,Oscar Anil; Miranda Montero,Juan Jose |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates whether mangroves can mitigate the impact of hurricanes on economic activity. The paper assembles a new, regionwide panel data set that measures local economic activity using nightlights, potential hurricane damages using a detailed hurricane windstorm model, and mangrove protection by mapping the width of mangrove forests on the path to the coast. The results show that hurricanes have negative short-run effects on economic activity, with losses likely concentrated in coastal lowlands that are exposed to both wind and storm surge hazards. In these coastal lowlands, the estimates show that nightlights decrease by up to 24 percent in areas that are unprotected by mangroves. By comparison, the impact of the hurricanes observed in the sample is fully mitigated in areas protected by mangrove belts of one or more kilometers. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters,Global Environment,Energy and Environment,Energy Demand,Energy and Mining |
| Date: | 2019–03–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8795&r=all |
| By: | Simone Bertoli; Frédéric Docquier; Hillel Rapoport; Ilse Ruyssen |
| Abstract: | We use a multilevel approach to characterize the relationship between weather shocks and (internal and international) migration intentions. We combine individual survey data on migration intentions with measures of localized weather shocks for Western African countries over 2008-2016. A meta-analysis on results from about 310,000 regressions is conducted to identify the specification of weather anomalies that maximizes the goodness of fit of our empirical model. We then use this best specification to document heterogeneous mobility responses to weather shocks, which can be due to differences in long-term climatic conditions, migration perceptions, or adaptation capabilities. We find that droughts are associated with a higher probability of migration intentions in Senegal, Niger and Ivory Coast. The effect on international migration intentions are only significant in Niger. These effects are amplified, but qualitatively similar, when restricting the sample to rural low-skilled respondents. |
| Keywords: | international migration, migration intentions, individual-level data, weather shocks, Western Africa |
| JEL: | F22 J61 O13 O15 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8064&r=all |
| By: | Maya Leroy (AgroParisTech); Charlotte Bigard (CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UM3 - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - EPHE - École pratique des hautes études - UM - Université de Montpellier - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - IRD [France-Sud] - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier) |
| Abstract: | Appréhender la séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser (ERC) à l'échelle d'un territoire : quels apports et quelles implications a une telle approche par rapport à la mise en œuvre classique de la séquence ERC à l'échelle des projets opérationnels ? Pourquoi les acteurs du territoire peinent à prendre ce chemin pour atteindre l'objectif d'absence de perte nette de biodiversité ? Et finalement, quels défis sont à relever pour faciliter cette mise en œuvre ? En s'appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée auprès d'acteurs du territoire, les auteurs de cet article apportent des réponses à ces questions. |
| Abstract: | Éviter, réduire, compenser : et si l'on s'organisait à l'échelle des territoires ? Appréhender la séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser dès la planification de l'aménagement : du changement d'échelle à sa mise en oeuvre dans les territoires Une complémentarité projet/plan-programme nécessaire pour l'atteinte de l'absence de perte nette Envisagée à l'échelle des projets, la séquence ERC ne peut avoir qu'une efficacité lacunaire (Bigard, 2018). Premièrement, l'échelle spatiale localisée d'un projet d'aménagement ne permet pas d'appréhender la question des continuités écologiques et des impacts cumulés pleinement. Deuxièmement, la temporalité du projet, basée d'abord sur une logique de justification écono-mique actant l'existence du projet, puis d'une réalisa-tion des études environnementales, ne permet pas une mise en oeuvre optimale de l'étape d'évitement. Enfin, les interactions et routines entre les acteurs dans l'élabo-ration et la mise en oeuvre des études environnementales des projets favorisent le plus souvent les arbitrages éco-nomiques au détriment des enjeux écologiques. La question est donc de savoir si le changement d'échelle pourrait pallier les lacunes inféodées à l'échelle projet concernant notamment : • l'intégration des continuités écologiques et des impacts cumulés à la réflexion, • l'implémentation de réelles mesures d'évitement, • une plus grande prise en compte des enjeux écolo-giques dans les procédures d'aménagement. L'échelle des plans et programmes, est, en référence aux textes internationaux sur l'évaluation environne-mentale 1 , une échelle territoriale (ou sectorielle) stra-tégique). Il s'agit, en effet, de procéder à des évalua-tions environnementales en amont des projets, là où les décisions influent sur l'utilisation du territoire et qui précisent la justification et la définition de projets en particulier au regard de leurs impacts environnemen-taux. Nous proposons ici, au regard de la séquence ERC, de distinguer donc les approches « Action-Local» des approches « Stratégie-Territoire » (figure ). Par approche territoriale nous entendons un basculement de l'échelon spatial « local » du projet à l'échelon spatial du « territoire ». Nous entendons par approche stra-tégique un basculement d'une logique fonctionnelle de l'action à celle de la stratégie. Cela suppose l'adoption également d'une démarche proactive et anticipatrice et donc un changement d'échelle temporelle en se pla-Appréhender la séquence Éviter-Réduire-Compenser (ERC) à l'échelle d'un territoire : quels apports et quelles implications a une telle approche par rapport à la mise en oeuvre classique de la séquence ERC à l'échelle des projets opérationnels ? Pourquoi les acteurs du territoire peinent à prendre ce chemin pour atteindre l'objectif d'absence de perte nette de biodiversité ? Et finalement, quels défis sont à relever pour faciliter cette mise en oeuvre ? En s'appuyant sur une enquête qualitative menée auprès d'acteurs du territoire, les auteurs de cet article apportent des réponses à ces questions. 1. Les évaluations environnementales stratégiques (EES) sont des approches analytiques et participatives de la prise de décision stratégique qui visent à intégrer les considérations d'environnement dans les politiques, plans et programmes et à évaluer leurs interactions avec les considérations d'ordre économique et social (OCDE, 2006, L'évaluation environnementale stratégique). |
| Date: | 2020–01–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02445559&r=all |
| By: | Broad, Lucy; Mathur, Ajay; Woodhill, Jim; Phonekhampheng, Oudom |
| Keywords: | Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301980&r=all |
| By: | Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Nicolas Taconet (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, nous synthétisons les travaux récents sur les liens entre climat et inégalités pour montrer comment les enjeux liés aux impacts et à l'atténuation du changement climatique affectent les inégalités, à la fois entre pays et entre individus. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons les inégalités d'exposition et de vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique. Puis, nous nous intéressons aux inégalités dans la contribution aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre entre pays et entre individus. Dans un dernier temps, nous montrons comment les inégalités face au changement climatique permettent d'éclairer l'équité de la répartition des actions pour lutter contre le changement climatique. |
| Date: | 2020–01–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02443669&r=all |
| By: | Sabitova, Saltanat |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302375&r=all |
| By: | Azreen Karim; Ilan Noy |
| Abstract: | We examine the directly observable determinants of sub-national (central to local) public spending allocations for disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation in Bangladesh, a country with a very high exposure to weather risk. We use a comprehensive dataset for the 483 sub-districts (Upazilas) in Bangladesh, tracking disaster risk reduction and adaptation funding provided to each sub-district by the central government during fiscal years’ 2010-11 to 2013-14, disaggregated by the various types of social protection programs. We assess to what extent the primary determinants of such funding flows—such as current hazard risk, socio-economic vulnerability, and political economy considerations—contribute to these funding allocation decisions. We find that flood hazard risk and socio-economic vulnerability are both positively correlated with the sub-district fiscal allocations. We find that political factors do not seem to significantly correlate with these allocations and neither does proximity to the centres of Dhaka and Chittagong. Public spending for adaptive disaster risk reduction, as investigated here, can be a useful complementary intervention tool to other DRR programs, such as insurance or broader social transfers, provided that it is allocated rationally. Broadly, this appears to be the case in Bangladesh. We leave the measuring of the relative efficacy and efficiency of each financing tool for future work. |
| Keywords: | subnational public spending, disasters, risk reduction, adaptation, Bangladesh |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8066&r=all |
| By: | Nakamura,Shohei; Bundervoet,Tom; Nuru,Mohammed |
| Abstract: | This study analyzes the impacts of the recent rural road development in Ethiopia on welfare and economic outcomes. The identification of the impacts relies on a difference-in-differences matching approach, taking advantage of the nationally representative household survey and the original road database, both of which are panel data spanning between 2012 and 2016. The results of the econometric analysis overall suggest that Ethiopia's recent rural road development has substantially increased household welfare and supported households in coping with the recent severe droughts. This study estimates that rural roads increased, on average, household consumption by 16.1 percent between 2012 and 2016 (or 3.8 percent per year). The effects of rural road development were largest in the most remote communities, as it increased household consumption by 27.9 percent. Furthermore, in the communities most affected by the El Niño drought, the likelihood of falling into poverty was 14.4 percent lower between 2012 and 2016 if the community was connected by a rural road. Taken together, the results suggest that, by connecting remote communities to markets, rural roads have substantially increased the welfare and resilience of rural households in shock-prone environments. |
| Keywords: | Rural Roads&Transport,Inequality,Natural Disasters,Transport Services,Climate Change and Agriculture,Crops and Crop Management Systems |
| Date: | 2019–04–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8800&r=all |
| By: | Dang,Hai-Anh H.; Serajuddin,Umar |
| Abstract: | The Sustainable Development Goals recently adopted by the United Nations represent an important step to identify shared global goals for development over the next two decades. Yet, the stated goals are not as straightforward and easy to interpret as they appear on the surface. Review of the Sustainable Development Goals indicators suggests that some further refinements to their wordings and clarifications to their underlying objectives would be useful. This paper brings attention to potential pitfalls with interpretation, where different evaluation methods can lead to different conclusions about country performance. The review of the United Nations'Sustainable Development Goals database highlights the overwhelming challenge with missing data: data are available for just over 50 percent of all the indicators and for just 19 percent of what is needed for comprehensively tracking progress across countries and over time. The paper offers further reflections and proposes some simple but cost-effective solutions to these challenges. |
| Keywords: | Inequality,Economic Growth,Industrial Economics,Economic Theory&Research,Educational Sciences,Global Environment |
| Date: | 2019–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8843&r=all |
| By: | Barker, Sarah |
| Abstract: | First it was activist investors. Then mainstream shareholders. And now finance markets, insurance companies, regulators and even auditors are demanding that companies actively address their climate-related financial risks. But why this shift from ‘ethical fringe’ to ‘financial mainstream’, and what does it mean for corporate governance, strategy risk management and disclosure? And how can seemingly divergent national policies, regulatory practices and financial market signals be commercially reconciled? This presentation examines climate risk from the unique perspective of a corporate lawyer, director of a large institutional investor, and faculty member of the University of Oxford’s Sustainable Finance Programme. It focuses on emerging corporate governance issues for FY19, from: • international regulatory developments: the EU’s Green Taxonomy, the UK’s Net Zero Law, and signalling by central banks and prudential regulators; • international financial market trends: integration of climate-related issues into credit ratings and commercial loan margin adjustments; • litigation trends beyond planning and permitting: climate-related negligence, nuisance, directors’ duties and securities fraud claims; and • annual reports: heightened investor expectations around TCFD-aligned disclosures, and new regulatory guidance on the integration (and audit) of climate-related assumptions in balance sheet accounting estimates. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301984&r=all |
| By: | Jonathon M. Becker (Division of Economics and Business, Colorado School of Mines) |
| Abstract: | Many sectors of the economy that are targets of emissions reduction policy tend to be subject to price-responsive demand, long-lived capital, capacity constraints, and foresighted decision-making. I explore these features together, in conjunction with a tradable performance standard (TPS). First, I provide a complete characterization of the short-run and steady-state output responses analytically. Second, I validate the intermediate analytical results, explore the dynamics of the transition from pre- to post-policy steady-state, and discuss the welfare implications using a stylized numerical equilibrium model calibrated to a representative electricity sector. I show that the difference in the present value of total social surplus gains between a TPS and a period-over-period damage equivalent cap (CAP) is small relative to total social surplus gains from either policy. Most interestingly, under all but the smallest discount rates, the value of the steady-state perpetuity under the TPS is greater than the CAP. |
| Keywords: | tradable performance standards, output-based rebating, emissions intensity standard, emissions cap, investment, dynamic complementarity problem, electricity |
| JEL: | C61 H23 Q41 Q48 Q52 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mns:wpaper:wp202003&r=all |
| By: | Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M.; Nitsch, Volker; Wendland, Nicolai |
| Abstract: | For a complete cost-benefit analysis of durable infrastructures, it is important to understand how the value of non-market goods such as transit time and environmental quality changes as incomes rise in the long-run. We use difference-in-differences and spatial differencing to estimate the land price capitalization effects of metro rail in Berlin, Germany today and a century ago. Over this period, the negative implicit hedonic price of rail noise tripled. Our results imply income elasticities of the value of noise reduction and transport access of 2.2 and 1.4, substantially exceeding cross-sectional contingent valuation estimates. |
| Keywords: | Accessibility,spatial differencing,noise,difference-in-differences,income elasticity,land price |
| JEL: | R12 R14 R41 N73 N74 |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:darddp:236&r=all |
| By: | Gebru, Menasbo (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences); Holden , Stein T. (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences); Alfnes, Frode (Centre for Land Tenure Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences) |
| Abstract: | Agricultural technology change is required in developing countries to increase the robustness to climate-related variability, feed a growing population, and create opportunities for market-oriented production. This study investigates technological change in the form of adoption of improved wheat, drought-tolerant teff, and cash crops in the semi-arid Tigray region in northern Ethiopia. We analyze three rounds of panel data collected from smallholder farms in 2005/2006, 2009/2010 and 2014/2015 with a total sample of 1269 households. Double-hurdle models are used to assess how the likelihood (first hurdle) and intensity of technology adoption (second hurdle) are affected by demographic, weather, and market factors. The results indicate that few smallholders have adopted the new crops, those that have adopted the crops only plant small shares of their land with the new crops, and that there has been only a small increase in adoption over the ten-year period. Furthermore, we find that high population density is positively associated with the adoption of improved wheat, and previous period’s rainfall is positively associated with the adoption of drought-tolerant teff. The adoption of cash crops is positively associated with landholding size and access to irrigation. The policy implications of these results are that the government should increase the improved wheat diffusion efforts in less population dense areas, make sure that drought-tolerant teff seed is available and affordable after droughts, and promote irrigation infrastructure for production of cash crops. |
| Keywords: | Semi-arid areas; climate risk; new crop varieties; double-hurdle; northern Ethiopia. |
| JEL: | O33 Q12 Q16 R34 |
| Date: | 2020–03–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nlsclt:2020_003&r=all |
| By: | Thompson, Malcolm; Barker, Sarah; Godfray, Charles |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301985&r=all |
| By: | Hassan F. Gholipour; Mohammad Reza Farzanegan; Mostafa Javadian |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of air pollution (measured by satellite data of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD)) on net outmigration. Using data from the 2011 and 2016 National Population and Housing Censuses for 31 provinces of Iran and applying a panel fixed effects estimation method, our results show that AOD has a positive and significant impact on net outmigration. We also find that higher levels of economic activities in provinces discourage outmigration. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, migration, Iran |
| JEL: | Q53 R23 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ces:ceswps:_8107&r=all |
| By: | Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Tiruneh, Solomon; Ringler, Claudia |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the impacts of sustainable land management (SLM) on water security and poverty based on an evaluation of a watershed level SLM program promoted in Amhara regional state of Ethiopia. A household survey was conducted in two WLRC watersheds with SLM programming as well as complementary support and two adjacent watersheds without such programming. Our findings show that the SLM program significantly increased plot-level adoption of SLM practices, particularly of soil bunds and stone terraces. We also find that SLM contributes to water security for both crop and livestock production. Households in SLM-supported learning watersheds have more access to groundwater for irrigation and have higher crop yields for maize, mango and millet; have experienced improving water availability for livestock production in the past five years; and have higher income from livestock products than households in control watersheds. The positive impacts of SLM and complementary interventions on livestock income is attributed to the improved water security conditions in the learning watersheds, access to better animal forage planted along the SLM constructed structures, and animal vaccination and artificial insemination services that were part of the broader set of interventions. These findings further show that although SLM impacts were limited, the potential to improve welfare of smallholders across several livelihoods is enhanced when SLM is combined with other multifaceted complimentary interventions. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA, EAST AFRICA, AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA, AFRICA, sustainability, land management, water management, watershed management, water conservation, poverty, land degradation, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1811&r=all |
| By: | Simon Quemin; Raphael Trotignon |
| Abstract: | We build a model of competitive emissions trading under uncertainty with supply-side control. Firms can use rolling planning horizons to deal with uncertainty and can also exhibit bounded responsiveness to the control. We tailor the model to the EU ETS, calibrate it to 2008-2017 market developments and find that a rolling horizon is able to reconcile the banking dynamics with discount rates implied from futures' yield curves. We evaluate the 2018 market reform, decompose the impacts of its main features and quantify how they hinge on the firms' horizon and responsiveness. We highlight important implications for policy design and evaluation. |
| Keywords: | Emissions trading, Rolling horizons, Bounded rationality, Decision-making under uncertainty, Supply-side control, EU-ETS |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cec:wpaper:1901&r=all |
| By: | Zuura, Mamadalieva |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, International Development, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302373&r=all |
| By: | Maria Dulce Jovillano-Mostoles |
| Abstract: | Stingless beekeeping technology as an alternative livelihood in the Bicol region involves hunters, beekeepers, and assemblers of bee products. However, development and adoption of the technology could lead to overexploitation of feral colonies by hunters, imperiling the population of this endemic species. This project mainly aimed to help communities in Sorsogon province to adopt beekeeping as a livelihood using a sustainable utilization, management, and development approach for the conservation of the species. The specific objectives were to: (1) document ethnological/meliponicultural practices in Sorsogon, (2) determine the diversity and abundance of the stingless bee population in two municipalities in Sorsogon, (3) facilitate knowledge transfer of stingless beekeeping technology, (4) facilitate meliponary establishment at the community level, and (5) develop a policy on conserving wild populations of stingless bees. The project was carried out in the municipalities of Casiguran and Bulusan in Sorsogon province from February 2013 to January 2016. |
| Keywords: | Sorsogon, Philippines, Community-based beekeeping, stingless bees, beekeeping |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sag:seadps:2019:436&r=all |
| By: | Soppelsa,Maria Edisa; Lozano Gracia,Nancy; Xu,L. Colin |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the links between city competitiveness and air pollution and the business environment. Because competitive cities not only attract more productive firms, but also facilitate their business, the paper look at firm performance as a proxy for city competitiveness. It focuses on African firms, because this region is developing fast and experiencing increasing pollution levels and the effects of agglomeration economies. The analysis finds two interesting results. First, the negative association between air pollution and firm performance can be seen at lower than expected levels of pollution. Second, the effects of capacity agglomeration on labor productivity growth are stronger compared to other regions. These findings suggest that cities in this region should address pollution issues soon, as they continue to grow fast and pollution levels are becoming an increasing concern. |
| Date: | 2019–04–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:8834&r=all |
| By: | Herrero, Mario; Campbell, Bruce; Ferrer, Alice Joan de la Gente; Mayberry, Di |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301976&r=all |
| By: | Montesclaros, Jose Ma. Luis; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Teng, Paul S. |
| Abstract: | The adoption of climate-adaptive agricultural technologies (CAATs) for extensive (outdoor) agriculture is stalled by funding gaps experienced by governments in the Mekong countries, with negative implications on the rural farming industry, on income and job security among smallholder farmers, and on food sufficiency and access across the population. We argue that one way of helping bridge these gaps is for providers and users of CAATs for extensive agriculture to learn from the practices of those in CAATs for intensive (indoor) agriculture. Indoor CAATs are already receiving significant private-sector investment, a key reason being their ability to leverage the complementary nature of these technologies within farms that are integrated and enabled to use the so-called Internet of things (IoT). Seamlessly linking different CAATs (sensors, crop analytics, and automation) can allow for synergies that significantly boost crop yields and, in turn, the viability of investing in CAATs. We demonstrate these synergies through two case studies, one that looks at the increasing global investment in indoor CAATs and another that describes a financial viability assessment for an indoor farm in Singapore. We conclude with lessons on how these insights can be transferred to the Mekong countries, including a prototype IoT-enabled extensive farm that integrates multiple CAATs, and an investment assessment tool for translating the yield benefits into terms that investors can appreciate. |
| Keywords: | SINGAPORE, investment, climate-smart agriculture, private sector, technology, innovation adoption, climate change adaptation, information and communication technologies (icts), internet of things, IoT, climate-adaptive agricultural technologies, UrbanAgInvest, indoor farms, |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1805&r=all |
| By: | He, Fei; Borisova, Tatiana; Athearn, Kevin; Barrett, Charles; Hochmuth, Robert Conway; Adams, Damian |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Production Economics, Environmental Economics and Policy, Risk and Uncertainty |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302307&r=all |
| By: | Mulimbi, Willy; Nalley, Lawton Lanier; Nayga Jr., Rodolfo M.; Gaduh, Arya |
| Keywords: | International Development, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Environmental Economics and Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saea20:302335&r=all |
| By: | Vorisek,Dana Lauren; Yu,Shu |
| Abstract: | This paper presents a review of studies that estimate the cost of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Although the Sustainable Development Goals provide useful benchmarks for fiscal authorities and donors, typical cross-country costing exercises can be misleading, for a variety of reasons: double counting, sensitivity to underlying assumptions, downplaying the critical role of policy and institutions in advancing toward the goals, failure to discount costs or consider operation and maintenance costs in a consistent manner, and overlooking the tendency for different types of Sustainable Development Goal?related spending to have distinct effects. Recent costing studies by the World Bank Group have been developed to minimize the drawbacks of earlier studies. The paper also briefly reviews how the World Bank Group engages with stakeholders on the Sustainable Development Goals agenda. |
| Date: | 2020–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9164&r=all |
| By: | Campbell, Andrew; Godfray, Charles |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Food Security and Poverty |
| Date: | 2019–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:cfcp19:301972&r=all |
| By: | Tonkobayeva, Aliya |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Development |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302386&r=all |
| By: | Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement); Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky (PSE - Paris School of Economics, PJSE - Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - ENPC - École des Ponts ParisTech - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement) |
| Abstract: | We study the problem faced by activists who want to maximize …rms'compliance with high environmental standards. Our focus is on radical activism which relies on non-violent civil disobedience. Disruptive actions and the threat thereof are used to force …rms to concede i.e., to engage in self-regulation. We address the optimal use of scarce activist resources in face of incomplete information by looking at a general mechanism, directly adapted from Myerson's (1981) optimal auction theory. The characterization informs that the least vulnerable and most polluting …rms should be targeted with disruptive actions while the others are granted a guarantee not to be targeted in exchange for a concession. This characterization allows studying the determinants of the activist's strength and how it is a¤ected by repression, a central feature for civil disobedience. We …nd that optimal radical activism is relatively resilient to repression. In an extension that accounts for asymmetry between …rms'abatement cost, we …nd that the mechanism optimizes the allocation of abatment efforts and creates incentives for innovation. We discuss some other welfare properties of optimal activism. |
| Keywords: | Activism,self-regulation,mechanism design,repression Keywords: Activism,repression |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02492834&r=all |
| By: | Dorre, Andrei |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, Land Economics/Use |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302379&r=all |
| By: | Marina Sheresheva (MSU - Lomonosov Moscow State University); Anna Polukhina (Volga State University of Technology [Yoshkar-Ola]); Matvey Oborin (PRUE - Plekhanov Russian University of Economics [Moscow]) |
| Abstract: | This paper aims to provide a better understanding of marketing issues relevant to sustainable tourism development. Marketing issues are of crucial importance for Russian regions with unique landscapes and many small towns with their ancient churches, original local museums, and other attractions. The main obstacle for sustainable tourism development in these regions is the lack of prominence and absence of right positioning for target audiences. For the Mari El Republic as one of the most prospective sustainable tourism destinations in Russia, ethno-tourism concept, based on preserving paganism, the traditional religion of the Mari people, can become a solid basis for positioning. The research presented in the paper will contribute to the literature on tourism marketing and sustainable regional development in emerging markets by shedding light on the Russian tourism market diversity, as well as on the uniqueness of small Russian towns and villages as attractive destinations in terms of cultural heritage, history, and ecology. It will also underline the need to understand socio-cultural specifics of tourism destinations to ensure positive impact on the prosperity of local communities that are among the most important stakeholders in destination marketing. |
| Keywords: | Russia,destination development,Tourism,marketing,sustainable tourism,small settlements,culture |
| Date: | 2020–01–30 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02448498&r=all |
| By: | Basharat, Ismailova |
| Abstract: | Previously prominent lake – the Aral Sea being rich in biodiversity maintained the livelihood of people. It ranked fourth place according to its size and it began shrinking in 1960. Its desiccation has triggered various problems which could be distinguished into three groups: environmental, social and economic. Due to timeframe and resource/data limitations not all categories of problems would be covered in this study. Some of the environmental issues will be taken into account, while all of them are interlinked (creating a vicious circle). But in the center of attention is the analysis of the social and economic impact of the Aral Sea desiccation in the region of KP. The literature review showed that most of the research is conducted in the agricultural sector, and the desiccation implications were considered more from the aspect of causes, missing out the long term effects of the Aral Sea desiccation. These long term effects are significant in the development of the region from social – health aspect, as health can affect the productivity, unemployment which means no/low income that in turn causes poverty and poverty is one of the main reasons for the environmental degradation to occur. It is a vicious circle of environmental degradation to worsen with health and simultaneously to affect the economic state. This study researched the health effects of the Aral Sea desiccation and with the help of ‘ecosystem approach’ pointed out the long term consequences of the currently existing health issues to the economy of KP. |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Institutional and Behavioral Economics, International Development |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302384&r=all |
| By: | Mathilde Maurel (CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne); Thomas Pernet-Coudrier (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses the efficiency of a set of environmental measures introduced by the 11th FYP (Five Years Plan) in China in 2006, using a rich and unique dataset borrowed from the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) and from the State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA). The objective is to provide new evidence of the Soft Budget Constraint (SBC), which is a key concept coined by Janos Kornai. The main finding is that TCZ (Two Control Zone) cities are successful in bringing down the emission of SO2, and more importantly that this success is driven by the private sector. Sectors dominated by State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are less sensitive to the environmental target-based evaluation system, by a factor of 42%. We also find that one channel, through which this adjustment takes place, is Total Factor Productivity (TFP), but not in the case of SOEs. We interpret these results as pointing to the evidence of a still ongoing SBC surrounding Chinese SOEs. |
| Keywords: | Environmental regulation,China Kornai,Soft Budget Constraint |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02469382&r=all |
| By: | Ergashev, Alisher |
| Keywords: | Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, International Development, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302381&r=all |
| By: | Elsa Berthet (SADAPT - Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires - AgroParisTech - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Sara Bosshardt; Lise Malicet-Chebbah; Gaëlle van Frank; Benoit Weil (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSL - PSL Research University, MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Blanche Segrestin (CGS i3 - Centre de Gestion Scientifique i3 - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris - PSL - PSL Research University - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, PSL - PSL Research University, MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Pierre Riviere (LHFA - Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - ICT-FR 2599 - Institut de Chimie de Toulouse - Toulouse INP - Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UT3 - Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier - Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Léa Bernard; Elodie Baritaux; Isabelle Goldringer |
| Abstract: | The industrialization of farming has significantly threatened cultivated biodiversity. Participatory breeding endeavours to overcome this issue by enabling farmers to select a wide range of crop varieties in different conditions, and to foster genetic mixing through seed exchanges, crosses or mixtures. This necessitates the design of new forms of coordination and organization for the farmers and partners involved. This article reports on an ongoing initiative, aiming to facilitate the participatory design of such forms of coordination and organization. It first outlines the method used (Knowledge-Concept-Proposals or KCP ®), and how it has been tailored to this highly decentralized context involving politically engaged actors on a quest for autonomy. It then presents the exploratory results of the first two workshops: these include group consolidation, the sharing of heterogeneous knowledge, the generation of innovative ideas, and the elaboration of preliminary projects. Finally, this empirical case is compared with other initiatives supporting the participatory design of natural resource management strategies and tools. Its key original dimensions and benefits are that the workshop protocol is replicable, the data produced can be easily exploited, and it allows for testing hypotheses in the field of design science. |
| Keywords: | dynamic on-farm management,agrobiodiversity,design workshops,innovative design,participatory plant breeding,farmers' population-varieties,participatory research |
| Date: | 2020–01–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02445107&r=all |
| By: | Zhunusova, Eliza |
| Keywords: | Agricultural and Food Policy, International Development, Land Economics/Use |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ugidic:302377&r=all |