|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Rick Van der Ploeg; Christoph Hambel; Holger Kraft |
| Abstract: | Asset pricing and climate policy are analyzed in a global economy where consumption goods are produced by both a green and a carbon-intensive (dirty) sector. We allow for endogenous growth and three types of damages from global warming. It is shown that, initially, the desire to diversify assets in the portfolio complements the attempt to mitigate economic damages from climate change. In the long run, however, there is a trade-off between diversification and climate action. Therefore, in general, the carbon-intensive sector is not shut down completely. We derive the optimal carbon price, the equilibrium risk-free rate, and the risk premium of both assets. The risk-free rate is negatively affected by temperature, while the effect of temperature on the risk premiums depends on the type of damage specification. Climate disasters with an uncertain timing that rises with on temperature leads to a significant effect of climate change on asset prices. |
| Keywords: | climate finance, decarbonization, diversification, carbon price, asset prices, green assets, disaster risk |
| JEL: | D81 G01 G12 Q5 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:901&r=all |
| By: | Feyen,Erik H.B.; Utz,Robert Johann; Zuccardi Huertas,Igor Esteban; Bogdan,Olena; Moon,Jisung |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the interaction between macro-financial and climate-related risks. It brings together different strands of the literature on climate-related risks and how these relate to macro-financial management and risks. Physical impacts of climate change as well as the transition toward a resilient low-carbon economy pose significant challenges for macro-financial management, as they can damage the balance sheets of governments, households, firms, and financial institutions due to the adverse and possibly abrupt impacts on investment and economic growth, fiscal revenue and expenditure, debt sustainability, and the valuation of financial assets. In turn, macro-financial risks translate into weakened resilience to physical climate risks and constrained capacity for climate adaptation and mitigation efforts. The paper finds that many countries face the"double jeopardy"of simultaneous elevated climate-related and macro-financial risks. Reducing macro-financial risks in countries under double jeopardy is an important component of international efforts to tackle climate change to complement and support country-specific efforts. |
| Keywords: | Climate Change and Health,Science of Climate Change,Climate Change and Environment,Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases,Climate Change Impacts,Social Aspects of Climate Change,Adaptation to Climate Change,Financial Sector Policy |
| Date: | 2020–01–14 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9109&r=all |
| By: | Rick Van der Ploeg; Simon Dietz; Armon Rezai; Frank Venmans |
| Abstract: | We show that several of the most important economic models of climate change produce climate dynamics inconsistent with the current crop of models in climate science. First, most economic models exhibit far too long a delay between an impulse of CO2 emissions and warm¬ing. Second, few economic models incorporate positive feedbacks in the carbon cycle, whereby carbon sinks remove less CO2 from the atmosphere, the more CO2 they have already removed cumulatively, and the higher is temperature. These inconsistencies affect economic prescriptions to abate CO2 emissions. Controlling for how the economy is represented, different climate mod¬els result in significantly different optimal CO2 emissions. A long delay between emissions and warming leads to optimal carbon prices that are too low and too much sensitivity of optimal carbon prices to the discount rate. Omitting positive carbon cycle feedbacks also leads to op¬timal carbon prices that are too low. We conclude it is important for policy purposes to bring economic models in line with the state of the art in climate science. |
| Keywords: | carbon cycle, carbon price, climate change, integrated assessment modelling, positive feedbacks, social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–02–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oxf:wpaper:900&r=all |
| By: | Osterburg, Bernhard; Heidecke, Claudia; Bolte, Andreas; Braun, Julian; Dieter, Matthias; Dunger, Karsten; Elsasser, Peter; Fischer, Richard; Flessa, Heinz; Fuß, Roland; Günter, Sven; Jacobs, Anna; Offermann, Frank; Rock, Joachim; Schweinle, Jörg; Tiemeyer, Bärbel; Weimar, Holger; Welling, Johannes; Witte, Thomas de |
| Abstract: | This working paper analyses instruments and measures to meet the targets set in the Germanys climate action plan 2050 for agriculture to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and for LULUCF to reduce greenhouse gas emissions or enhance sinks until 2030. In the focus are measures on the federal state level. For the different areas of actions and measures we discuss instruments and options for implementation, greenhouse gas mitigation potential, economic impacts, as well as impacts on employment, environment and health. The measures and implementation options analysed shall help to provide a better information basis for the planned portfolio within the pro-gram of measures to implement the German climate action plan. The working paper reflects the status of analysis from summer 2019. An update of the impact analysis of the current specification in the frame of the climate mitigation program 2030 of the federal government for the implementation of the climate action plan 2050 (Bundestagsdruck-sache 19/ 13900; 11.10.2019) is not part of this paper and needs to be part of future research. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:301143&r=all |
| By: | Jeanne Amar (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Samira Demaria (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sandra Rigot (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we examine the determinants of CAC 40 companies' compliance with the recommendations of the FSB Task Force on Climate Financial Reporting (TCFD). We use in this analysis a new index measuring the level of compliance of firms with TCFD's recommendations, the Comprehensive Compliance Index (CCI). Using a panel Tobit model, we find that environmentally friendly companies are more compliant with TCFD's recommendations, especially when operating in an industry with high environmental stakes. In addition, media environmental exposure increases the level of compliance of firms with TCFD's recommendations. We also find a strong influence of ownership structure on the CCI as a high shareholder concentration and a high proportion of foreign shareholders decrease the level of compliance with TCFD's recommendations. Overall, our results shed new light on the company's voluntary environmental reporting for regulators seeking to improve financial transparency in relation with climate risks. JEL Classification : G38; Q51; M41; Q56 |
| Keywords: | Comprehensive Compliance Index,Environmental disclosure,TCFD,Compliance,Climate-related financial risk |
| Date: | 2019–06–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02407125&r=all |
| By: | Clauß, Marcus |
| Abstract: | The present report reviews literature from throughout the world on methods and results of bioaerosol investigations in and around agricultural livestock farming and summarises the most important points. The global trend towards intensification and industrialisation of animal production, with regional concentration of livestock facilities and increasing numbers of animals and greater stock densities, has led to an increase in bioaerosol emissions to the environment in certain areas and to increasing concern about health impairment of the population in the vicinity. The main sources of the bioaerosols are the animals and their faeces, the litter and feed. If the particles become airborne, they can be emitted from the stables into the environment. Hundreds of different viruses, bacteria and moulds have been detected in agricultural livestock farming worldwide. The bacterial group of the Staphylococcaceae appears to be most suitable for animal husbandry as a specific indicator or guiding parameter. Bioaerosols can be measured online with particle spectrometers and offline using classical methods, i.e. sampling on site with subsequent evaluation by means of culture-based or molecular biological methods in the laboratory. The classical detection methods are best suited to the complexity of bioaerosols in agricultural livestock farming. The sampling of bioaerosols should be carried out as far as possible using standardised systems that have high physical and biological collection efficiency, in order to ensure comparability of the data. The selection of a suitable collection system should primarily depend on the issue in question. After the bioaerosols have been collected in a sample, evaluation is usually carried out via cultivation and / or various biochemical and molecular biological methods. Especially the latter, in combination with the classical culture-based methods, enable a detailed insight into the composition of bioaerosols. However, further standardisation of the methods for bioaerosols is necessary here. Endotoxins, on the other hand, are predominantly detected using the LAL test, although this test remains relatively susceptible to disturbances. Most data on bioaerosol measurements in agricultural livestock farming available for this review are from the USA and Germany. Here, the concentrations of bacteria, moulds and endotoxins were measured in the stalls of pigs, cattle and chickens. The highest concentrations of airborne bacteria were found in stalls for chickens, followed by turkeys, ducks, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, horses and rabbits, with the different husbandry and production stages having a significant influence. Emission factors published for airborne microorganisms also differ in part considerably depending on the animal species and the type of keeping, also as a result of different sampling conditions, collection methods and different methods for determination of the concentrations. The concentrations of the airborne bacteria in livestock during the day and night can deviate by a factor of ten. The deviation may further increase by a factor of 1000 if emission factors are calculated on the basis of the specific volumetric flow rates. This must be taken into account in the calculation of annual average values of emission factors. During transportation, i.e. the transport of bioaerosols via the air, the microorganisms are largely exposed to wind and weather. The extent to which they are carried is primarily dependent on two parameters: the tenacity, i.e. the ability to survive the airborne condition, and the size and composition of the bioaerosol particles, i.e. how quickly they sediment. How long microorganisms are viable in the air is dependent on very many factors and, due to the relatively unsuitable test systems used in the past, this aspect has not been studied sufficiently. Regarding particle size, most of the airborne microorganisms found in livestock farming have a significantly larger particle size or mass fraction than would be expected from the size of the individual cells of the organisms. 30% to 70% of the bacteria can be found in mass fractions larger than PM10, whereby the distribution of the different bioaerosol components can vary considerably and is not uniformly correlated with the distribution of the dust fractions. The immission concentrations of bioaerosols exponentially decrease with the distance from the emission source, mainly depending on the particle size and meteorological conditions. Instead of carrying out complex measurements, the spread of bioaerosols can also be simulated with computer models. Up to now, however, these models have often overestimated the emissions, since night reduction, particle size distributions and death rates of the microorganisms are still not taken into account. From hundreds of publications, it has long been known that bioaerosols, probably interacting synergistically with other air pollutants, have a negative impact on the health of people who work in animal stalls and also on that of the animals. No dose / effect relationship has been established so far. To date there has been no clear statement as to the possible danger to residents living in the vicinity of livestock farms. Therefore, no general limit values have been formulated for bioaerosols, above which a detrimental effect on health is to be expected, except to a certain extent for endotoxins. Instead, an environmental assessment of individual cases usually takes place as a precautionary principle. A number of precautionary measures are available to reduce bioaerosol emissions. Thanks to good stall management and a hygiene concept supported by technical solutions, e.g. exhaust air cleaning, a significant reduction of bioaerosols originating from livestock husbandry of well over 90% can be achieved. It remains to be seen whether a dose/response relationship for bioaerosols or at least a valid environmental medical assessment of the emissions will be possible in the future. Until then, in the medium term, the indicator organisms and guiding parameters for bioaerosols from livestock husbandry should be (re)considered and viruses should be included. This comprises the validation and further development of high-volume collectors for bioaerosols. In the case of dispersion modelling, the particle size distributions of the microorganisms and the different levels of emissions between day and night must be considered for the short term. This also applies to tenacity, where new measurement systems are needed in order to obtain meaningful data. It should also be a medium-term goal to reduce bioaerosol concentrations already in the stalls. Concepts for adapted exhaust air cleaning systems are available for this purpose, which, together with further measures, can lead to a reduction of 90% to 99%. There is still a lot to do. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:301142&r=all |
| By: | Clauß, Marcus |
| Abstract: | The global trend towards intensification and industrialization of animal production with regional concentration of livestock plants and increasing numbers of animals and stockpiles leads to a raise in bioaerosol emissions to the environment in certain areas and to an increasing concern about health impairment of the population in the vicinity. The essential sources of the bioaerosols are the animals and their faeces, the litter and the feed. The particles from there get into the airborne state and emit from the stables also into the environment. Hundreds of different viruses, bacteria and mold fungi have been detected worldwide in agricultural livestock farming. The bacterium group of the Staphylococcaceae appears to be most suitable for animal husbandry as a specific indicator or guiding parameter. Bioaerosols can be measured online with particle spectrometers and offline using classical methods, i. e. sampling on site with subsequent evaluation by means of culture-based or molecular biological methods in the laboratory. The classical detection methods are best suited to the complexity of bioaerosols in agricultural livestock farming. The sampling of bioaerosols should be carried out as far as possible using standardized systems which have high physical and biological collection efficiency in order to ensure comparability of the data. The selection of the collection system should always depend on the question primarily. After the bioaerosols have been collected in a sample, the evaluation is usually carried out via cultivation and / or various biochemical and molecular biological methods. Especially the latter allow, in combination with the classical culture-based methods, for a detailed insight into the composition of bioaerosols. But here a further standardization of the methods for bioaerosols is necessary. Endotoxins, on the other hand, are predominantly detected by the LAL test, which, however, is still very susceptible to disturbances. Most data on bioaerosol measurements in agricultural livestock farming available for this review are from the USA and Germany. Here, the concentrations of bacteria, molds and endotoxins were measured in the stables of pigs, cattle and chickens. The highest concentrations of airborne bacteria were found in stables for chickens, followed by turkeys, ducks, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, horses and rabbits, with the different husbandry and production stages having a significant influence. In the emission of the stables, the published emission factors for airborne microorganisms differ considerably for the animal species and part of the keeping system, also by the different sampling conditions, collection methods and different methods for the determination of the concentrations. The concentrations of the airborne bacteria in livestock during the day and night can deviate by a factor of ten. The deviation may further increase to a factor of 1000 if emission factors are calculated on the basis of the specific volumetric flow rates. This must be taken into account in the calculation of annual average values of emission factors. During transportation, i. e. the transport of bioaerosols via the air, the micro-organisms are largely exposed to wind and weather. The extent to which they are carried is primarily dependent on two parameters: the tenacity, i. e. the ability to survive the airborne condition, and the size and composition of the bioaerosol particles, i. e. how quickly they sediment. How long microorganisms are viable in the air is depending on very many factors and, due to the previously used test systems, only insufficiently studied. Regarding the particle size, most of the air-borne microorganisms are found in the agricultural livestock farming in significantly larger particle size or mass fractions than the size of the individual cells of the organisms can be assumed. 30% to 70% of the bacteria can be found in mass fractions larger than PM10 though, where the distribution of the different bioaerosol components can be very different and not uniformly correlated with the distribution of the dust fractions. The immission concentrations of bioaerosols exponentially decrease with the distance to the emission source, mainly depending on the particle size and meteorological conditions. Instead of carrying out complex measurements, the spread of bioaerosols can also be simulated with computer models. Up to now, however, the models have often surpassed the emissions, since night reduction, particle size distributions and abortions are still not taken into account. From hundreds of publications, it has been known for a long time that bioaerosols probably interact synergistically with other air pollutants on livestock breeders' health, of the staff working there and also the animals. No dose / effect relationship has been established so far. To date there has been no clear statement as to the possible danger to the inhabitants of animal husbandry. Therefore, no general limit values are formulated for bioaerosols, except for a certain extent for endotoxins, which can be expected to have a detrimental effect on health. Instead, an environmental assessment of individual cases usually takes place from the precautionary principle. A number of measures are available to reduce the bio-aerosol emissions as a precaution. Thanks to a good stable management and hygienic concept supported by technical solutions, for example, the exhaust air purification, a significant reduction of livestock husbandry originating bioaerosols of well over 90% can be achieved. Whether in the future the derivation of a dose / response relationship for bioaerosols or at least a valid environmental medical assessment of the emissions is possible remains to be seen. Until then, in the medium term, the indicator organisms and guiding parameters for bioaerosols from livestock husbandry should be (re)considered and viruses should be included. This comprises the validation and further development of high-volume collectors for bioaerosols. In the case of dispersion modelling, the particle size distributions of the microorganisms and the different levels of emissions between day and night must be considered for the short term. This also applies to the tenacity, where new measurement systems are needed in order to obtain meaningful data. It should also be a medium-term goal to reduce the bio-aerosol concentrations already in the stable. Concepts for adapted exhaust air purification plants are available for this purpose, which together with further measures can lead to a reduction of 90% to 99%. There still is a lot to do. |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness |
| Date: | 2020–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:301141&r=all |
| By: | Butt, Ali A.; Harvey, John T.; Kendall, Alissa; Li, Hui; Zhu, Yuxin |
| Abstract: | Streets, sidewalks, parking areas, plazas, and other paved surfaces cover large portions of urban areas. These urban hardscapes contribute significantly to cities’ resource consumption. Although urban hardscapes enable people and goods to move freely, they also have profound impacts on cities’ water, air quality, energy, and material use. Reducing the environmental impacts of hardscapes will be an important component of making cities more sustainable. The necessary first step is to quantify those impacts. UC Davis and Tongji University researchers developed a methodology that combines urban metabolism and life cycle assessment to examine the life cycle impacts of hardscapes at the urban scale rather than at the product or project scale. Urban metabolism (UM) is a method that accounts for the flow of resources such as energy, materials, and water into an urban area, their processing and consumption within the urban area, and their subsequent flows out of the area. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a quantitative environmental assessment method that considers the total supply chain and life cycle impacts of a product or system from “cradle to grave.” View the NCST Project Webpage |
| Keywords: | Engineering, Building materials, Built environment, Environmental monitoring, Life cycle analysis, Metabolism, Paving materials, Precipitation (Meteorology), Runoff, Urban areas |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt21v3q7vs&r=all |
| By: | Koo, Jawoo; Thurlow, James; ElDidi, Hagar; Ringler, Claudia; De Pinto, Alessandro |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia has made consistent progress in improving development indicators, but vulnerability to extreme weather events is a continuing concern, especially for people reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods. The 2015/16 El Niño event caused both a severe drought and flooding, which highlighted the remarkable improvements in the country’s resilience and the remaining challenges in ensuring that everyone “bounces back†relatively quickly from adverse climatic shocks. Given the links between climate change, cyclical droughts, and poverty, and the high cost of emergency humanitarian assistance, the Government of Ethiopia and development partners decided to review the country’s resilience programming and identify opportunities and challenges to building greater resilience into the agricultural system. This work included three components: a review of the literature and government programs on resilience in Ethiopia; key informant interviews in several regions of the country; and quantitative crop modeling and economywide analyses to inform resilience programming. |
| Keywords: | ETHIOPIA; EAST AFRICA; AFRICA SOUTH OF SAHARA; AFRICA; resilience; climate change; climate change adaptation; agricultural sector; development programs; climate shocks |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:fprepo:9780896293595&r=all |
| By: | Jayasundara, JMSB; Rajapakshe, PSK; Prasanna, RPIR; Naradda Gamage, Sisira Kumara; Ekanayake, EMS; Abeyrathne, GAKNJ |
| Abstract: | The term sustainability in the context of the business world refers to the ability of a company to survive and succeed in a dynamic, competitive, and challenging business environment. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) must adapt to the changing environment and take appropriate measures to mitigate the change. To strike a balance between the triple bottom line – people, planet, and profit - by SMEs, reducing pollution and resource degradation, in the long run, is necessary. It is, therefore, required to understand the nature of challenges posed by the changing environment to the sustainability of SMEs. According to the existing literature, the challenges to sustainability include the ability to deal with economic and social change, engage in responsible and ethical business practices, efficient use of natural resources and protecting the environment, provide high-quality products and services, and develop metrics to determine if the company is meeting stakeholder needs. With this background, a systematic literature review was carried out to explore the insights of the existing knowledge on the nature of environmental sustainability challenges to small and medium enterprises and its management, particularly in the Asian context. Relevant papers were selected, followed by rigorous and extensive web searching based on the standard filtering approaches, and the sustainability challenges and their dynamic interactions in the context of SMEs are broadly discussed. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability challenges, Efficiency, Environmental protection, Socio-economic changes, Ethical business, Stakeholder needs |
| JEL: | M2 |
| Date: | 2019–01–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98418&r=all |
| By: | Samira Demaria (GREDEG - Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion - UNS - Université Nice Sophia Antipolis - UCA - Université Côte d'Azur - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sandra Rigot (CEPN - Centre d'Economie de l'Université Paris Nord - UP13 - Université Paris 13 - USPC - Université Sorbonne Paris Cité - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Sylvain Borie |
| Abstract: | Climate change is introducing greater risk and uncertainty into the economy and financial system. Despite wide acceptance of the need to reduce emissions, information failures limit understanding of the financial risks. As a result, the Financial Stability Board is pushing for greater disclosure via an international initiative: the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD). Based on content analysis of firms' reference documents over 2015-2017, this article examines CAC 40 firms' compliance with the recommendations of TCFD by building a new index (Comprehensive Compliance Index-CCI) to measure the disclosure of environmental information. Our results highlight a gradual improvement in environmental disclosure by CAC 40 companies over the three years. CCI levels were relatively satisfactory in 2015 and 2016 to the extent that the TCFD report had not yet been published, but it masks discrepancies. Sectors with high environmental impact have higher index scores than low impact sectors. In 2017, CAC 40 companies communicated the most in the areas of risk management, metrics and governance, far ahead of strategy, and there was an improvement in the environmental disclosure in each area. Finally, our content analysis allows us to develop a matrix of climate risks and opportunities per sector. JEL: M40, M14 |
| Keywords: | Environmental disclosures,CSR reporting,climate-related risk,TCFD recommendations 2 |
| Date: | 2019–05–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-02407136&r=all |
| By: | Windey, Catherine |
| Abstract: | Inspired by Science and Technology Studies and using findings from a multi-level field research in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), this paper analyses the construction and use of controlling geospatial-driven narratives and seemingly neutral cartographic representations of Congolese forests for producing green economic landscapes under REDD+ process. I first show how simplified satellite-based maps, in a messy socio-political context, perform as neutral actants for identifying culprits and assigning blame, leading to a uniform ‘national consensus’ on community-induced threats to nature while letting industrial extraction off the hook. This understanding says very little about socio-political and power relations that shape forest use and change, and virtually ignores local knowledge, thinking and living models. Local communities’ subjectivities and livelihoods are carefully framed into homogeneous ‘poor unproductive but harmful shifting cultivators’, a figure rooted in colonial discourses which permeates people’s imaginaries of forests and of what is possible, plausible and desirable. Despite purported inclusive REDD+ strategies, this framing legitimizes geospatial control over local socio-spatial practices and the production of a monoculture of productivity and bounded rationalized space, materialized in the privately-held and extractive plantation or concession to the detriment of communities’ sovereignty. This model, I show, produces standardized subjectivities of the ‘socially responsible green company’ and the ‘enviropreneurial commodity petty producer/labourer’ integrated in international markets, leaving social and environmental injustices totally unaddressed. My findings emphasize the interlinkages between epistemic and material dispossession and shed light on ongoing processes of slow violence that have long term socio-ecological consequences. |
| Keywords: | Congo; DRC; REDD+; environmental justice |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iob:dpaper:202001&r=all |
| By: | Chen, Xi (Yale University); Tan, Chih Ming (University of North Dakota); Zhang, Xiaobo (Peking University); Zhang, Xin (Beijing Normal University) |
| Abstract: | This paper investigates the effects of prenatal exposure to extreme temperatures on birth outcomes – specifically, the log of birth weight and an indicator for low birth weight – using a nationally representative dataset in rural China. During the span of our data (i.e., 1991–2000), indoor air-conditioning was not widely available and migration was limited, allowing us to address identification issues endemic in the climate change literature related to adaptation and location sorting. We find substantial heterogeneity in the effects of extreme temperature exposure on birth outcomes. In particular, prenatal exposure to heat waves has stronger negative effects than exposure to cold spells on survivors. |
| Keywords: | climate change, cold weather, heat waves, birth weight, low birth weight, China |
| JEL: | I15 Q54 Q51 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:iza:izadps:dp12917&r=all |
| By: | Pajaron, Marjorie C.; Vasquez, Glacer Niño A. |
| Abstract: | The growing literature on environmental migration presents conflicting results. While some find that natural disasters induce international migration, others discover a dampening effect. We aim to reconcile these differences by using a comprehensive list of weather shocks from the Philippines, a country prone to natural disasters and a major exporter of labor. We constructed a longitudinal provincial dataset (2005–2015) from an assemblage of administrative and survey datasets and tested linear, quadratic, and lagged models. Our fixed-effects results are consistent with both strands in the literature with caveats. First, Filipinos are more likely to work abroad when they experience less-intense tropical cyclones and storm warning signal but are more likely to stay with a more damaging storm warning signal. Second, differential effects of weather shocks on international migration contingent on agriculture exists. Third, non-environmental factors such as economic (unemployment rate) and infrastructure (number of high schools) also push Filipinos abroad. |
| Keywords: | Migration,Natural Disaster,Panel Dataset,Agriculture,OFWs |
| JEL: | C33 C36 F22 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:glodps:460&r=all |
| By: | Ghislaine Lang; Bruno Lanz |
| Abstract: | In the absence of a global carbon price, many individual countries set up policies to incentivize specific abatement interventions. In turn, minimizing compliance cost requires policy-makers to identify interventions that are worth pursuing. With this in mind, the objective of this paper is to document heterogeneity in the price of carbon implicitly associated with a range of interventions to improve buildings' energy efficiency. We use data for a portfolio of 548 multi-unit buildings observed over 16 years, representing 12,820 rental units, and quantify the impacts of more than 400 energy efficiency interventions among 240 treated buildings. We exploit variation in the timing of investments to provide evidence that treated and control buildings follow the same trend in the absence of energy efficiency investments, and use staggered difference-in-differences regressions to document building-level energy savings, CO2 abatement, and heating expenditure reductions. Our results indicate significant heterogeneity in energy savings across interventions, and suggest that the implicit price of carbon associated with frequently subsidized measures (such as wall insulation and windows replacement) is well in excess of available benefit estimates for avoided emissions. |
| Keywords: | Regulation; climate policy; implicit carbon price; energy efficiency investments; energy savings; staggered design. |
| JEL: | H21 H23 Q41 Q49 Q58 R31 |
| Date: | 2020–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:irn:wpaper:20-03&r=all |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Hans E. Andersen (Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University); Gite Blicher-Mathiasen (Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University; Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Wiktor Budziński (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Katarina Elofsson (Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University); Jan Hagemejer (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Berit Hasler (Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University); Christoph Humborg (Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University); James C. R. Smart (Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University); Erik Smedberg (Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University); Per Stålnacke (Department of Water Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research); Hans Thodsen (Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University); Adam Wąs (Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Economic Sciences); Maciej Wilamowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Tomasz Żylicz (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Nick Hanley (Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Institute of Biodiversity) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we investigate the potential gains in cost-effectiveness from changing the spatial scale at which nutrient reduction targets are set for the Baltic Sea, focusing on nutrient loadings associated with agriculture. Costs of achieving loadings reductions are compared across five levels of spatial scale, namely the entire Baltic Sea; the marine basin level; the country level; the watershed level; and the grid square level. A novel highly disaggregated model, which represents decreases in agricultural profits, changes in root zone N concentrations and transport to the Baltic Sea is proposed, and is then used to estimate the gains in cost-effectiveness from changing the spatial scale of nutrient reduction targets. The model includes 14 Baltic Sea marine basins, 14 countries, 117 watersheds and 19,023 10-by-10 km grid squares. A range of policy options are identified which approach the cost-effective reductions in N loadings identified by the constrained optimization model. We argue that our results have important implications for both domestic and international policy design for achieving water quality improvements where non-point pollution is a key stressor of water quality. |
| Keywords: | cost-effectiveness, nutrient pollution, agricultural run-off, Baltic Sea, eutrophication |
| JEL: | Q52 Q53 Q18 Q25 F53 R52 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2020-02&r=all |
| By: | G. Cornelis van Kooten |
| Keywords: | climate, agriculture, global warming, wildfire, emissions, agricultural policies |
| JEL: | Q18 Q54 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rep:wpaper:2020-01&r=all |
| By: | Inmaculada MARTíNEZ-ZARZOSO; Thais NUNEZ-ROCHA |
| Keywords: | , Environmental outcomes, international trade, environmental- regulation, international environmental agreements, legislation, treaties, log-linear and simultaneity. |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:leo:wpaper:2734&r=all |
| By: | Lesly Cassin (Université Paris Nanterre) |
| Abstract: | This work analyses the interaction between demographic features and environmental constraints in the Caribbean Small Island Developing States. More specifically, it aims to clarify the impact of migration in the presence of pollution. To do so, an Intergenerational model is developed to reproduce the characteristics of these countries, which are highly dependent on migration gains such as brain gain or remittances. Moreover, production emits pollution that hinders the accumulation of human capital. Two cases emerge from the analysis, in the first an environmental policy is sufficient to correct the externality and in this case migration implies the same mechanisms as in the case without pollution. In the second case, if pollution emissions are high relative to the effectiveness of environmental policy, migration leads to an increase in per capita output and human capital. This only happens if the emigration rate is already high, because it leads to a reduction in demographic pressure on the environment. |
| Keywords: | Pollution, Development, Caribbean Islands, Migration, Remittances |
| JEL: | Q01 Q56 J24 F24 F22 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2020.03&r=all |
| By: | Sambracos, Evangelos; Polydoropoulou, Amalia; Maniati, Marina; Ramfou, Irene |
| Abstract: | Green transport policies, especially in insular areas, have to account for the unique characteristics and growth prospects with respect both to tourism development and travel behavior of residents. This paper evaluates the impact of green transport policies, moving one step further in research by rating the proposed policies in terms of their effectiveness in achieving a wide variety of economic, social, environmental, and other public policy goals (sustainability). Under this scope, the approach developed is based mainly on two decision methods that is the cost-benefit and multicriteria analysis, using data derived from stated preference surveys on residents and tourists as well as observations of actual choices. Thus, alternative policies are given qualitative ratings, and the weights derived from preference surveys on policymakers are applied to calculate a composite total score for each alternative. Based on this information, an advanced decision-making model for policymakers is developed for evaluating the socio-economic impact of foreseen green transport policies in islands taking into account their unique characteristics. |
| Keywords: | Cost Benefit Analysis, Multicriteria analysis, transport policy, socio-economic evaluation |
| JEL: | D61 R41 R48 |
| Date: | 2019–10–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98356&r=all |
| By: | Li, Yuanzhe |
| Abstract: | Biofuels have been promoted by governmental policies for reducing fossil fuel dependency and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as facilitating regional economic growth. Comprehensive model analysis is needed to assess the economic and environmental impacts of developing bioenergy production systems. For cellulosic biofuel production and supply in particular, existing studies have not accounted for the inter-dependencies between multiple participating decision makers and simultaneously incorporated uncertainties and risks associated with the linked production systems. This dissertation presents a methodology that incorporates uncertainty element to the existing integrated modeling framework specifically designed for advanced biofuel production systems using dedicated energy crops as feedstock resources. The goal of the framework is to support the bioenergy industry for infrastructure and supply chain development. The framework is flexible to adapt to different topological network structures and decision scopes based on the modeling requirements, such as on capturing the interactions between the agricultural production system and the multi-refinery bioenergy supply chain system with regards to land allocation and crop adoption patterns, which is critical for estimating feedstock supply potentials for the bioenergy industry. The methodology is also particularly designed to incorporate system uncertainties by using stochastic programming models to improve the resilience of the optimized system design. The framework is used to construct model analyses in two case studies. The results of the California biomass supply model estimate that feedstock pretreatment via combined torrefaction and pelletization reduces delivered and transportation cost for long-distance biomass shipment by 5% and 15% respectively. The Pacific Northwest hardwood biofuels application integrates full-scaled supply chain infrastructure optimization with agricultural economic modeling and estimates that bio-jet fuels can be produced at costs between 4 to 5 dollars per gallon, and identifies areas suitable for simultaneously deploying a set of biorefineries using adopted poplar as the dedicated energy crop to produce biomass feedstocks. This application specifically incorporates system uncertainties in the crop market and provides an optimal system design solution with over 17% improvement in expected total profit compared to its corresponding deterministic model. |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2019–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsdav:qt1539g5sj&r=all |
| By: | Mohamed Taher Srairi (IAV - Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II); Vincent Chatellier (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Christian Corniaux (UMR SELMET, PPZS - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Bernard Faye (Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement); Claire Aubron (UMR SELMET - Systèmes d'élevage méditerranéens et tropicaux - Montpellier SupAgro - Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier - Montpellier SupAgro - Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques - Cirad - Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Nathalie Hostiou (METAFORT - Mutations des activités des espaces et des formes d'organisation dans les territoires ruraux - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AgroParisTech - VAS - VetAgro Sup - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement); Alejandra Safa (Food and Agriculture Organization); Said Bouhallab (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Sylvie Lortal (STLO - Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST) |
| Abstract: | The dairy sector occupies an important place worldwide, in terms of contribution to agricultural land use, jobs and wealth creation. Dairy production results from varied production models from one country to another and is based on animal species with different characteristics. It has increased dramatically in recent decades. The future development of milk production is subject to various constraints that question the best ways of achieving sustainability. In this context, the first part of this article presents the dynamics of the dairy sector in terms of consumption and production in various major geographical areas. The second part deals with the sustainability of the dairy sector, mainly in developing countries, through a selection of three themes: i- the social dimension (often forgotten) and the need to mainstream gender issues; ii- the sustainable use of water resources in Morocco and India, chosen to illustrate two contrasting situations; iii- biodiversity and the essential contribution of non-bovine milks to local development. The third part recalls that international trade exchanges make it possible for many countries with a deficit in milk to meet domestic demand. |
| Abstract: | La filière laitière occupe une place importante à l'échelle mondiale, en termes de contribution à l'occupation des surfaces agricoles, aux emplois et à la création de richesse. La production laitière, qui résulte de modèles productifs très variés d'un pays à l'autre et qui relève d'espèces animales aux caractéristiques différentes, a considérablement augmenté au cours des dernières décennies. Le développement futur de la production laitière est soumis à différentes contraintes qui interrogent sur les voies à privilégier dans une optique de durabilité. Dans ce cadre, la première partie de cet article présente la dynamique du secteur laitier, en termes de consommation et de production, et ce, pour différentes grandes zones géographiques ; la seconde traite de la durabilité du secteur laitier, principalement dans les pays en développement, au travers d'une sélection de trois thèmes : la dimension sociale (souvent oubliée) et la nécessité d'intégrer les questions de genre ; l'usage durable des ressources hydriques en l'illustrant au travers de deux situations contrastées, celle du Maroc et de l'Inde ; la biodiversité et l'importance de la contribution des laits non bovins au développement local. La troisième partie rappelle que les échanges internationaux permettent, pour de nombreux pays déficitaires en lait, de satisfaire la demande intérieure. |
| Keywords: | modèle productif,milk production,dairy sector,durability,developing countries,productive model,water resource,international exchange,sustainability,under-developed nations,production laitière,secteur laitier,durabilité,pays en voie de développement,échange international,ressource hydrique |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02423294&r=all |
| By: | Bigelow, Daniel; Claassen, Roger; Hellerstein, Daniel; Breneman, Vince; Williams, Ryan; You, Chengxia |
| Keywords: | Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–01–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uersib:301138&r=all |
| By: | Isermeyer, Folkhard; Heidecke, Claudia; Osterburg, Bernhard |
| Abstract: | In diesem Arbeitspapier untersuchen wir, ob eine Einbeziehung des Agrarsektors in die CO2-Bepreisung möglich und sinnvoll wäre. Die CO2-Bepreisung wird in Europa bereits seit Jahren praktiziert. Im EU-Emissionshandels-system (ETS) werden Emissionen von ca. 12.000 Großanlagen der Energiewirtschaft und der energieintensiven Industrie reguliert, außerdem die Emissionen des innereuropäischen Luftver-kehrs. Das ETS umfasst damit fast die Hälfte der Treibhausgasemissionen Europas. Die politisch festgelegten Einsparungsziele werden im ETS-Bereich erreicht (wenngleich unter Mitwirkung verschiedener anderer klimapolitischer Instrumente), während sie im non-ETS-Bereich bisher verfehlt werden. Die deutsche Bundesregierung hat nun im Herbst 2019 ein Klimaschutzgesetz vorgelegt, das ein umfangreiches Maßnahmenbündel vorsieht. Zu den wichtigsten Maßnahmen gehört hierbei die Einbeziehung der fossilen Heiz- und Kraftstoffe in den Emissionshandel. Zwar wird hierfür zu-nächst nur ein Handelssystem auf nationaler Basis vorgesehen, und in der Startphase sollen die CO2-Preise niedrig gehalten werden. Die langfristige Wirkung dieses Systemwechsels kann jedoch erheblich sein: Demnächst werden ca. 85 Prozent der Treibhausgasemissionen Deutschlands in den Emissionshandel einbezogen sein, so dass hier die Emissionsmengen entlang eines einmal beschlossenen Minderungspfades schrittweise reduziert werden können, ohne dass die Politik hierfür ständig neue Beschlüsse erkämpfen muss. Im Emissionshandel fehlen dann neben bestimmten Emissionen aus Industrieprozessen im We-sentlichen noch die Bereiche Landwirtschaft und Landnutzung. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es das Ziel des vorliegenden Arbeitsberichts, umfassend zu prüfen, ob nicht auch diese Bereiche einbe-zogen werden könnten. Zunächst zeigen wir auf Basis ökonomischer Theorie und politischer Erfahrung, worin die Vorteile der CO2-Bepreisung im Vergleich zu anderen klimapolitischen Optionen bestehen: (1) Die Emissi-onsminderungsziele werden entlang des politisch festgelegten Einsparungspfades erreicht. (2) Alle Unternehmen und alle Verbraucher werden über die Preise mit Knappheitssignalen ver-sorgt, so dass auch alle Menschen ständig am „Minderungs- und Innovationswettbewerb“ teil-nehmen. (3) Die Emissionsminderungen finden im Endeffekt dort statt, wo sie die geringsten volkswirtschaftlichen Kosten verursachen. (4) Das System basiert auf marktwirtschaftlichen Prin-zipien, ist somit besonders gut anschlussfähig für eine weltweit abgestimmte Klimaschutzpolitik... |
| Keywords: | Agribusiness, Environmental Economics and Policy |
| Date: | 2020–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:jhimwp:301140&r=all |
| By: | Marianne Lefebvre (GRANEM IUT Université d'Angers); Pauline Laille (Plante&Cité); Masha Maslianskaia-Pautrel (GRANEM Université d'Angers) |
| Abstract: | To comply with the pesticide ban in effect in French urban green spaces (UGSs), managers have to modify their practices and organize the transition towards pesticide-free UGSs. Understanding citizens' preferences for UGSs whose characteristics are modified by the pesticide ban is a useful complement to technical research on alternatives to pesticides. We rely on a Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE) ran on-line on a representative sample of the French population to analyze preferences towards characteristics of direct interest for the users (visual aspect, recreational opportunities and information campaign on pesticide-free UGSs), as well as less visible characteristics such as the fauna abundance, the working conditions or the budget dedicated to the maintenance of such areas. We find that all chosen attributes have a significant impact on respondents' choice of UGS option. The results show the importance of accounting for participants' heterogeneity. All citizens largely devalue options with a major increase in budget. But preferences towards other attributes are shapped by visit frequency to UGSs. The natural visual aspect is prefered by most users compares to the controlled aspect, but it is even more true for frequent visitors. Visit frequency affects in particular preferences towards fauna abundance (only valued by those who frequently visit UGSs), information campaign (only valued by those who do not frequently visit UGSs) and budget dedicated to UGSs (accepted by frequent visitors, but only if it remains limited). |
| Keywords: | Discrete choice experiment, Urban green spaces, Pesticides, Individual preferences, France |
| JEL: | Q24 Q26 C25 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2020.02&r=all |
| By: | Bachev, Hrabrin; Ivanov, Bojidar; Mitova, Dilyana; Boevski, Ivan; Marinov, Petar; Todorova, Kristina; Mitov, Anton |
| Abstract: | This study adapt a holistic interdisciplinary framework for analysis, assessment and improvement of the system of governance of agro-ecosystem services. A review is made on development of research on this "new" issue. Agroecosytems services and defined and classified. The management of agro-ecosystem services is defined, and principles modes of mechanisms affecting behaviours of agrarian and non-agrarian agents (institutional environment, market, private, collective, public and hybrid forms) characterised. Multiple personal, economic, political, international, natural, etc. factors for governing choice are identified. The stages for improvement of the governance of agro-ecosystem services are characterised. A framework for assessment of agro-ecosystem services is presented. Importance of organic agriculture as a major form of ecosystem management is analysed.Direction of application of client value in economic analysis are specified. An approach for analysing greed cities as a new perspective form for ecosystem services management is worked out. Multiple assessment of environmental pressure of agriculture in Bulgaria and analysed. |
| Keywords: | gro-ecosystem services, governance, assessment, Bulgaria |
| JEL: | Q1 Q12 Q13 Q15 Q18 Q2 Q3 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98408&r=all |
| By: | Costa, Francisco J M (FGV EPGE Brazilian School of Economics and Finance); Forge, Fabien; Garred, Jason; Pessoa, João Paulo |
| Abstract: | This paper uses a multi-run climate projection model to examine the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of agricultural outcomes in India. Extreme weather draws resulting in low revenues (1-in-100-year events) are projected to become the norm, increasing by 53 to 88 percentage points by the end of the 21st century. As a result, Indian farmers will face a 16% to 33% decline in mean revenue over the course of the century, presenting a more urgent problem than changes in yield variability. Analysis using a structural general equilibrium model suggests consequences of a similar magnitude for welfare. |
| Date: | 2020–01–29 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:yxzfu&r=all |
| By: | Alex Dickson (Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, G4 0QU.); Ian A. MacKenzie (School of Economics, University of Queensland; http://www.uq.edu.au/economics/) |
| Abstract: | This article investigates the cost effectiveness of cap-and-trade markets in the presence of both political and market distortions. We create a model where dominant firms have the ability to rent seek for a share of pollution permits as well as influence the market equilibrium with their choice of permit exchange because of market power. We derive the subgame-perfect equilibrium and show the interaction of these two distortions has consequences for the resulting allocative efficiency of the market. We find that if the dominant rent-seeking firms are all permit buyers (or a composition of buyers and sellers) then allocative efficiency is improved relative to the case without rent seeking; by contrast, if the dominant rent-seeking firms are all permit sellers then allocative efficiency reduces. |
| Keywords: | Pollution market, Market power, rent seeking. |
| JEL: | D43 D72 Q58 |
| Date: | 2020–01–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:qld:uq2004:615&r=all |
| By: | Meijaard, Erik; Abrams, Jesse Frank (University of Exeter); Juffe-Bignoli, Diego; Voigt, Maria; Sheil, Douglas |
| Abstract: | Consumption has consequences, and conscientious consumers increasingly seek sound guidance to reduce their impact. Objective guidance is, however, rarely available. A case in point is coconut production which is generally considered to have low environmental impact. We demonstrate that for one impact measure of all major oil crops —threatened species per volume produced —coconut, together with maize, affect far more species than all other major oil crops, including palm oil. Our analysis indicates that the public discourse about crop impact is distorted. What ethical consumers need is unbiased information based on transparent and objective measures that address multiple concerns, costs and impacts, and allow fair comparisons between products. |
| Date: | 2020–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:osf:socarx:du5tp&r=all |
| By: | Karen Dayanna Barrios Castiblanco (UDI - Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo); Liana Jhoen Castro Mantilla (UDI - Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo); Víctor Manuel Méndez Márquez (UDI - Universidad de Investigación y Desarrollo) |
| Abstract: | The present study seeks to measure the influence of a poultry company carrying out business environmental responsibility practices with respect to the consumer's purchase intention. From this it is sought to identify if the population is influenced by the environmental issue when acquiring a poultry product. For this, two instruments are taken: the survey and interviews, conducted with former poultry employees located in Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area, since the project is based on consumer opinion and inclinations. Additionally, this tool can not only respond to the objective of the study, since the survey can yield aggregated data that was not directly searched, thus throwing additional information. For the treatment of the data obtained from the instruments, a correlation analysis was carried out to know how dependent certain variables are. It was found that respondents show a positive attitude to environmental care. |
| Abstract: | El presente estudio busca medir la influencia de que una empresa avícola realice prácticas de responsabilidad ambiental empresarial respecto a la intención de compra del consumidor. A partir de esto se busca identificar si la población se ve influenciada por el tema ambiental a la hora de adquirir un producto avícola. Para esto, se toma dos instrumentos: la encuesta y entrevistas, realizadas a ex-empleados de avícolas ubicadas en Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana, ya que el proyecto se basa en la opinión e inclinaciones del consumidor. Adicionalmente esta herramienta no solo puede darle respuesta al objetivo del estudio, ya que la encuesta puede arrojar datos agregados que no fueron directamente buscados, arrojando así información adicional. Para el tratamiento de los datos obtenidos de los instrumentos se realizó un análisis de correlación para saber qué tan dependiente están ciertas variables. Se encontró que las los encuestados muestra una postura positiva al cuidado ambiental. |
| Keywords: | Influence,environmental responsibility,consumer,poultry,Influencia,responsabilidad ambiental,consumidor,avícola |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02411582&r=all |
| By: | Maëlle Tripon (Université de Sherbrooke); Dorothée Boccanfuso (Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique); Marie-Eve Yergeau (Bureau de l’économiste en chef – Affaires Mondiales Canada) |
| Abstract: | Une revue de littérature des typologies de modèles d’agriculture urbaine (AU) et de leurs contextes de mise en place est présentée, ainsi que des besoins de production et des impacts de l’AU. Il décrit tout d’abord les différentes stratégies qui permettent de s’adapter aux spécificités de la géographie urbaine, au contexte local et aux objectifs des agriculteurs : niveau d’intégration aux bâtiments, cultures hors-sols ou dans le sol, taille, nouvelles technologies et régime foncier (légalité de la parcelle). La composition interne des parcelles, et notamment la diversité d’espèces, varie aussi selon le contexte biophysique et la finalité de l’exploitation (agriculture commerciale ou non). Le document s’attarde ensuite sur les limites pouvant impacter la productivité d’une parcelle en AU, particulièrement l’accès limité Ã des sols, de l’eau et de l’air de bonne qualité (non pollués). Certaines solutions peuvent être mises en place : usage de compost, différentes sources d’eau, plantes filtrantes, etc. L’AU peut avoir des impacts négatifs sur les écosystèmes et la santé humaine (pollution, maladies, etc.) mais elle peut aussi permettre des améliorations (réduction des ilots de chaleur, corridors verts, etc.), selon ses méthodes de gestion. Enfin, une analyse SWOT de l’AU est proposée, ainsi qu’une série de recommandations relatives aux modalités de mise en place de l’AU. |
| Keywords: | Agriculture urbaine, impacts environnementaux, typologie agronomique, pratiques de gestion, régime foncier, santé publique. |
| JEL: | D23 K32 I18 O13 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shr:wpaper:20-02&r=all |
| By: | Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - Ecole Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Agnès Tomini (AMSE - Aix-Marseille Sciences Economiques - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AMU - Aix Marseille Université - ECM - Ecole Centrale de Marseille - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) |
| Abstract: | This paper studies a specific class of common-pool resources whereby rivalry is not characterized by competition for the resource stock. Artesian aquifers have been identified as a typical example, since the stock is never depleted, even when part of the resource is extracted. We first propose a dynamic model to account for relevant features of such aquifers-like water pressure, or well yield-and to characterize the corresponding dynamics. We then compare the social optimum and the private exploitation of an open-access aquifer. The comparison of these two equilibria allows us to highlight the existence of a new source of inefficiency. We refer to this as pressure externality. This externality results in the long run in an additional number of wells for the same water consumption, and hence additional costs. Finally, we characterize a specific stock-depend tax to neutralize the pressure externality. JEL Classification: H21, H23, Q15, Q25, C61 |
| Keywords: | common-pool resource,externality,optimal management,public regulation,dynamic optimization |
| Date: | 2019–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02418045&r=all |
| By: | James A. Orr; Richard Deitz; Jaison R. Abel (National Regulatory Research Institute (Ohio State University); Federal Reserve Bank of New York; Ohio State University; Research and Statistics Group; University of Maine); Jason Bram |
| Abstract: | While the full extent of the harm caused by superstorm Sandy is still unknown, it?s clear that the region sustained significant damage and disruption, particularly along the coastal areas of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. As we describe earlier in this series, the economic costs associated with natural disasters are generally thought to arise from the damage and destruction of physical assets and the loss of economic activity. These costs can be substantial, running into the tens of billions, and impose significant stress on the affected communities. In this post, we assess who will ultimately pay the economic costs imposed by the storm. Based on data from recent hurricane events, it is likely that the federal government and private insurance companies will more than cover the aggregate costs. In the short run, though, there may be strains on state and local governments as well as on individuals and businesses as they await reimbursement. |
| Keywords: | disaster relief; superstorm Sandy; natural disasters |
| JEL: | R1 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:86846&r=all |
| By: | Vöpel, Henning |
| Abstract: | Den Klimawandel auf 1,5, höchstens aber 2 Grad Celsius zu beschränken, stellt an die dadurch implizierte CO2-Reduktion sowohl zeitlich als auch mengenmäßig eine dramatische Herausforderung dar: Spätestens bis 2050 müssen die globalen CO2-Emissionen auf nahezu null heruntergebracht werden. Der schnelle Weg in eine klimaneutrale Wirtschaft erfordert einen Umbau nicht allein der Energiewirtschaft, sondern der Wirtschaft insgesamt. |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:hwwipp:n120&r=all |
| By: | Mikołaj Czajkowski (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Michał Bylicki (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Wiktor Budziński (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw); Mateusz Buczyński (Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw) |
| Abstract: | Outdoor advertising produces externalities, such as visual pollution, that have to be considered in cityscape planning. In recent years, opposition to excessive outdoor advertising in Poland has grown, resulting in the enactment of new regulations in 2015: The Landscape Bill. It allows local authorities to limit outdoor advertising in their municipality. We present the results of a stated preference study aimed at estimating the value that people attach to the reductions of outdoor advertising in Warsaw, the capital of Poland. We considered two types of outdoor advertising mediums: free-standing ads and on-building ads, alongside five levels of advertising reduction. We find that inhabitants of Warsaw prefer regulating and limiting the amount of outdoor advertising and we quantify their willingness to pay for such a policy. The most preferred level of free-standing ads was a 75% reduction, for which the people of Warsaw are willing to pay 5.6 million EUR annually in the form of increased prices and rents to compensate owners’ losses. For on-building ads, total ban was the most preferred, valued at 11.3 million EUR per year. Socio-demographic drivers of people’s willingness to pay are explored. Overall, our study demonstrates how stated preference methods can be used for informing urban landscape policies and adds to the ongoing debate surrounding outdoor advertising. |
| Keywords: | Outdoor advertising; public preferences; stated preference methods; discrete choice experiment; willingness to pay |
| JEL: | R52 D12 D62 |
| Date: | 2020 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:war:wpaper:2020-01&r=all |
| By: | Zaveri,Esha Dilip; Russ,Jason Daniel; Desbureaux,Sebastien Gael; Damania,Richard; Rodella,Aude-Sophie; Ribeiro Paiva De Souza,Giovanna |
| Abstract: | The fallout of nitrogen pollution is considered one of the largest global externalities facing the world, impacting air, water, soil, and human health. This paper combines data from the Demographic and Health Survey data set across India, Vietnam, and 33 African countries to analyze the causal links between pollution exposure experienced during the very earliest stages of life and later-life health. The results show that pollution exposure experienced in the critical years of development?from birth until age three?is associated with decreased height as an adult, a well-known indicator of overall health and productivity, and is robust to several statistical checks. Because adult height is related to education, labor productivity, and income, this also implies a loss of earning potential. The analysis begins within an assessment in India, where the data are more available, and is then extended to geographic settings including Vietnam and 33 countries in Africa. The results are consistent and show that early-life exposure to nitrogen pollution in water can lower height-for-age scores during childhood in Vietnam and during infancy in Africa. These findings add to the evidence on the enduring consequences of water pollution and identify a critical area for policy intervention. |
| Date: | 2020–02–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:9143&r=all |
| By: | F. Marta L. Di Lascio (Free University of Bolzano‐Bozen, Faculty of Economics, Italy); Andrea Menapace (Free University of Bolzano‐Bozen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Italy); Maurizio Righetti (Free University of Bolzano‐Bozen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Efficient energy production and distribution systems are urgently needed to reduce world climate change. Since modern district heating systems are sustainable energy distribution services that exploit renewable sources and avoid energy waste, in-depth knowledge of thermal energy demand, which is mainly affected by weather conditions, is essential to enhance heat production schedules. We hence propose a mixture copula-based approach to investigate the complex relationship between meteorological variables, such as outdoor temperature and solar radiation, and thermal energy demand in the district heating system of the Italian city Bozen-Bolzano. We analyse data collected from 2014 to 2017, and estimate copulas after removing serial dependence in each time series using autoregressive integrated moving average models. Due to complex relationships, a mixture of an unstructured Student-t and a flipped Clayton copula is deemed the best model, as it allows differentiating the magnitude of dependence in each tail and exhibiting both heavy-tailed and asymmetric dependence. We derive the conditional copula-based probability function of thermal energy demand given meteorological variables, and provide useful insight on the production management phase of local energy utilities. |
| Keywords: | Conditional probability; Copula function; District heating; Mixture copula; Flipped copula; Thermal energy demand |
| JEL: | C10 C32 P28 |
| Date: | 2020–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bzn:wpaper:bemps68&r=all |
| By: | María Laura Alzúa (CEDLAS-FCE-Universidad Nacional de la Plata – Conicet, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina); Habiba Djebbari (Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, EHESS, Ecole Centrale, AMSE, Marseille, France.); Amy J. Pickering (Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA) |
| Abstract: | Basic sanitation facilities are still lacking in large parts of the developing world, engendering serious environmental health risks. Interventions commonly deliver in-kind or cash subsidies to promote private toilet ownership. In this paper, we assess an intervention that provides information and behavioral incentives to encourage villagers in rural Mali to build and use basic latrines. Using an experimental research design and carefully measured indicators of use, we find a sizeable impact from this intervention: latrine ownership and use almost doubled in intervention villages, and open defecation was reduced by half. Our results partially attribute these effects to increased knowledge about cheap and locally available sanitation solutions. They are also associated with shifts in the social norm governing sanitation. Taken together, our findings, unlike previous evidence from other contexts, suggest that a progressive approach that starts with ending open defecation and targets whole communities at a time can help meet the new Sustainable Development Goal of ending open defecation. |
| Keywords: | sanitation, behavioral change, community-based intervention, social norm |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:aim:wpaimx:1857&r=all |
| By: | Nicolas Cerema (Cerema - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement); Lise Bourdeau-Lepage (EVS - Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, CRGA - Centre de Recherche de Géographie et Aménagement (Lyon 3) - EVS - Environnement Ville Société - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UJML - Université Jean Moulin - Lyon III - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - ENTPE - École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État - Mines Saint-Étienne MSE - École des Mines de Saint-Étienne - IMT - Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] - ENSAL - École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSA Lyon - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon - Université de Lyon - INSA - Institut National des Sciences Appliquées); Marie-Laure Couderc Papaix; Nicolas Furmanek; Sarah Talandier (Cerema - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement) |
| Abstract: | This chapter deals with urban resilience assessment tools. It starts by describing a resilient area as one able to face not only shocks but also stresses and dependency. It then shows the limits of the operational implementation of a Cost-Benefit-Analysis to assess the benefits of resilience actions and the need for an alternative decision-making tool for practitioners. It then outlines an original tool to assess the resilience of an area or public space. It describes the six resilience levers of the tool to encourage resilience momentum. At the end of the chapter, the decision-making tool is implemented to assess the resilience of a planning operation in Lyon, France. The discussion concludes on the role of combined |
| Keywords: | climate change,Cost and benefits Analysis (CBA),Disaster Risk Reduction,Heat island,inclusive approaches,integrated approach,planning operation,urban strategy,Public space,urban planning,resilience JEL Classification: Q51,Q54,Q57 |
| Date: | 2019–10–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02432350&r=all |
| By: | Stéphane Gonzalez (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - Université de Lyon - UJM - Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] - Université de Lyon - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Fatma Rostom (UP1 UFR02 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - UFR d'Économie - UP1 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne, Chaire Energie & Prospérité - ENS Paris - École normale supérieure - Paris - X - École polytechnique - ENSAE ParisTech - École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique - Institut Louis Bachelier) |
| Abstract: | The article explores the implications of natural resource scarcity in terms of global cooperation and trade. We investigate whether there exist stable international long-term agreements that take into account the disparities between countries in terms of geological endowments and productive capacity, while caring about future generations. For that purpose, we build an original cooperative game framework, where countries can form coalitions in order to optimize their discounted consumption stream in the long-run, within the limits of their stock of natural resources. We use the concept of the recursive core that satisfies both coalitional stability and time consistency. We show that this set is nonempty, stating that an international long-term agreement along the optimal path will be self-enforcing. The presented model can be viewed as a tool to refresh the common look at the North-South opposition and sets the conceptual framework for the exploration of a fair sharing of the fruits of global economic growth. |
| Keywords: | Non-renewable natural resources,Cooperative games,Recursive core |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-02430751&r=all |
| By: | Garcia, Arturo; Leal, Mariel; Lee, Sang-Ho |
| Abstract: | This paper considers a multiproduct corporation that adopts consumer-friendly activities and cooperates with single plant firms for improving welfare. Comparing competition and (full or partial) cooperation, we show that full cooperation is socially beneficial if products are strong complements, whereas partial cooperation with a higher consumer-friendly activities is beneficial if products are substitutes. We also examine a sequential choice game of endogenous cooperation in which the multiproduct corporation can induce cooperation and show that our findings are supportive at equilibrium. We finally compare different ownerships of the single plant firms and find that foreign ownership decreases the benefits of cooperation. Therefore, a cooperation with multiproduct corporation should be accompanied with active governmental guideline for promoting consumer friendly activities. |
| Keywords: | consumer-friendly activities; full cooperation; partial cooperation; multiproduct corporation; welfare-improving cooperation; |
| JEL: | D43 L13 L21 L44 |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:98420&r=all |
| By: | Phoebe W. Ishak; Pierre-Guillaume Méon |
| Abstract: | We study the spatial distribution of the effect of oil and gas revenues on Brazilian municipalities, using variations in the international prices of oil and gas to establish causality. Oil and gas revenues increase economic activity, measured by night-time light emissions, in oil-producing municipalities but impose negative spill-overs on neighbouring municipalities. Spill-overs dominate beyond 150 km from oil activities and compensate direct effects in micro-regions. In oil municipalities, oil and gas revenues increase royalties, population, local real prices, crime, and real wages, essentially in manufacturing and services. Spillovers are negative on wages and prices and positive on royalties and crime. |
| Keywords: | Natural resources curse; oil; spill-over effects; Night-time lights; Brazil |
| JEL: | O11 O13 Q32 |
| Date: | 2020–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sol:wpaper:2013/302035&r=all |
| By: | Emmanuelle Quillérou (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Laure Zakrewski (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Katim Touré (Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Agriculture - Université de Thiès, Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Gabriel Sarr (Direction Générale de la Planification et des Politiques Economiques, Dakar, Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Halimatou Sadyane Ba (ISRA - Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar], Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Katia Frangoudes (AMURE - Aménagement des Usages des Ressources et des Espaces marins et littoraux - Centre de droit et d'économie de la mer - IFREMER - Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - UBO - Université de Brest - IUEM - Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer - IRD - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - UBO - Université de Brest - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Talla Gueye (Institut National de Pédologie (INP), Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Samba Sow (Institut National de Pédologie (INP), Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Moussa Sall (ISRA - Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar], Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative); Diaminatou Sanogo (ISRA - Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar], Economics of Land Degradation (ELD) Initiative) |
| Abstract: | Résultats scientifiques clés Le Sénégal est sujet à la dégradation des terres et a mis en place des mesures de réhabilitation qui ont permis son inversion par endroit. Dans un contexte où les terres deviennent de plus en plus rares, avec des empiètements d'un usage qui pénalise nécessairement d'autres usages, il devient important de pouvoir investir de manière judicieuse, efficace et efficiente dans la restauration des terres mais aussi d'avoir des moyens d'arbitrage entre différents usages des terres. Ceci est d'autant plus important au Sahel où la question de la sécurité alimentaire reste primordiale au vu de la forte pression démographique. Quatre cas études ELD ont été établis au Sénégal, afin d'estimer le coût de la dégradation des terres et surtout d'évaluer la viabilité de mesures de restauration des terres des points de vue financier et économique. Il s'agit ici d'appliquer une démarche scientifique pour identifier les mesures de réhabilitation avec un retour suffisant par rapport aux ressources investies (financières, matérielles, humaines et naturelles) et de poser quelques éléments d'arbitrages possibles entre différents usages. Ces quatre cas d'étude ont été choisis de manière à donner un aperçu des différentes situations rencontrées à travers le pays, notamment en termes de dégradation des terres. Les cas d'étude se focalisent sur les zones de Kamb dans la région de Louga (zone à vocation sylvo-pastorale), Mbar Diop dans la région de Thiès (zone reforestée sur une concession minière exploitée), la Forêt classée de Pata dans la région de Kolda en Casamance (sujette à la déforestation), et le village de Daga Birame dans la région de Kaffrine (zone du bassin arachidier). Toutes les zones choisies sont sujettes à une surexploitation des ressources naturelles, d'autant plus forte lorsque ces ressources sont en accès libre, avec des situations typiques de la « Tragédie des Communs » décrite par Garrett Hardin. Les bénéfices retirés des terres ont des formes multiples. Les populations tirent des services écosystémiques d'approvisionnement comme les produits des cultures sur des parcelles agricoles individualisées, du bois énergie, du bois d'œuvre, du bois de service, des matériaux pour l'artisanat, du pâturage aérien et des produits forestiers non ligneux dérivés de parcelles communautaires boisées. Les écosystèmes ont une fonction importante de régulation du climat au niveau local, reconnue par les populations, comme au niveau global en stockant du carbone dans les végétaux et les sols. Des écosystèmes soumis à une moindre dégradation des terres permettent une meilleure régulation des flux de nutriments dans les sols et une amélioration de la disponibilité en eau. Les services écosystémiques culturels issus des terres dans les zones étudiées sont beaucoup plus limités. Ils sont liés aux cérémonies traditionnelles, l'ombrage, et les activités récréatives et d'écotourisme. Les cas d'étude ELD au Sénégal, de par la nature des zones étudiées et leur contexte socio-économique, sont dominés par les services d'approvisionnement dans les zones cultivées et celles sous couvert forestier. La plupart de ces services servent de principaux moyens de subsistance aux populations locales et peu sont à vocation marchande hormis les cultures de rente (arachide, manioc). La dégradation des terres présente plusieurs visages et se matérialise par une réduction du couvert végétal (Kamb, Forêt classée de Pata), une érosion hydrique et éolienne entraînant des pertes de fertilité des sols (Kamb, Forêt classée de Pata, Daga Birame), l'exportation intégrale des produits des terres entraînant des pertes de fertilité des sols (Daga Birame), la perte des terres totale par l'expansion d'une mine à ciel ouvert avec des impacts liés aux émissions de poussière sur les zones voisines (Mbar Diop). La dégradation des terres représente 18 % de la superficie de Kamb et une perte de services écosystémiques représentant 4,67 milliards de FCFA sur 7 ans, soit en moyenne 667 millions FCFA par an et environ 10 fois le budget 2018 de la commune. La perte de ces services pose problème aux populations locales sédentaires, notamment les agriculteurs présents dans la zone sylvo-pastorale. Dans la Forêt classée de Pata, les zones agricoles et d'habitations humaines représentent actuellement 50 % de la surface de la Forêt classée et un manque à gagner de 691 milliers FCFA. Ce manque à gagner pour les éleveurs et forestiers est loin d'être compensé par les avantages tirés par les agriculteurs des cultures qui ont remplacé le couvert forestier : le coût de la dégradation de la forêt (manque à gagner) est supérieur au coût d'opportunité du maintien du couvert forestier (revenus agricoles). De manière agrégée, les moyens de subsistance des populations locales sont réduits avec la dégradation du couvert forestier, ce qui engendrerait une perte de bien-être collectif. La Forêt classée de Guimara, voisine de Pata, ne subit pas la même déforestation grâce à une mobilisation des éleveurs pour faire respecter le statut de forêt classée. Ces résultats suggèrent que la « mise sous cloche » de zones pour leur conservation (Pata) ou pour leur exploitation (vocation de la zone de Kamb) n'est pas toujours adaptée, surtout si les activités économiques évoluent dans le temps de manière à permettre aux populations locales d'assurer leur subsistance et de répondre à leurs besoins multiples et hétérogènes. Le manque de discussion multi-acteurs et surtout le manque d'arbitrage effectif en cas de conflit d'usage contribuent à cristalliser des conflits sociaux forts. La majorité des mesures de gestion plus durable des terres évaluées apportent non seulement des bénéfices financiers supérieurs au statu quo pour les utilisateurs des terres mais aussi des retombées économiques pour la société sénégalaise dans son ensemble. Les valeurs des indicateurs économiques sont détaillées dans le Tableau 7Tableau 6 de ce rapport. Les valeurs actualisées nettes (VAN) positives des bénéfices des mesures additionnels à par rapport à ceux du statu quo indiquent que les mesures de gestion durables de terres étudiées sont préférables au statu quo (taux d'actualisation de 10 %). Les taux de rendements internes (TRI) - représentant le taux de retour de toutes les ressources investies dans le projet non seulement en termes de capital mais aussi de ressources humaines (travail) et de ressources naturelles - sont supérieurs au coût d'opportunité du capital pris comme égal à 10 %. Ces valeurs de TRI suggèrent qu'un franc CFA de ressources investies dans la gestion plus durable des terres - sous forme de capital, de travail humain et de ressources naturelles - amène un gain qui représente une valeur monétaire d'au moins 10 FCFA. Les exceptions rencontrées sont des mesures évaluées à Kamb (Louga) et Mbar Diop (Thiès). A À Kamb, la jachère dans les zones de cultures pluviales n'est pas viable à court et moyen terme, non plus que les aménagements dans les zones sous gestion collective (forêt galerie, savane et steppe). Ceci pourrait expliquer que ces mesures sont progressivement abandonnées par les populations locales. A À Mbar Diop, les populations utilisant les terres proches de la mine subissent un manque à gagner important malgré la reforestation accrue avec la plantation de manguiers et d'anacardiers. La non prise en compte de ce manque à gagner lors de la relocalisation pourrait expliquer le niveau de malaise social dans la zone. Une réflexion plus poussée est nécessaire avant de recommander ou d'invalider la pertinence de ces mesures du point de vue économique, d'autant plus que les recommandations changent avec le paramétrage de l'analyse. Une meilleure analyse des structures de gouvernance pourrait aider à identifier les blocages institutionnels à la viabilité des options proposées, notamment concernant l'organisation et la gestion collective des ressources. L'ingénierie financière peut être mobilisée pour aider les populations à lever les barrières financières à l'investissement de départ. Le manque de capital à investir et les manques à gagner des années d'investissement pourraient agir comme barrière à l'adoption de mesures par ailleurs rentables financièrement dans la durée. C'est le cas pour la domestication de variétés améliorées de Ziziphus mauritiana et de Tamarindus indica à Daga Birame (Kaffrine), qui demande un investissement conséquent la première année, beaucoup plus important que les moyens du village. L'aide apportée pour atténuer ce coût initial peut se faire sous forme de crédit par des institutions financières ou de subvention (partielle ou totale) par les collectivités, l'État ou des organisations internationales d'aide au développement, et/ou des réductions des coûts de transaction associés aux différents instruments financiers. Elle peut être au bénéfice d'un individu ou d'un groupe auto-structuré (coopérative, association, etc.) et être calibrée en fonction du niveau de rentabilité attendu. Les mesures de gestion plus durable des terres s'appliquant aux activités visant à générer des rentrées d'argent liquide (cultures de rente) et à maximiser les revenus se montrent très sensibles à la façon dont sont structurées les analyses coûts-bénéfices. Par exemple, les analyses pour Pata, Kamb et Mbar Diop ont des résultats très contrastés en fonction de la façon dont a été paramétrée l'analyse. Les conclusions tirées des indicateurs sont dans certains cas très sensibles au taux d'actualisation utilisé. Leurs résultats sont à considérer avec précaution et à affiner en fonction de situations spécifiques afin de dériver des préconisations scientifiquement robustes. Les autres réserves émises sur les conclusions tirées des analyses coûts-bénéfices sont liées aux valeurs particulièrement fortes des indicateurs économiques. Les terres considérées sont dégradées et avec une marge de progression très forte, ce qui pourrait expliquer les valeurs obtenues. Une explication alternative est qu'un biais cognitif induise lors des enquêtes une surestimation par les populations des bénéfices dérivés de l'environnement et une sous-estimation des coûts, notamment de main d'œuvre familiale. Ce biais pourrait fausser le paramétrage des analyses coûts-bénéfices et augmenter la viabilité des mesures étudiées par rapport à la réalité de terrain. Ce biais ne peut être réduit que par un travail avec les acteurs s'inscrivant dans la durée. Contrairement au discours dominant, dans les quatre zones d'étude considérées, les résultats des analyses coûts-bénéfices suggèrent que le manque de moyens financiers n'est pas une barrière à l'action à court terme. Les incitations financières et économiques devraient être suffisantes pour que ces mesures soient adoptées « naturellement » par les populations. Les barrières à l'action ne sont ni financières ni économiques. Les résultats des analyses coûts-bénéfices justifient l'utilisation de financements privés pour l'adoption de ces mesures, voire l'auto-financement de l'adoption de ces mesures par les populations elles-mêmes. La mobilisation d'instruments économiques classiques (subventions, taxes, quotas, permis échangeables) pour l'adoption de ces mesures de gestion ne se justifie donc pas, voire représenterait même un gaspillage d'argent public dans certaines zones. L'abandon progressif des mesures évaluées par les populations, ce malgré leur rentabilité financière et économique globale apparente, suggère que d'autres barrières à l'adoption sont à l'œuvre. Les études ELD ne sont pas une étude de toutes les barrières à l'action de manière exhaustive, mais une évaluation de la viabilité économique d'actions données pour une durée donnée. Nous ne pouvons que spéculer sur les vraies barrières à l'adoption en jeu au Sénégal. Il est cependant possible de tirer quelques éléments à partir des contextes des quatre études ELD résumées dans ce rapport pour essayer d'identifier les barrières à l'adoption possibles qui mériteraient une analyse spécifique plus poussée. Le manque de sensibilisation et de diffusion d'informations techniques semble limiter l'adoption de mesures de gestion plus durable des terres par les populations. Les populations considérées dans ces études sont souvent plus préoccupées par assurer leur subsistance aujourd'hui que de réfléchir à comment améliorer de manière durable leurs moyens d'existence. Elles ont peu de contrôle sur leur système de production, dépendant fortement de la pluviométrie, de la qualité de l'écosystème et de sa capacité à se régénérer. Elles ne semblent pas toujours connaître ou maîtriser les alternatives possibles à leurs pratiques actuelles, ou les pratiques qui pourraient être adoptées en complément de leurs pratiques actuelles afin de pérenniser leurs moyens d'existence. Le manque de filières de production et de commercialisation structurées semble limiter l'adoption de mesures de gestion plus durable des terres par les populations. L'accès aux intrants reste problématique pour les utilisateurs des terres Ce développement pourrait induire un passage à une exploitation plus intensive des terres, limitant ainsi les besoins de défrichage et conflits d'usage associés. Il est clair que la plupart des situations rencontrées sur le terrain au Sénégal dans le cadre des quatre cas d'étude ELD impliquent une surexploitation des ressources typique de la « Tragédie des Communs ». Cette Tragédie survient de droits d'usages difficilement sécurisables, soit de par le manque de législation claire et spécifique connue des populations, soit parce que l'exclusivité des bénéfices pour un acteur ne peut être garantie, ou parce que l'organisation collective semble dysfonctionnelle. La mobilisation d'outils d'« ingénierie sociale » pourrait permettre de surmonter cette Tragédie et les situations gagnants-perdants associées en allant vers des situations gagnants-gagnants au Sénégal. En conclusion, les barrières à l'adoption de la majeure partie des mesures de gestion plus durable des terres étudiées au Sénégal ne sont globalement ni financières ni économiques ; les vrais blocages sont ailleurs. Subventionner l'adoption de pratiques spécifiques n'apporterait pas de solution durable au problème de dégradation des terres et de dégradation des moyens d'existence des populations du Sénégal. Pour promouvoir de manière indirecte une gestion plus durable par les utilisateurs des terres, des alternatives pourraient être explorées de manière plus systématique, en mettant l'accent sur la construction d'un environnement plus favorable à l'adoption et la réduction des risques et incertitudes. Le problème n'est pas le manque de rentabilité des mesures, mais semblerait plutôt lié aux problèmes structurels déjà bien connus et documentés d'organisation insuffisante du système de production et de gouvernance inadaptée à la gestion des ressources naturelles partagées. Une clarification auprès des populations de leurs droits et responsabilités pour la gestion des terres dont elles tirent leur subsistance, avec un travail au niveau de la réception de cette information par les populations, pourrait aider à lever certains blocages à l'adoption. L'ingénierie financière et l'ingénierie sociale pourraient être mobilisées pour aider à surmonter les blocages à l'investissement et les situations de Tragédie des Communs. Une approche systémique du changement serait nécessaire pour permettre un impact de terrain visible et à plus large échelle. |
| Keywords: | évaluation économique,analyse coûts-bénéfices,analyse coûts-avantages,dégradation des terres,restauration des terres,gestion durable des terres,Sénégal |
| Date: | 2019–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-02418418&r=all |
| By: | Galli, Rossana. |
| Keywords: | agriculture, extensive farming, foreign investment, employment creation, productivity, sustainable development, Africa south of Sahara |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ilo:ilowps:995054093002676&r=all |
| By: | Richard Deitz; Jason Bram; James A. Orr; Jaison R. Abel (National Regulatory Research Institute (Ohio State University); Federal Reserve Bank of New York; Ohio State University; Research and Statistics Group; University of Maine) |
| Abstract: | As most of the New York metropolitan region begins to get back to normal following the devastation caused by superstorm Sandy, researchers and analysts are trying to assess the total ?economic cost? of the storm. But what, exactly, is meant by economic cost? Typically, those tallying up the economic cost of a disaster think of two types of costs: loss of capital (property damage and destruction) and loss of economic activity (caused by disruptions). But there is another important type of economic loss that often is not estimated or discussed in policymaking decisions: loss of welfare or deterioration in quality of life. Here we focus on how superstorm Sandy (and other such disasters) can have widespread adverse effects on quality of life, and provide some illustrations of how one can try to put an approximate dollar value on this type of cost. |
| Keywords: | natural disaster; Quality of life; Sandy; New York; New Jersey |
| JEL: | R1 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fip:fednls:86844&r=all |
| By: | Hajare El Hadri (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Tours - UO - Université d'Orléans); Daniel Mirza (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Tours - UO - Université d'Orléans); Isabelle Rabaud (LEO - Laboratoire d'Économie d'Orleans - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - Université de Tours - UO - Université d'Orléans) |
| Abstract: | This paper is the first to uncover in details the impact of different families of disasters on exports from 1979 to 2000 (storms, floods, earthquakes and changes in temperatures). Besides, our paper is the first to compare in a quasi-systematic way the results across the two datasets at hand, the standard \emph{EM-DAT} data and \emph{GeoMet} data, a newly available dataset based on geophysical and meteorological data (\citet{Felbermayr2013} and \citet{Felbermayr2014}). We run series of regressions while accounting progressively for the characteristics of products (all traded goods v/s agriculture ones), the characteristics of the country (size, level of development) and the intensity of the catastrophes. When pooling all countries, and all types of disasters, we do not find any statistical impact on exports. But when focusing on each of them separately and on agricultural goods, the occurrence of an earthquake appears to reduce exports of about 3\%, regardless of its location. A windstorm shock, even when it happens to be very severe, has hardly any impact. A flood, on its side, is estimated to reduce export flows of a small country by nearly 3\%. The effect of changes in temperatures is ambiguous. All in all, except for temperatures related disasters, the results are consistent across both datasets, EM-DAT and GeoMet, although they appear to be slightly more in line with our expectations in the case of GeoMet. |
| Keywords: | Natural Disasters,Trade,Environment,Agriculture |
| Date: | 2019 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02411650&r=all |
| By: | Michela Bevione (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Nicolas Buclet (Pacte, Laboratoire de sciences sociales - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Jean-Yves Courtonne (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Pierre-Yves Longaretti (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes, IPAG - Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - IRSTEA - Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture - Grenoble INP - Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry] - Université Savoie Mont Blanc - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - INSU - CNRS - Institut national des sciences de l'Univers - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - CNES - Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse]) |
| Date: | 2019–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02430879&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Yves Courtonne (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Julien Alapetite (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes); Vincent Wawrzyiak (AURA-EE - Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Energie Environnement); Michela Bevione (STEEP - Sustainability transition, environment, economy and local policy - Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes - Inria - Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Grenoble 2 - UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique - UGA - Université Grenoble Alpes) |
| Date: | 2019–06–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-02430898&r=all |
| By: | N. Packham |
| Abstract: | Recently, a number of structured funds have emerged as public-private partnerships with the intent of promoting investment in renewable energy in emerging markets. These funds seek to attract institutional investors by tranching the asset pool and issuing senior notes with a high credit quality. Financing of renewable energy (RE) projects is achieved via two channels: small RE projects are financed indirectly through local banks that draw loans from the fund's assets, whereas large RE projects are directly financed from the fund. In a bottom-up Gaussian copula framework, we examine the diversification properties and RE exposure of the senior tranche. To this end, we introduce the LH++ model, which combines a homogeneous infinitely granular loan portfolio with a finite number of large loans. Using expected tranche percentage notional (which takes a similar role as the default probability of a loan), tranche prices and tranche sensitivities in RE loans, we analyse the risk profile of the senior tranche. We show how the mix of indirect and direct RE investments in the asset pool affects the sensitivity of the senior tranche to RE investments and how to balance a desired sensitivity with a target credit quality and target tranche size. |
| Date: | 2020–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:2001.11891&r=all |
| By: | Wong, Stephen D.; Walker, Joan L. PhD; Shaheen, Susan A PhD |
| Keywords: | Engineering |
| Date: | 2020–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:itsrrp:qt1zm0q2qc&r=all |