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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Mark Beeson |
| Abstract: | China has assumed a crucial importance in debates about climate change mitigation. On the one hand, China is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gasses and pollution. On the other, it has invested more in renewable energy than any other country and is making real efforts to address the consequences of rapid industrialisation. There are three key questions for students of comparative political economy that emerge from the Chinese experience: first, what is the relationship between economic development and authoritarian rule? Second, what role has China's distinct social and political system played in creating and addressing environmental problems? Third, what domestic and international implications does the ‘China model’ have? In short, will China's authoritarian leaders be able to manage the expectations of its own people and those of the so-called international community? This article considers the often paradoxical and contradictory nature of the authoritarian Chinese government's current environmental policies and suggests that while they may have some success at the domestic level, they may still be an obstacle to international cooperation. |
| Keywords: | China, environmental policy, authoritarianism, policy implementation |
| Date: | 2017–12–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:appswp:201803&r=env |
| By: | Claudia Kettner-Marx (WIFO); Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an overview of energy and (implicit) CO2 taxation in the EU member countries. Against the background of the EU energy taxation directives, energy and implicit CO2 tax rates in the EU countries are discussed, focussing on taxation in the transport sector as a major non-ETS emitter. Empirical evidence on the impact of energy and carbon taxes on energy use and emissions is presented and the economic and distributional effects of energy and carbon taxes are then discussed. Research on energy price elasticities suggests that energy and carbon taxation can make a significant contribution towards achieving emission reductions, particularly in the transport sector where greenhouse gas emissions continue to be on the rise in the EU. Evidence on the economic impacts of energy and carbon taxes furthermore shows that a double divided can be achieved. With respect to the distributional impacts of carbon and energy taxes evidence is, however, mixed. While empirical studies generally negate regressive effects for taxes on transport fuels, energy and carbon taxes on heating fuels tend to be found regressive. |
| Keywords: | Energy taxation, carbon taxation, EU Member States, environmental impact, macroeconomic effects, distributional effects |
| Date: | 2018–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2018:i:555&r=env |
| By: | Mathias Kirchner (WIFO); Mark Sommer (WIFO); Claudia Kettner-Marx (WIFO); Daniela Kletzan-Slamanig (WIFO); Katharina Köberl (WIFO); Kurt Kratena (WIFO) |
| Abstract: | We assess distributive, macroeconomic, and CO2 emission impacts of CO2 tax schemes in Austria by applying the macroeconomic input-output model DYNK[AUT]. The tax schemes analysed focus primarily on CO2 emissions not covered by the European Emission Trading System (ETS), applying different CO2 tax rates as well as tax compensation schemes. We perform comparative scenario analysis for our model's base year (i.e., short-term impacts). Our model simulations indicate that – without tax compensation – impacts on households can be regressive if measured as tax burden relative to income, and are found to be rather proportional if measured as tax burden relative to expenditure or as changes in total expenditure and income. Lower income households benefit more from tax compensations (lump sum payments), i.e., CO2 taxes with compensation measures for households lead to progressive tax burden impacts. Energy-related CO2 emissions decrease quite substantially in non-ETS sectors, although households react inelastic. Value added in most non-ETS industry and service sectors declines only slightly without tax compensation and commodity import shares are hardly affected. Decreasing employers' social contribution (i.e., lowering labour costs) mitigates negative impacts in most non-ETS industry and service sectors. GDP decreases very moderately without tax recycling, depending on the tax rate. Employment effects are similar but smaller. Tax recycling leads to negligible GDP impacts and increases employment. Our simulations thus suggest that CO2 taxes could be a crucial and socially acceptable element within a comprehensive set of policy instruments in order to contribute to achieving greenhouse-gas emission targets for non-ETS sectors in Austria. |
| Keywords: | climate change, CO2 taxes, distributive impacts, macroeconomic modelling |
| Date: | 2018–02–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2018:i:558&r=env |
| By: | Pierre-Alain Pionnier (OECD); Shunta Yamaguchi (OECD) |
| Abstract: | Statistics on the level and the evolution of stocks of natural assets play a key role in sustainability analyses of economic growth. This paper can be seen as a set of technical guidelines to support the compilation of mineral and energy resource accounts according to the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) 2012. The first part of this paper explains how the coexisting classifications of mineral and energy resources relate to each other and to the classification advocated by the SEEA 2012. It also describes the OECD database on stocks and flows of mineral and energy resources in physical units. Monetary values can be used to compare stocks and flows of heterogeneous assets, and also to characterise the economic benefits of these assets, two tasks that cannot be completed by using physical data only. The valuation of mineral and energy resource stocks poses specific challenges, which are described in the second part of this paper. |
| Date: | 2018–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/03-en&r=env |
| By: | Antonescu, Daniela |
| Abstract: | Între zonele montane și biodiversitate există o legătură directă și indisolubilă: zonele montane reprezintă, poate, cel mai important izvor de eco-sisteme la nivel global, adevărate laboratoare științifice, de cercetare și cunoaștere a evoluției și distribuției speciilor și organismelor vii, a relațiilor dintre acestea, a adaptării lor la diferite medii și a influențelor hotărâtoare ale acțiunilor umane care au condus la actualele schimbări climatice. Munții funcționează ca adevărate refugii pentru speciile endemice afectate de acțiunile umane necontrolate, în timp ce pajiștile alpine sunt expuse pierderii practicilor tradiționale de pășunat. Regiunile montane, diverse și complexe, sunt elementele centrale ale politicilor de mediu și dezvoltare durabilă, problemele lor și dificultățile de adaptare la noile schimbări climatice necesitând măsuri adecvate, rapide și, mai ales, permanente (susținute continuu). Munții aparțin, de regulă, geografiei mediului, dar, deopotrivă, pot fi analizați și din perspectivă economică, socială, culturală etc., multidisciplinaritatea lor fiind recunoscută atât de mediul academic-universitar, cât și de factorii decizionali implicați în politicile de dezvoltare teritorială. Recent, Noua Geografie Economică (New Economic Geography) promovată intens pe plan global, consideră dezvoltarea economică și socială a regiunilor montane ca fiind una deosebit de importantă: zonele montane sunt surse importante de materii prime și materiale necesare producției și consumului de bază (agricultură, industrie, servicii), aspect ce afectează, în condițiile actuale, atât biodiversitatea, cât și nivelul de viață al comunităților locale. Perspectiva economică este deosebit de importantă atât la nivelul marilor grupuri de interese regionale, cât mai ales la nivel local, pentru comunitățile dependente direct și permanent de resursele și condițiile oferite de munte. Din ce în ce mai vizibil, impactul negativ al activităților economice asupra zonei montante, atât de înaltă cât și de joasă altitudine, trebuie să conducă spre o viziune comună și o abordare durabilă a stării biodiversității acesteia, deoarece, afectarea unui habitat poate atrage după sine distrugerea întregului echilibrul ecologic, și așa atât de fragil, în prezent. Pornind de la considerentele prezentate mai sus, articolul oferă o imagine generală asupra relației dintre biodiversitatea zonelor montane și implicațiile dezvoltării economice și sociale asupra acesteia, apelând, în principal, la surse documentare naționale și internaționale, la date și informații statistice, care vin să completeze imaginea globală a evoluției relației, în timp și spațiu. |
| Keywords: | biodiversitate, zone montane, dezvoltare durabilă, comunitate locală montană |
| JEL: | Q20 Q23 Q28 Q3 Q30 Q38 Q5 Q52 Q57 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–02–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:84688&r=env |
| By: | Tiziano Distefano (Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Italy); Simone D'Alessandro (University of Pisa, Department of Economics and Management, Italy) |
| Abstract: | Our work contributes to explain the origin of the failure or success of international environmental agreements (IEA) and their relation with the actual aggregate global level of greenhouse gas emissions, by including climate risks, cross-country inequalities, and consumer's environmental awareness. We introduce a novel multi-scale framework, composed by two tied games, to show under which conditions a country is able to fulfil the IEA: (i) a one-shot 2x2 Game, with asymmetric countries that negotiate on the maximum share of emissions, and (ii) an Evolutionary Game which describes the economic structure through the interaction of households and rms' strategies. |
| Keywords: | International environmental agreements, asymmetry, evolutionary process, Multi-level perspective, climate change |
| JEL: | C71 C72 C73 H41 F53 Q20 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0418&r=env |
| By: | Irena Slavova-Georgieva (University of National and World Economy, department: Marketing and Strategic Planning); Yovka Bankova (University of National and World Economy, department: Marketing and Strategic Planning) |
| Abstract: | The concept of sustainable development as a global and long-term philosophy of development is directed towards achieving a balance and interconnectedness between economic activities, social aspects and the environment and offers an overall approach to solving the growing and complex global problems.This paper examines the possibilities that clusters? main characteristics ? spatial proximity, strategic collaboration and competition; interaction between stakeholders (businesses, educational institutions, non-governmental organizations) - can provide for the implementation of responsible business practices and joint corporate socially responsible activities which contribute to sustainable development.Based on publications in academic literature regarding the relationship between clusters and corporate social responsibility (CSR), known as the ?cluster? approach to CSR, as well as the results from a practical study of an industrial cluster in Bulgaria, we outline the potential of clusters to bring about not only economic benefits but also social and environmental improvements. The conditions for successful implementation of CSR actions in the cluster are studied, which for some industrial clusters can be prerequisites for improvement of their actual capacity for contribution to sustainable development and for others, they can turn into significant limitations. The results of the practical study show that in order for industrial clusters to use their potential for contribution to sustainable development, based on the main cluster characteristics (according to cluster theory), in addition to cluster activity, the social-economic and environmental context and the state of development of CSR and clusters in the respective country are also of defining importance. |
| Keywords: | sustainable development, cluster, corporate social responsibility, mining industry, industrial cluster Srednogorie (Bulgaria) |
| JEL: | M14 Q01 L72 |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:5908307&r=env |
| By: | Mathilde CLOSSET (UNECLAC); Sosso FEINDOUNO (Ferdi); Patrick GUILLAUMONT (Ferdi); Catherine SIMONET (ODI) |
| Abstract: | The recognition of climate change as a dominant issue for the global economy and policy has led to a search for resources for financing mitigation and adaptation. While raising funds for mitigation and for adaptation meet similar problems, their allocation between countries cannot be ruled by the same criteria. For the concessional funds devoted to adaptation allocation criteria should specifically reflect the adaptation needs of the recipient countries (beside their level of income and their capacity to effectively use the funds). An appropriate indicator of vulnerability to climate change is then required for guiding the allocation of adaptation resources. Not any indicator of vulnerability to climate change can fit this purpose..../... |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4206&r=env |
| By: | Mathilde CLOSSET (UNECLAC); Sosso FEINDOUNO (Ferdi); Patrick GUILLAUMONT (Ferdi); Catherine SIMONET (ODI) |
| Abstract: | The recognition of climate change as a dominant issue for the global economy and policy has led to a search for resources for financing mitigation and adaptation. While raising funds for mitigation and for adaptation meet similar problems, their allocation between countries cannot be ruled by the same criteria. For the concessional funds devoted to adaptation allocation criteria should specifically reflect the adaptation needs of the recipient countries (beside their level of income and their capacity to effectively use the funds). An appropriate indicator of vulnerability to climate change is then required for guiding the allocation of adaptation resources. Not any indicator of vulnerability to climate change can fit this purpose..../... |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4205&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Petrou, Kleoniki Natalia |
| Abstract: | Waste generation and management may be considered as either a by-product of economic actions or even used as input to economic activity like energy recovery. Every country produces different amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) and with different composition. This paper deals with the efficiency of 28 EU Member States for the years 2008, 2010 and 2012 by employing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and by using eight parameters, namely waste generation, employment rate, capital formation, GDP, population density and for the first time SOx, NOx and GHG emissions for the relevant countries. With these parameters six environmental production frameworks have been designed each with different inputs and outputs. The empirical analysis shows that overall the more efficient countries according to all frameworks include Belgium, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway. These results were then reviewed against the recycling rate of each country for the examined time periods. The recycling rate actually depicts the DEA results, namely more efficient countries seem to have a higher recycling rate too. Moreover the DEA efficiency results were contrasted to the overall treatment options used in the countries under consideration. Overall it is noticed that countries employing all four treatment options with high use of more sustainable ones and decrease in the use of landfill are the ones that also proved to be efficient according to DEA. |
| Keywords: | Environmental efficiency; waste generation; EU Member States; Data Envelopment Analysis; sustainability; environmental policy. |
| JEL: | C18 O13 O52 Q50 Q53 Q56 R11 |
| Date: | 2018–02–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:84590&r=env |
| By: | Inácio Araúgo (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora); Randall Jackson (Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University); Amir B. Ferreira Neto (Regional Research Institute, West Virginia University); Fernando Perobelli (Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora) |
| Abstract: | The interest in this paper lies in the environmental costs of the European Union (EU). EU membership requires a series of economic and political changes that should impact the country’s production and consumption structures and its trade relationships. These, in turn, will affect CO2 emissions sources and levels. This is especially true for the former Soviet Union countries that recently joined the EU, given the difference in their levels of development and production structure.Using a structural decomposition analysis we are able to quantify the main drivers of changes in emissions differentiating six components, namely: emissions intensity, industrial structure and sourcing,consumer preferences, final demand sourcing and consumption level. Grouping the countries into five clubs, New European Union countries, Old European Union countries, the United States of America, China, and the Rest of the World, we measure trading pattern changes and their impact on CO2 emission levels. |
| Keywords: | CO2,Emissions, European Union, Input-Output Analysis, Structural Decomposition Analysis |
| JEL: | P28 R15 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–03–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rri:wpaper:2018wp04&r=env |
| By: | Dhahri, Sabrine; Omri, Anis |
| Abstract: | Compared to the prior discussion of the emerging research on entrepreneurship and sustainable development, the purpose of this study is to investigate the ability of the entrepreneurial activity to simultaneously enhance economic growth, advance environmental objectives, and improve social conditions in developing countries. We mainly found that entrepreneurship in these countries positively contributes to the economic and social dimensions of sustainable development, while its contribution to the environmental dimension is negative. The results of causality test confirm the interactions among entrepreneurship and these three dimensions in both short and long-run. Limitations and future research directions, some managerial and policy implications for entrepreneurial action in sustainable development are also discussed. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship; Pillars of sustainable development; Developing countries. |
| JEL: | M21 O10 Q5 |
| Date: | 2018–01–17 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:84504&r=env |
| By: | BEN YOUSSEF, Adel; Boubaker, Sabri; Omri, Anis |
| Abstract: | The role of innovation and institutional quality for achieving sustainability are important issues tackled by current sustainable development debates, particularly in developing countries. Using a modified environmental Kuznets curve model, the present study improves our understanding of the critical roles of innovation, institutional quality, and entrepreneurship in structural change toward a sustainable future for Africa. Our empirical results show that formal and informal entrepreneurship are conducive to reduced environmental quality and sustainability in 17 African countries however informal entrepreneurship contributes more than formal entrepreneurship to this environmental degradation. The relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainable development turns strongly positive in the presence of high levels of innovation and institutional quality. This study contributes to this emerging research strand by clarifying the conditions that allow African countries to move toward more sustainable economies. Our results highlight the important roles played by innovation and institutions for achieving sustainability in Africa. |
| Keywords: | Entrepreneurship; Sustainability; Innovation; Institutional quality. |
| JEL: | M21 O31 Q56 |
| Date: | 2017–12–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:84503&r=env |
| By: | Michaël GOUJON (Université Clermont Auvergne); Alexandre K. MAGNAN (Iddri) |
| Abstract: | La science du climat est désormais claire sur un point au moins : si les efforts d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont plus que jamais nécessaires pour limiter l’ampleur du changement climatique sur le(s) siècle(s) à venir, celui-ci est désormais partiellement irréversible. Cela signifie concrètement qu’une partie de ses impacts est inévitable. Même si l’on a encore du mal à préciser la fréquence, l’intensité et la répartition géographique de ces impacts futurs sur les territoires, ces derniers vont avoir à faire face à une modification des conditions climatiques et environnementales, lesquelles vont nécessairement remettre en cause les modèles de développement actuels. Dès lors, l’adaptation au changement climatique s’impose comme étant une stratégie tout aussi prioritaire que l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, ce qu’a d’ailleurs entériné l’Accord de Paris à l’échelle globale (Magnan et Ribera, 2016). Anticiper n’est donc plus une simple option, mais une condition nécessaire au développement durable des territoires, à quelque échelle que ce soit. La question se pose alors de savoir comment anticiper pour s’adapter (Tubiana et al 2010). Étant donné que le but ultime de l’adaptation est de réduire la vulnérabilité sur le long terme, une première partie de réponse réside dans la manière dont on peut concrètement appréhender la vulnérabilité des territoires au changement climatique (voir par ex. Nguyen et al 2016).Ce document conjoint vise à présenter deux approches pour appréhender cette vulnérabilité et développées pour l’une par la Ferdi (« vulnérabilité structurelle »), pour l’autre par l’Iddri (« trajectoires de vulnérabilité »). L’objectif est, à la croisée de ces deux approches, de proposer une réflexion en termes de pistes d’adaptation, à la fois à l’échelle locale dans le cadre des politiques publiques territoriales, et à l’échelle globale dans le cadre des négociations internationales au sein de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur le Changement Climatique (CCNUCC). De sorte à être aussi concrète que possible, la démarche est appliquée à une étude de cas sur laquelle la Ferdi comme l’Iddri ont développé une expertise, à savoir l’île de la Réunion (sud-ouest de l’océan Indien), et plus précisément la situation de ses littoraux face aux risques liés à la mer. |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4201&r=env |
| By: | Michaël GOUJON (University of Auvergne); Alexandre K. MAGNAN (Iddri) |
| Abstract: | La science du climat est désormais claire sur un point au moins : si les efforts d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont plus que jamais nécessaires pour limiter l’ampleur du changement climatique sur le(s) siècle(s) à venir, celui-ci est désormais partiellement irréversible. Cela signifie concrètement qu’une partie de ses impacts est inévitable. Même si l’on a encore du mal à préciser la fréquence, l’intensité et la répartition géographique de ces impacts futurs sur les territoires, ces derniers vont avoir à faire face à une modification des conditions climatiques et environnementales, lesquelles vont nécessairement remettre en cause les modèles de développement actuels. Dès lors, l’adaptation au changement climatique s’impose comme étant une stratégie tout aussi prioritaire que l’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, ce qu’a d’ailleurs entériné l’Accord de Paris à l’échelle globale (Magnan et Ribera, 2016). Anticiper n’est donc plus une simple option, mais une condition nécessaire au développement durable des territoires, à quelque échelle que ce soit. La question se pose alors de savoir comment anticiper pour s’adapter (Tubiana et al 2010). Étant donné que le but ultime de l’adaptation est de réduire la vulnérabilité sur le long terme, une première partie de réponse réside dans la manière dont on peut concrètement appréhender la vulnérabilité des territoires au changement climatique (voir par ex. Nguyen et al 2016).Ce document conjoint vise à présenter deux approches pour appréhender cette vulnérabilité et développées pour l’une par la Ferdi (« vulnérabilité structurelle »), pour l’autre par l’Iddri (« trajectoires de vulnérabilité »). L’objectif est, à la croisée de ces deux approches, de proposer une réflexion en termes de pistes d’adaptation, à la fois à l’échelle locale dans le cadre des politiques publiques territoriales, et à l’échelle globale dans le cadre des négociations internationales au sein de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur le Changement Climatique (CCNUCC). De sorte à être aussi concrète que possible, la démarche est appliquée à une étude de cas sur laquelle la Ferdi comme l’Iddri ont développé une expertise, à savoir l’île de la Réunion (sud-ouest de l’océan Indien), et plus précisément la situation de ses littoraux face aux risques liés à la mer. |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4203&r=env |
| By: | Miguel Cárdenas Rodríguez (OECD); Ivan Hascic (OECD); Martin Souchier |
| Abstract: | This paper replaces the 2016 version which contained outdated information on natural capital for a few countries corresponding to an earlier version of the estimations. Figures 1-10, A4.1, A5.1, A5.2, A6.1 have therefore been adjusted, with the only noticeable change being the ranking in the contributions of natural capital to output growth. The main messages and conclusions remain unchanged. The paper further refines the OECD framework for measuring the environmentally adjusted multifactor productivity growth that seeks to incorporate environmental services in productivity analysis. Compared to standard productivity measurement, this framework allows accounting also for the use of natural capital (currently including 14 types of fossil fuels and minerals) and the emission of pollutants as negative by-products (currently including 8 types of greenhouse gases and air pollutants). An updated series of the indicator is presented, with a geographic coverage extended to all OECD and G20 countries for the 1990-2013 time period. The indicators presented here allow the sources of economic growth to be better identified, and growth prospects in the long run to be better assessed. |
| Keywords: | air pollution, emission shadow prices, exhaustible natural capital, green productivity, growth accounting, multifactor productivity, productivity measurement, total factor productivity |
| JEL: | D24 O44 O47 Q3 Q52 Q53 Q56 |
| Date: | 2018–03–16 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envddd:2018/02-en&r=env |
| By: | Irene Burgers; Stefan E. Weishaar |
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to map legal aspects that should be taken into account in designing a carbon tax. The survey of the legal literature concludes that many different aspects have to be taken into account in designing a carbon tax, both with respect to the kind of legal instruments to be used and the actual design of the tax. It is analysed how these legal concepts relate to economic theory. This overview of legal considerations may help in creating a sustainable, effective and efficient regulatory system for reducing emissions, as carbon taxes can play a crucial role for achieving long-term emission reductions. |
| Keywords: | climate policy, carbon pricing, instrument choice, environmental tax reform, law and legislation |
| Date: | 2018–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wfo:wpaper:y:2018:i:559&r=env |
| By: | Hana Polá?ková (University of Economics in Bratislava) |
| Abstract: | We can look at the impacts of globalization on agriculture and food security from different angles. However, not all findings can be positive. Looking at the growth of international trade and the amount of pollutants released into the air when transporting goods or protecting crops against pests, globalization contributes to disruption of global ecosystem and climate change. As a result, climatic fluctuations and extreme weather events - droughts, floods or torrential rainfalls that cause arable soil leakage - are becoming more and more frequent. Subsequent non-crops can negatively affect GDP (especially in the case of agricultural economies) and endanger the food security of the country. Secondly the changes in structure of economies in favor of production with higher labor productivity and smaller proportion of agriculture can force some countries to import even basic food. These facts are also indirectly reflected in the social environment. The paper draws attention to the fact that such structure of economy is cyclically very sensitive and may adversely affect the development of the underlying macroeconomic indicators. It focuses on certain weaknesses in this trend. The sources come from databases of statistical offices and a genetic-historical analysis was used in the paper. |
| Keywords: | Food security, gross domestic product, structure of the economy, food imports |
| JEL: | Q18 E24 F18 |
| Date: | 2017–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:sek:iacpro:5908324&r=env |
| By: | Laura Recuero Virto (CESCO (MHNH) et ARAFER); Denis Couvet (CESCO (MNHN)) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we explore the determinants of economic growth in countries with blue carbon, i.e. countries with open access to the sea and high mangrove mitigation potential, to explore the effects of potential antropogenic pressures on these coastal ecosystems. For this purpose, we use a sample of 23 countries across different regions in the world for the period 1960-2009. We find evidence that whereas neoclassical (initial income and investment in physical capital), demography, macroeconomic policy and natural capital are the robust growth theories in countries with blue carbon, investment in physical capital, macroeconomic policy and natural capital are not relevant anymore when using a worldwide sample of countries. The findings on the role of natural capital on economic growth are largely consistent with those of “less developed” countries that our sample represents. Indeed, there is a share over two times lower of national natural capital per capita compared to an average country, and such lower share can be a limiting factor for economic growth. In addition, a too large economic dependence on national natural capital, almost two times higher than in an average country, may also have a negative impact on economic growth. These features, together with the high fertility rates in these countries, highlight the potential antropogenic pressures that coastal areas with blue carbon can be subject to such as land conversion for agriculture or aquaculture, farming run-offs, over-exploitation of blue carbon resources, urbanisation, uncontrolled sewage and public works which, in turn, can degrade blue carbon ecosystems. Given these findings, we empathize the role of central governments to provide incentives for the protection of these nature-based solutions at the level of local policy makers and communities, and of international financial institutions to provide financial support for such initiatives in these “less developed” countries. |
| Keywords: | Economic growth, blue carbon conservation |
| JEL: | O10 O13 Q20 Q22 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2018.06&r=env |
| By: | Satoshi Honma; Yushi Yoshida (Faculty of Economics, Shiga University) |
| Abstract: | By implementing the world input-output tables for 40-countries by 35-industries to account for intermediate trade, we constructed the pollution terms of trade (PTT) on the basis of CO2 emissions between 1995 and 2009. We examine whether the PTTs have converged among the 40 countries in the past 15 years. The empirical evidence supports PTT convergence; PTT growth is negatively related to its initial level, and this empirical result is robust to various control variables. |
| Keywords: | World input-output table,International trade,Pollution haven hypothesis,Pollution terms of trade |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:shg:dpapea:48&r=env |
| By: | Silke Gabbert (Wageningen University) |
| Abstract: | Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is being used in fluoropolymer production, as surface treatment agents and for the manufacture of side-chain fluorinated polymers. However, there is evidence that PFOA and its salts have a number of hazardous properties that may cause harm to human health and the environment. This report evaluates existing economic assessments and valuations of impacts arising from PFOA and its salts. |
| Keywords: | Cost-benefit analysis, environmental health valuation, non-market valuation, PBT, PFOA, regulatory impact assessment |
| JEL: | D61 D62 D83 I18 L51 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2018–03–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:envaaa:128-en&r=env |
| By: | Halkos, George; Roditi, Kyriakoula; Matsiori, Steriani; Vafidis, Dimitrios |
| Abstract: | The aim of this study was to identify the main métiers practiced by gillnet, trammel net and combined net fishery in the Kalymnos Island. The catch was obtained every 15 days of the small-scale fleet for the period from February 2013 to May 2014 by interviews during unloading. A total 315 fishing operations were recorded. Multivariate analysis applied to either species landings composition or economic revenue. The most important métiers identified were those B. boops with gillnet, intense fishing activity during December-February and mesh size 26 mm, métier which targeting S. porcus and S. officinalis with fishing gear trammel net, intense fishing activity during April-May and mesh size 26 mm. Both of these métiers appeared high produce and income. The results of this study confirm the multi-species natural of small-scale fishing and fishing activity in the area of Kalymnos specific difference from the other area in Greece. |
| Keywords: | Small-scale fisheries; sustainable management; multivariate analysis; fish stock; Kalymnos Island; Mediterranean Sea. |
| JEL: | Q20 Q22 Q29 Q57 Q59 |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:84730&r=env |
| By: | Al-Sarihi, Aisha |
| Abstract: | Characterised by a fragile desert environment and high reliance on oil export revenues as their primary source of income, the economies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states are highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. This both urges the strengthening of non-oil economic sectors and renders oil export revenues vulnerable to the impacts of the climate change mitigation measures adopted by other countries. Moreover, reliance on oil makes economic vulnerability to oil price shocks an inevitable challenge to the region’s economic stability. This paper studies the interplay between climate change mitigation efforts and attempts to diversify GCC economies in order to identify the potential co-benefits of mainstreaming climate change measures into long-term economic planning, and to analyse the gap in addressing climate change in GCC economic diversification processes. |
| JEL: | N0 |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ehl:lserod:86873&r=env |
| By: | Febi Wulandari; Dorothea Schäfer; Andreas Strephan; Chen Sun |
| Abstract: | This study analyses how liquidity risk affects bonds’ yield spreads after controlling for credit risk, bond-specific characteristics and macroeconomic variables. Using two liquidity estimates, LOT liquidity and the bid-ask spread, we find that, in particular, the LOT liquidity measure has explanatory power for the yield spread of green bonds. Overall, however, the impact of LOT decreases over time, implying that, nowadays liquidity risk is negligible for green bonds. |
| Keywords: | Green Bond, Liquidity Risk, Yield Spread, Sustainable Investment, Fixed Income Security, Financial Innovation |
| JEL: | G12 G32 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1728&r=env |
| By: | Nils May; Olga Chiappinelli |
| Abstract: | The transition towards low-carbon economies requires massive investments into renewable energies, which are commonly supported through regulatory frameworks. Yet, governments can have incentives - and the ability - to deviate from previously-announced support once those investments have been made, which can deter investments. We analyze a renewable energy regulation game, apply a model of time-inconsistency to renewable energy policy and derive under what conditions governments have incentives to deviate from their commitments. We analyze the effects of various support policies and deployment targets and explain why Spain conducted retrospective changes in the period 2010-2013 whereas Germany stuck to its commitments. |
| Keywords: | Time-Inconsistency, Regulation, Targets, Renewable Energy Policy, Investments |
| JEL: | Q42 Q55 O38 C73 |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp1726&r=env |
| By: | H. Amandine Gnonlonfin (Laboratoire d'économie appliquée au développement); Yusuf Kocoglu (Laboratoire d'économie appliquée au développement) |
| Abstract: | Although the evidence of the incentive-based pricing effectiveness to reduce the production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and to increase the recycling, its adoption in France has been barely developed over the two last decades. This paper analyses the determinants of incentive-based pricing adoption by French local governments. We investigate the effect of the MSW management cost on the decision of the local government in two ways. First we estimate the effect of the variation of the MSW management total cost on the probability to observe an incentive-based pricing and second, we estimate the effect of the incentive-based pricing on the MSW management total cost. Results highlight that the decision of the local government is subjected to the cost-benefit analysis and the decision of neighboring local governments. Further, results show that the French regulation has skewed the cost-benefit analysis of local government and consequently has slow down incentive-based pricing adoption. |
| Keywords: | Incentive pricing, Household and similar waste, waste management costs, behaviour of local authorities |
| JEL: | C25 H30 H71 Q53 Q58 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fae:wpaper:2018.04&r=env |
| By: | Laurent Denant-Boèmont (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique); Carl Gaigné (SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST); Romain Gaté (CREM - Centre de recherche en économie et management - UNICAEN - Université de Caen Normandie - NU - Normandie Université - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1 - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, SMART - Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires - INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - AGROCAMPUS OUEST) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study the effects of urban design on pollution and welfare. We build a theoretical model of residential choices with pollution externalities arising from commuting, where the size of the central business district (CBD) and the demand for housing are endogenous. We show that a polycentric city is desirable from welfare and ecological perspective, provided that travel speed and/or the number of roads directly connected with the CBD are sufficiently high. The spatial extension of cities remains the critical variable to curb transport-related urban pollution. |
| Keywords: | Urban form,Housing,Travel speed,Carbon emissions,Welfare |
| Date: | 2018–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01717983&r=env |
| By: | Mukanjari, Samson (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University); Sterner, Thomas (Department of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University) |
| Abstract: | The Paris Agreement was acclaimed as a milestone for climate negotiations. It has also been criticized – as too soft by environmentalists and too constraining by the current U.S. administration, which has decided to leave. The election of President Trump was itself widely interpreted as unexpected, good news for the fossil industry (and less good for the climate). We seek to evaluate the impact of global climate policy making by studying its effect on the stock market value of energy sector firms. In particular, we study the signing of the Paris Agreement and the latest U.S. presidential election. Using event study and impulse indicator saturation methods, we show that both events had only moderate effects. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; election; event study; impulse indicator saturation; Paris climate agreement; Trump. |
| JEL: | G14 Q40 Q54 |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:gunwpe:0728&r=env |
| By: | Dinis Juízo; Maria Salvetti |
| Keywords: | Environment - Water Resources Management Water Resources - Water Policy & Governance Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Economics Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, Legislation and Regulation |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:28384&r=env |
| By: | Massimo CINGOLANI (Banque Européenne d’Investissement) |
| Abstract: | The role of public banks in financing necessary investment should be discussed with reference to a causal system linking public and private expenditure in sequential time. The text starts by presenting a simple variant of such a model and uses it to interpret the causes of the recent financial crisis. The evidence shows that the latter was not caused by public debt but by the fast accumulation of private debt. The facts observed can be interpreted within a simple causality structure where public expenditure plays a causal role in driving economic activity. The model is then used to discuss the role of public banks, introducing the distinction between the creation of primary incomes, or new wealth, and the recycling of past savings, or circulation of wealth already accumulated. The role of public banks is generally discussed only with reference to the circuit of primary incomes, in which banks play only a non-monetary financial intermediary role. The text illustrates a proposal showing that public banks could be used also in their monetary financial intermediary role to create new wealth at European level. Alternatively, one can look at the role of public banks in recycling existing savings for public policy purposes, on which some references are given to the recent literature. The case of investment for climate change mitigation is taken as an example to show that, in the absence of other incentives, the level of environmental investment will be limited to that portion of the necessary investment that the market considers profitable, i.e. it would not be sufficient to reduce the climate change risk. If the necessary investment in environment is to be realized without reducing other necessary public investments, public banks should engage also in monetary financial intermediary’s activities aimed at creating new wealth. The text concludes by examining briefly the main logical consequences of the analysis developed. |
| Keywords: | Public banks, Development Banks, EU policy, Climate Change, Investment, Public Expenditure, Public debt, Private Debt |
| JEL: | E61 G21 O16 O23 Q51 Q52 |
| Date: | 2017–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:crc:wpaper:1707&r=env |
| By: | Pablo Campos; Alejandro Caparrós; José L. Oviedo; Paola Ovando; Begoña Álvarez-Farizo; Luis Díaz-Balteiro; Juan Carranza; Santiago Beguería; Mario Díaz; A. Casimiro Herruzo; Fernando Martínez-Peña; Mario Soliño; Alejandro Álvarez; María Martínez-Jáuregui; María Pasalodos-Tato; Pablo de Frutos; Jorge Aldea; Eloy Almazán; Elena D. Concepción; Bruno Mesa; Carlos Romero; Roberto Serrano-Notivoli; Cristina Fernández; Jerónimo Torres-Porras; Gregorio Montero |
| Abstract: | La selvicultura aplicada en forma de aclareo de las encinas y los alcornoques para favorecer la productividad de los pastos ha dado forma a los paisajes arbolados abiertos que reciben el nombre de formaciones adehesadas en España y montados en Portugal. Los pastos siguen siendo una fuente principal de alimentación del ganado en los ecosistemas silvo-pastorales del sur y el oeste de la península Ibérica. Adicionalmente las especies cinegéticas consumen una parte sustancial de los pastos de las dehesas ibéricas. Las producciones de pastos (bellota, hierba y ramón), leña y corcho se han explotado acorde a las demandas comerciales de cada época histórica. Las publicaciones científicas de las tres últimas décadas muestran la tendencia a la disipación de las rentas de los pastos consumidos por el ganado y la leña procedente de la poda de encinas. No obstante, las compensaciones del gobierno a la ganadería rumiante, las rentas de la bellota consumida en montanera por el cerdo ibérico y la renta de las especies cinegéticas mantienen a los pastos como el producto intermedio de materia prima comercial de mayor importancia comercial de los ecosistemas silvo-pastorales mediterráneos españoles. La estadística oficial de la cuenta económica de la selvicultura ignora la valoración explícita de los pastos en la estimación de la renta de la actividad forestal. También el gasto público forestal (distinto de las subvenciones e impuestos a la producción) se omite en la cuenta económica de la selvicultura que elaboran las oficinas estadísticas de los gobiernos. Las compensaciones públicas orientadas a favorecer la continuidad del pastoreo del ganado en las dehesas y las mejoras forestales suele tener el fin prioritario de conservar el paisaje adehesado. En otras palabras, en las dehesas el gobierno compensa total o parcialmente a los propietarios de la tierra y el ganado por el lucro monetario cesante en el que pueden incurren por mantener el pastoreo del ganado y las inversiones forestales que favorecen la conservación en el futuro del paisaje adehesado. Este estudio estima los modelos de producciones de las selviculturas de conservación de la encina y el alcornoque aplicadas y programadas para el futuro. Estas últimas están basadas en arbolado actual de la Dehesa de la Luz y la modelización de un futuro en el que se alcanza una situación estable (estado estacionario) de las producciones de su arbolado. Los objetivos del estudio son las valoraciones de la renta y el capital del propietario (Ayuntamiento de Arroyo de la Luz, Cáceres) de la actividad forestal de la Dehesa de la Luz, que tiene una superficie total de 978 hectáreas. La actividad forestal comprende las cuatro sub-actividades de corcho, leña, pasto (hierba, ramón y bellota) y selvicultura de conservación. Esta última ofrece un producto intermedio de servicios re-empleados en la actividad pública de la conservación del paisaje adehesado de encinas y alcornoques de la Dehesa de la Luz. Aunque en este estudio se amplía la cuenta de la selvicultura oficial con la inclusión de los servicios intermedios de la sub-actividad de selvicultura de conservación, se aplican los criterios de la valoración de la cuenta económica de la selvicultura del sistema de cuentas nacionales oficial. Así, el producto intermedio de servicios es valorado por los costes ordinarios incurridos para el mantenimiento y mejora de los servicios públicos del paisaje. El sistema de cuentas agroforestales aplicado incorpora los crecimientos naturales y las producciones en curso utilizadas de corcho y leña en las respectivas cuentas de producción de las sub-actividades de leña y corcho. La actividad forestal de la Dehesa de la Luz en 2014 ha generado un producto intermedio de servicios por un valor de 21.633 euros, que se ha re-empleado en la finca en la producción del servicio público de paisaje disfrutado por los visitantes públicos y la sociedad en su conjunto. El gobierno extremeño a través de las compensaciones a las nuevas plantaciones y espesamientos de encinas y alcornoques ha “comprado” en 2014 servicios intermedios comerciales de la selvicultura de conservación por un valor de 21.137 euros, habiendo “donado” el propietario municipal de la Dehesa de la Luz a la sociedad los 496 euros restantes del total de servicios intermedios de la selvicultura de conservación. Se ha estimado una renta total de la actividad forestal del propietario de 59.344 euros en 2014. Ésta se reparte en 24.630 euros de renta de mano de obra y 34.714 euros la renta de capital. Esta última renta es el saldo que resulta de la ganancia de renta ambiental de 41.517 euros que genera el capital ambiental menos la pérdida de renta manufacturada 6.803 euros del capital manufacturado. |
| Date: | 2017–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1704&r=env |
| By: | Giovanni Marin (Università di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy); Antonello Zanfei (Università di Urbino 'Carlo Bo', Italy) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the effect of host-country environmental policy stringency on the offshoring of environmental patents for 2000 top world R&D performers. It is shown that a more stringent environmental regulation triggers both the extensive and intensive margin of patent offshoring in the field of environmental technologies. Results are robust to various different specifications, alternative definitions of regulation restrictions and to the consideration of possible endogeneity of regulation. It is suggested inter alia that R&D subsidies and non-market based instrument are more important than market-based instruments as drivers of cross-border environmental innovation. |
| Keywords: | MNE, environmental policy, patent data |
| Date: | 2018–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:srt:wpaper:0518&r=env |
| By: | Pablo Campos; Bruno Mesa; Francisco M. Castaño; Alejandro Álvarez; Fernando J. Pulido |
| Abstract: | La selvicultura aplicada en forma de aclareo de las encinas y los alcornoques para favorecer la productividad de los pastos ha dado forma a los paisajes arbolados abiertos que reciben el nombre de formaciones adehesadas en España y montados en Portugal. Los pastos siguen siendo una fuente principal de alimentación del ganado en los ecosistemas silvo-pastorales del sur y el oeste de la península Ibérica. Adicionalmente las especies cinegéticas consumen una parte sustancial de los pastos de las dehesas ibéricas. Las producciones de pastos (bellota, hierba y ramón), leña y corcho se han explotado acorde a las demandas comerciales de cada época histórica. Las publicaciones científicas de las tres últimas décadas muestran la tendencia a la disipación de las rentas de los pastos consumidos por el ganado y la leña procedente de la poda de encinas. No obstante, las compensaciones del gobierno a la ganadería rumiante, las rentas de la bellota consumida en montanera por el cerdo ibérico y la renta de las especies cinegéticas mantienen a los pastos como el producto intermedio de materia prima comercial de mayor importancia comercial de los ecosistemas silvo-pastorales mediterráneos españoles. La estadística oficial de la cuenta económica de la selvicultura ignora la valoración explícita de los pastos en la estimación de la renta de la actividad forestal. También el gasto público forestal (distinto de las subvenciones e impuestos a la producción) se omite en la cuenta económica de la selvicultura que elaboran las oficinas estadísticas de los gobiernos. Las compensaciones públicas orientadas a favorecer la continuidad del pastoreo del ganado en las dehesas y las mejoras forestales suele tener el fin prioritario de conservar el paisaje adehesado. En otras palabras, en las dehesas el gobierno compensa total o parcialmente a los propietarios de la tierra y el ganado por el lucro monetario cesante en el que pueden incurren por mantener el pastoreo del ganado y las inversiones forestales que favorecen la conservación en el futuro del paisaje adehesado. Este estudio estima los modelos de producciones de las selviculturas de conservación de la encina y el alcornoque aplicadas y programadas para el futuro. Estas últimas están basadas en arbolado actual de la Dehesa de la Luz y la modelización de un futuro en el que se alcanza una situación estable (estado estacionario) de las producciones de su arbolado. Los objetivos del estudio son las valoraciones de la renta y el capital del propietario (Ayuntamiento de Arroyo de la Luz, Cáceres) de la actividad forestal de la Dehesa de la Luz, que tiene una superficie total de 978 hectáreas. La actividad forestal comprende las cuatro sub-actividades de corcho, leña, pasto (hierba, ramón y bellota) y selvicultura de conservación. Esta última ofrece un producto intermedio de servicios re-empleados en la actividad pública de la conservación del paisaje adehesado de encinas y alcornoques de la Dehesa de la Luz. Aunque en este estudio se amplía la cuenta de la selvicultura oficial con la inclusión de los servicios intermedios de la sub-actividad de selvicultura de conservación, se aplican los criterios de la valoración de la cuenta económica de la selvicultura del sistema de cuentas nacionales oficial. Así, el producto intermedio de servicios es valorado por los costes ordinarios incurridos para el mantenimiento y mejora de los servicios públicos del paisaje. El sistema de cuentas agroforestales aplicado incorpora los crecimientos naturales y las producciones en curso utilizadas de corcho y leña en las respectivas cuentas de producción de las sub-actividades de leña y corcho. La actividad forestal de la Dehesa de la Luz en 2014 ha generado un producto intermedio de servicios por un valor de 21.633 euros, que se ha re-empleado en la finca en la producción del servicio público de paisaje disfrutado por los visitantes públicos y la sociedad en su conjunto. El gobierno extremeño a través de las compensaciones a las nuevas plantaciones y espesamientos de encinas y alcornoques ha “comprado” en 2014 servicios intermedios comerciales de la selvicultura de conservación por un valor de 21.137 euros, habiendo “donado” el propietario municipal de la Dehesa de la Luz a la sociedad los 496 euros restantes del total de servicios intermedios de la selvicultura de conservación. Se ha estimado una renta total de la actividad forestal del propietario de 59.344 euros en 2014. Ésta se reparte en 24.630 euros de renta de mano de obra y 34.714 euros la renta de capital. Esta última renta es el saldo que resulta de la ganancia de renta ambiental de 41.517 euros que genera el capital ambiental menos la pérdida de renta manufacturada 6.803 euros del capital manufacturado. |
| Date: | 2017–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ipp:wpaper:1703&r=env |
| By: | Jaime DE MELO (Ferdi); Jean-marc SOLLEDER (Université de Genève) |
| Abstract: | An open world trading system with low barriers to trade in Environmental Goods (EGs) and Environmental Services (ESs) accompanied by corrective SPS and TBT measures is necessary for the World Trading System to be compatible with the environmental objectives in the SDGs. So far, the political process and technical difficulties in defining EGs and ESs have plagued multilateral negotiations under the Doha Round and those under the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) resulting in lists of EGs and ESs with many weaknesses.The chapter explores differences in policy measures across broad categories of EGs and ESs. Comparisons of EG and non-EG groups reveal that applied tariffs are lower for EGs for all countries and group of countries regardless of the selected EG list. On average, descriptive indices of NTMs are quite similar for EG and non-EG product lists revealing few robust differences between EGs and non-EGs and across countries. However, the regulatory distance is less among ASEAN membership than among EGA membership, suggesting more favourable prospects for fruitful negotiations in the ASEAN group. The paper closes with gravity-based panel estimates of bilateral trade. Two results stand out: on average, NTMs restrict bilateral trade by about 20 percent, but not differently for EGs than for non-EGs or for ASEAN countries as a group relative to other countries. The chapter concludes with suggestions for reduction in tariffs for suitably defined EGs and more open regulatory measures for ESs. |
| Keywords: | NTM, non tariff measures |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4095&r=env |
| By: | Jaime DE MELO (Ferdi); Jean-marc SOLLEDER (University of Geneva) |
| Abstract: | An open world trading system with low barriers to trade in Environmental Goods (EGs) and Environmental Services (ESs) accompanied by corrective SPS and TBT measures is necessary for the World Trading System to be compatible with the environmental objectives in the SDGs. So far, the political process and technical difficulties in defining EGs and ESs have plagued multilateral negotiations under the Doha Round and those under the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) resulting in lists of EGs and ESs with many weaknesses.The chapter explores differences in policy measures across broad categories of EGs and ESs. Comparisons of EG and non-EG groups reveal that applied tariffs are lower for EGs for all countries and group of countries regardless of the selected EG list. On average, descriptive indices of NTMs are quite similar for EG and non-EG product lists revealing few robust differences between EGs and non-EGs and across countries. However, the regulatory distance is less among ASEAN membership than among EGA membership, suggesting more favourable prospects for fruitful negotiations in the ASEAN group. The paper closes with gravity-based panel estimates of bilateral trade. Two results stand out: on average, NTMs restrict bilateral trade by about 20 percent, but not differently for EGs than for non-EGs or for ASEAN countries as a group relative to other countries. The chapter concludes with suggestions for reduction in tariffs for suitably defined EGs and more open regulatory measures for ESs. |
| Keywords: | NTM, non tariff measures |
| Date: | 2017–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fdi:wpaper:4096&r=env |
| By: | Alizar Anwar; Maria Salvetti |
| Keywords: | Environment - Water Resources Management Water Resources - Water Policy & Governance Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Economics Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions Water Supply and Sanitation - Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, Legislation and Regulation |
| Date: | 2017–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:28385&r=env |
| By: | - |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the Regional Coordinating Mechanism (RCM) for the implementation of the SIDS development agenda in the Caribbean1, with a view towards determining its future articulation. The paper outlines the RCM concept and its historical context and examines the continued relevance of the RCM in light of the changing multilateral framework for SIDS development. The current status of the RCM is reviewed and the required legal and administrative context for a renewed RCM is discussed. The paper also presents recommendations for the future operation of the RCM. |
| Date: | 2018–01–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:43313&r=env |
| By: | International Finance Corporation |
| Keywords: | Culture and Development - Culture in Sustainable Development Macroeconomics and Economic Growth - Investment and Investment Climate Environment - Tourism and Ecotourism Industry - Accommodation & Tourism Industry |
| Date: | 2017 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:wbk:wboper:28388&r=env |
| By: | Bizer, Kilian; Erlei, Alexander |
| Abstract: | Der Gebäudebestand ist eines der Schlüsselelemente im Klimaschutzplan 2050 der Bundesregierung. Um die dort formulierten Ziele zu erreichen bedarf es einer stark ansteigenden Dynamik im Markt energetischer Sanierungen. Zu diesem Zweck schlagen wir die Einrichtung eines intertemporalen Klimaschutzfonds vor, der sich gestalterisch als komplementärer Faktor in die bestehende Förderkulisse einfügt. Auf Basis identifizierter Probleme aktueller Förderungen hebt sich der Fonds durch ein klares Bekenntnis zu CO2-Reduktionen hervor und minimiert gleichzeitig rigide und innovationshemmende Direktinterventionen. Als zentrale Koordinationseinheit verbindet er breite Informations- und Beratungsdienstleistungen mit einem effizienten, schuldenbasierten intergenerationellen Lastenausgleich. Heutigen Gebäudesanierern wird es ermöglicht individuell optimale, technologieoffene Modernisierungsentscheidungen unter adäquaten Risikobedingungen zu treffen. |
| Keywords: | Klimaschutz,Klimafinanzierung,Gebäudebestand,Klimaschutzfonds,Klimawandel |
| Date: | 2018 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:cegedp:342&r=env |
| By: | Polemis, Michael; Stengos, Thanasis |
| Abstract: | The scope of this paper is to assess the impact of competition on industrial toxic pollution by using for the first time, a panel threshold model which allows evaluating the main drivers of toxic releases under two different market regimes. The empirical analysis is based on a micro level panel data set over the five year-period 1987-2012. We show that this relationship is statistically significant and robust above and below the threshold, even after accounting for alternative specifications of market concentration. Finally, we unmask an inverted “V-shaped” relationship between market concentration and industrial pollution. |
| Keywords: | Competition; Concentration; Threshold; Non-linearities; Inverted “V-shaped” |
| JEL: | C23 C24 L10 L60 Q52 |
| Date: | 2017–02–24 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:85177&r=env |
| By: | Chia-Lin Chang (National Chung Hsing University); Michael McAleer (Asia University, University of Sydney Business School, Erasmus University Rotterdam) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of the paper is to (i) show that univariate GARCH is not a special case of multivariate GARCH, specifically the Full BEKK model, except under parametric restrictions on the off-diagonal elements of the random coefficient autoregressive coefficient matrix, that are not consistent with Full BEKK, and (ii) provide the regularity conditions that arise from the underlying random coefficient autoregressive process, for which the (quasi-) maximum likelihood estimates (QMLE) have valid asymptotic properties under the appropriate parametric restrictions. The paper provides a discussion of the stochastic processes that lead to the alternative specifications, regularity conditions, and asymptotic properties of the univariate and multivariate GARCH models. It is shown that the Full BEKK model, which in empirical practice is estimated almost exclusively compared with Diagonal BEKK (DBEKK), has no underlying stochastic process that leads to its specification, regularity conditions, or asymptotic properties, as compared with DBEKK. An empirical illustration shows the differences in the QMLE of the parameters of the conditional means and conditional variances for the univariate, DEBEKK and Full BEKK specifications. |
| Keywords: | Random coefficient stochastic process; Off-diagonal parametric restrictions; Diagonal BEKK; Full BEKK; Regularity conditions; Asymptotic properties; Conditional volatility; Univariate and multivariate models; Fossil fuels and carbon emissions. |
| JEL: | C22 C32 C52 C58 |
| Date: | 2018–03–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:tin:wpaper:20180023&r=env |
| By: | Phillips, Willard; Indar, Delena; Thorme, Elizabeth |
| Abstract: | Art and craft is considered to be an integral part of the tourism business, since it plays an important role as souvenirs and mementos, thereby spatially and temporarily expanding the visitor experience. It is also increasingly looked upon as an opportunity to diversify the tourism sector offerings, as well as the broader economic base. As part of the overall global creative economy, the art and craft sector has seen consistent trade growth over the past two decades, and has shown the capacity to forge even stronger linkages with the tourism sector. This paper examines the nature of this relationship in the particular context of the Caribbean, by undertaking a survey of the sub-regional art and craft sector, as well as a case study value chain analysis of two Caribbean countries-Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. The findings confirm that art and craft holds significant potential for bolstering the regional tourism economy. Moreover, the dynamics of the tourism sector appear, in turn, to provide a good driver for the future development of the sub-sector. |
| Date: | 2017–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col033:43305&r=env |
| By: | Olmos, Ximena |
| Abstract: | En esta publicación se examinan los principales instrumentos que se utilizan en el comercio internacional de alimentos como indicadores o respaldos de prácticas de sostenibilidad ambiental. Algunas de estas herramientas son transversales (como las huellas de carbono y del agua), mientras que otras son específicas de determinados productos agrícolas, pecuarios y pesqueros. Se agrega, en cada caso, el nivel de participación de la región, cuando la información está disponible, o aspectos relevantes a tener en cuenta, considerando los principales productos exportados por América Latina y el Caribe. |
| Keywords: | AGRICULTURA, DESARROLLO AGRICOLA, ALIMENTOS, COMERCIO ALIMENTARIO, COMERCIO INTERNACIONAL, EXPORTACIONES, CAMBIO CLIMATICO, AGUA, DIVERSIDAD BIOLOGICA, DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE, AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, FOOD, FOOD TRADE, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, EXPORTS, CLIMATE CHANGE, WATER, BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT |
| Date: | 2017–12–31 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ecr:col022:43286&r=env |