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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Vêlayoudom Marimoutou (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université); Manel Soury (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | We examine the dependence between the volatility of the prices of the carbon dioxide "CO2" emissions with the volatility of one of their fundamental components, the energy prices. The dependence between the returns will be approached by a particular class of copula, the Stochastic Autoregressive Copulas (SCAR), which is a time varying copula that was first introduced by Hafner and Manner (2012)[1] in which the parameter driving the dynamic of the copula follows a stochastic autoregressive process. The standard likelihood method will be used together with Efficient Importance Sampling (EIS) method, to evaluate the integral with a large dimension in the expression of the likelihood function. The main result suggests that the dynamics of the dependence between the volatility of the CO2 emission prices and the volatility of energy returns, coal, natural gas and Brent oil prices, do vary over time, although not much in stable periods but rise noticeably during the period of crisis and turmoils. |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01148746&r=all |
| By: | Samuel Roumeau (OuiShare (global community of the collaborative economy)); Aicha Seifelislam (RWTH Aachen University [Aachen] - RWTH Aachen University, Germany); Shazade Jameson (University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] - UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM); Loraine Kennedy (CNRS, CEIAS - Centre d'Études de l'Inde et de l'Asie du Sud - CNRS - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales) |
| Abstract: | Drawing on original research produced in the framework of the FP7 research project “Chance2Sustain” (www.chance2sustain.eu), this Working Paper provides an overview of key water and climate change issues in Chennai, India and analyses on-going challenges for directing governance towards sustainability principles. These issues take on special significance in Chennai, which has the lowest per capita availability of water among India’s large cities and where the city’s geographical location and groundwater depletion have made it susceptible to flooding and seawater infiltration, respectively. To examine these issues, attention is given to the fragmented institutional arrangements in place for governing water, as well as to the norms that underpin the dominant technoscientific discourse in terms of solutions (e.g., desalination plants, interstate pipelines), which tend to marginalize alternative voices. In order to zoom in on the key water issues, including climate-related water vulnerabilities, research focused in particular on one area, the “IT Corridor” in the city’s southern periphery, a mega project built to enhance economic growth by attracting new investments in the IT industry. The state government’s special policy for this zone, i.e., 24/7 water supply and efficient sewerage infrastructures, aims to reassure potential investors but meanwhile threatens to deepen already existing social and spatial inequalities in access to basic services. Moreover, the IT Corridor mega project increases risks for the fragile coastal ecosystem, including the Pallikaranai Marshland, which is already under threat from encroachments, garbage disposal and the dumping of untreated sewerage. The research indicates a crucial lack of awareness about the risks related to climate change among decision-makers, planners and residents. It concludes that the fragmented governance structure and lack of integrated analyses of hazards and socioeconomic vulnerabilities are the primary causes of water-related deficiencies in Chennai. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01144122&r=all |
| By: | V Hovelaque (CREM - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Management - CNRS - Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1); L Bironneau (CREM - Centre de Recherche en Economie et Management - CNRS - Université de Caen Basse-Normandie - UR1 - Université de Rennes 1) |
| Abstract: | Currently companies are looking for solutions to reduce carbon emissions associated with their operations. Operational adjustments, such as modifications in batch sizes or order quantities, have proven to be an effective way to decrease emissions. In this paper, a novel model is proposed that takes into account the link between an inventory policy (EOQ), total carbon emissions, and both price and environmental dependent demand. In the case of an exogenous price, two optimal quantities are determined which maximize a retailer's profit and which minimize carbon emissions. Conditions that allow a company to maximize profit while minimizing emissions and mechanisms that allow a firm to maximize its profit and to decrease its carbon emissions are determined. In the case of an endogenous price, some empirical results are also discussed. When a firm optimizes its profit through both its selling price and its order quantity, some experiments match empirical observations. On the one hand, an environmental strategy is more significant for cheaper and green-labeled products. On the other hand, a public mechanism such as a carbon tax will decrease total and marginal emissions. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01103463&r=all |
| By: | Frédéric Branger (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS, AgroParisTech); Philippe Quirion (CNRS, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | We analyse variations of carbon emissions in the European cement industry from 1990 to 2012, at the European level (EU 27), and at the national level for six major producers (Germany, France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Italy and Poland). We apply a Log-Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method, cross-referencing data from three databases: the Getting the Numbers Right (GNR) database developed by the Cement Sustainability Initiative, the European Union Transaction Log (EUTL), and the Eurostat International Trade database. Our decomposition method allows seven channels of emission change to be distinguished: activity, clinker trade, clinker share, alternative fuels, thermal and electrical energy efficiency, and electricity decarbonisation. We find that, apart from a slow trend of emission reductions coming from technological improvements (first from a decrease in the clinker share, then from an increase in alternative fuels), most of the emission change can be attributed to the activity effect. Using counterfactual scenarios, we estimate that the introduction of the EU ETS brought small but positive technological abatement (2.2% ± 1.3% between 2005 and 2012). Moreover, we find that the European cement industry has gained 3.5 billion Euros of " overallocation profits " , mostly due to the slowdown of production. |
| Date: | 2014–11–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01137935&r=all |
| By: | Dono, Gabriele; Cortigiani, Raffaele; Dell'Unto, Davide |
| Abstract: | This paper discusses some of the most relevant economic findings of two research projects, Agroscenari (www.Agroscenari.it) and MACSUR (www.MACSUR.eu), which analyze the impact of climate change (CC) on production levels and profitability of Italian and European agriculture for defining effective adaptation actions. Both projects provide research lines on climatology, agronomy, animal breeding and economics for building integrated models that simulate farmers’ decision making in the context of CC. The integration sought in these projects aims at determining how climate variability (CV) normally influences production and management of farms, then, at assessing the impact of CC based on the change of this variability (CCV). The influence of CV on crop production and livestock farming is considered in this study. The relationships among CV, agricultural and livestock production are expressed by means of Probability Distribution Functions (PDFs) estimated for the main agricultural variables in both climate scenarios, present (Ps) and future (Fs). These PDFs, appropriately discretized, are then used to represent the expectations on productive variability in an economic Discrete Stochastic Programming model that simulates farm management decision making process under Ps and Fs. Comparing the model results in the two scenarios indicates the effects of CCV, given the possibility to adapt the use of resources and the cultivation techniques. These possibilities of adjustment are modelled based on the current technologies, production structures and markets. So, even if Fs is not far away in time, they may appreciably increase during the transition period. For this reason, the comparison of the economic results achievable in Ps and Fs is not intended to provide an estimate of the final economic impact, but to indicate the farm types and cropping systems that will suffer the greatest stresses from CC. |
| Keywords: | stochastic programming, climate variability changes, sustainability, Agricultural and Food Policy, C61, Q12, Q54, |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea15:207276&r=all |
| By: | Guta, Dawit Diriba; Börner, Jan |
| Abstract: | Ethiopia’s energy sector faces critical challenges to meeting steadily increasing demand given limited infrastructure, heavy reliance on hydroelectric power, and underdevelopment of alternative energy resources. The main aim of this paper is to investigate an optimal least cost investment decisions for integrated energy source diversification. We seek to contribute to the relevant literature by paying particular attention to the role of public policy for promoting renewable energy investment and to better understand future energy security implication of various uncertainties. Dynamic linear programming model created using General Algebraic Modelling Systems (GAMS) software was used to explore the national energy security implications of uncertainties associated with technological and efficiency innovations, and climate change or drought scenarios. To cope with the impacts of drought on hydroelectric power production Ethiopia would need to invest in the development of alternative energy resources. This would improve sustainability and reliability, but these changes would also increase production costs. But greater technical and efficiency innovations found to improve electricity diversification, reduce production costs and shadow prices or resources scarcity; and are, thus, key for reducing the risks posed by drought and for enhancing energy security. |
| Keywords: | Energy security, Energy sector model, Climate change, Renewable energy, Technological innovation, Energy efficiency, Ethiopia, Demand and Price Analysis, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, Q400, Q410, Q420, Q470, |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:207697&r=all |
| By: | Christophe Cassen (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS); Celine Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS); Franck Lecocq (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the challenges related to the assessment of co-benefits of climate policies underpinned by the implementation of multi-objective policies which seek synergies between climate policies and other development objectives (poverty alleviation, employment, health etc.). The analysis highlights the increasing interest in co-benefits in the latest 5th IPCC report, in particular by integrated models. Nevertheless, the quantified evaluation of co-benefits is still confronted to several methodological limitations which reduce the scope of co-benefits, particularly at the global level. In a growing context of climate-development approaches in climate negotiations, this article insists on the need to also assess cobenefits of other policies which induce a significant part of GHG emissions. Considering climate policies focused only on Greehouse Gases emissions reduction limits the range of policy instruments to carbon taxation, tradable carbon emissions permits or dedicated mitigation and adaptation funds. This also hinders the integration of climate objectives in non-climate policies. Analyzing impacts of development policies on Green Gases emissions in the form of co-benefits requires to broaden the range of policy instruments and to take into account other drivers of emissions such as land dynamics. Including these mechanisms in integrated models therefore represents new scientific frontiers for integrated models in the coming years. |
| Abstract: | Cet article 1 examine les enjeux sous-jacents à l'évaluation des cobénéfices des politiques climatiques dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre de politiques multi-objectifs, au sein lesquelles des synergies sont recherchées entre la lutte contre le changement climatique et des objectifs de développement (emploi, santé, sortie de la pauvreté, etc.). L'analyse du cinquième rapport du groupe III du GIEC montre en effet un intérêt grandissant dans la littérature pour les évaluations quantifiées des cobénéfices, en particulier à l'aide de modèles numériques intégrés. Néanmoins, l'évaluation quantifiée à une échelle globale des cobénéfices est confrontée à des difficultés d'ordre méthodologique qui expliquent l'écart entre les pratiques des modélisateurs et la vision théorique des économistes qui repose sur l'analyse coûts-bénéfices. L'article revient enfin sur la nécessité d'élargir le champ d'investigation de l'évaluation des cobénéfices aux politiques non climatiques qui déterminent une part importante des émissions de GES, et constituent un des enjeux majeurs des approches intégrées climat-développement qui montent en puissance dans les négociations climat en cours. Abstract – Co-benefits of climate policies: a potential keystone of climate negotiations? This paper analyzes the challenges related to the assessment of co-benefits of climate policies underpinned by the implementation of multi-objective policies which seek synergies between climate policies and other development objectives (poverty alleviation, employment, health etc.). The analysis highlights the increasing interest in co-benefits in the latest 5th IPCC report, in particular by integrated models. Nevertheless, the quantified evaluation of co-benefits is still confronted to several methodological limitations which reduce the scope of co-benefits, particularly at the global level. In a growing context of climate-development approaches in climate negotiations, this article insists on the need to also assess co-benefits of other policies which induce a significant part of GHG emissions. Considering climate policies focused only on Greehouse Gases emissions reduction limits the range of policy instruments to carbon taxation, tradable carbon emissions permits or dedicated mitigation and adaptation funds. This also hinders the integration of climate objectives in non-climate policies. Analyzing impacts of development policies on Green Gases emissions in the form of co-benefits requires to broaden the range of policy instruments and to take into account other drivers of emissions such as land dynamics. Including these mechanisms in integrated models therefore represents new scientific frontiers for integrated models in the coming years. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01180076&r=all |
| By: | Sandrine Mathy (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | Two key debates are set to occupy the international agenda in coming months. On the one hand the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris will try to limit global warming to 2°C. On the other hand countries are due to set a new set of Millennium Development Goals for 2030. So far these two processes have remained separate. However the stakes are inextricably connected particularly in developing countries. This article presents a proposal before the Paris Conference that aims at reconciling development strategies and particularly poverty alleviation, climate mitigation and adaptation. This mechanism for climate and development convergence (MCDC) is based on sectoral basic needs indicators and on an output based aid approach. It relies on a voluntary participation and on a sectoral and flexible approach. |
| Abstract: | L’année 2015 voit la conjonction de deux événements majeurs sur la scène internationale : la Conférence internationale sur le changement climatique et la négociation pour l’adoption de nouveaux objectifs de développement durable incluant la lutte contre la pauvreté. Ces deux dossiers ont été jusqu’à présent globalement traités de manière distincte, pourtant, les enjeux de développement ainsi que les réponses à apporter pour éviter une dérive climatique sont liés de manière inextricable, tout spécialement dans les pays en développement. Cet article présente une proposition en amont de la Conférence de Paris de 2015 qui ambitionne de réconcilier stratégies de développement, politiques climatiques et adaptation, en ciblant et soutenant une mise en œuvre effective des synergies entre ces deux champs de manière à ériger en priorité absolue la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux et à dissiper le contentieux entre pays industrialisés et pays en développement sur l’engagement des pays en développement dans la lutte contre le changement climatique. Ce mécanisme de mise en convergence du climat et du développement (MCCD) promeut une approche basée sur une participation volontaire, sectorielle et flexible et s’appuie sur des indicateurs sectoriels de satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux et sur une aide de type output-based. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01074793&r=all |
| By: | Aoife Brophy Haney |
| Abstract: | Firms have developed climate change strategies over the last decade in response to rising regulatory, social and competitive pressures. Increasingly, these strategies include the development of new products and services (P&S) to reducing the environmental impact of the firm and its customers. In this paper, I explore how managerial interpretation of climate change has evolved over time and how these changes in interpretation are associated with innovation outcomes. The existing literature suggests that interpreting environmental challenges as opportunities is more likely to lead to open and innovative strategies. Using qualitative survey data on 99 Global 500 firms over the period 2003 to 2009, I find that threat-based interpretation can in fact lead to positive innovation outcomes at early stages of new P&S development. I identify three main mechanisms through which the detailed identification of threats encourages innovation in response to climate change. Furthermore, I develop a temporal dimension to the relationship between interpretation and stages of P&S development. I find that at advanced stages of P&S development, a balanced and opportunity-focused interpretation becomes more important. The results imply that managerial interpretation can provide firms with added flexibility to provide innovative responses to social and environmental challenges. But the relationship between interpretation and innovation is not static, nor is it a question of threat or opportunity interpretation but a combination of the two at different times that provides flexibility. |
| Keywords: | climate change, dynamic managerial capability, innovation, interpretation, environmental strategy |
| JEL: | M10 M14 L80 |
| Date: | 2015–08–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cam:camdae:1524&r=all |
| By: | Jean-Yves Courtonne (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - CNRS, INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes / LJK Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - STEEP - CNRS - INRIA - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - CNRS - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)); Pierre-Yves Longaretti (LAOG - Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble - CNRS - INSU - OSUG - Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble - CNRS - INSU - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier, INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes / LJK Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - STEEP - CNRS - INRIA - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - CNRS - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)); Julien Alapetite (CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - CNRS, INRIA Grenoble Rhône-Alpes / LJK Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - STEEP - CNRS - INRIA - LJK - Laboratoire Jean Kuntzmann - CNRS - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier - Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble (INPG)); Denis Dupré (IAE Grenoble - Institut d'Administration des Entreprises - Grenoble - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France, CERAG - Centre d'études et de recherches appliquées à la gestion - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | France is the second largest exporter of cereals in the world. Although the cereals supply chain is an asset for the country's economy and employment, it is at the same time responsible for a number of pressures on the local and global environment including greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) and stresses on water quality and quantity. This article aims at evaluating this situation from an environmental point of view by linking productions occuring in French regions with consumptions occuring in France and abroad. Based on previous work on Material Flow Analysis, we use an Absorbing Markov Chain model to study the fate of French cereals and link worldwide consumptions to environmental pressures along the supply chain, that is, induced by production, transformation or transport. The model is based on physical supply and use tables and distinguishes between 21 industries, 22 products, 38 regions of various spatial resolution (22 French regions, 10 countries, 6 continents) and 4 modes of transport. Energy use, GHG emissions, land use, use of pesticides and blue water footprint are studied. Illustrative examples are taken in order to demonstrate the versatility of the results produced, for instance: What is the fate/supply area of a region's production/consumption? What are the production and consumption footprint of a region? These results are designed to be a first step towards scenario analysis for decision-aiding that would also include socioeconomic indicators. Examples of such scenarios are discussed in the conclusion. |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01150067&r=all |
| By: | Sandrine Mathy (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | In 2015 two major international events will coincide: the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris and negotiations on a new set of Millennium Development Goals for 2030, including measures to combat poverty. Until now these two dossiers have mainly been treated separately, but the stakes for development and the measures required to avoid unbridled climate change are inextricably linked, particularly in developing countries. In the build-up to the 2015 Paris Climate Conference, this article presents a proposal which seeks to reconcile development strategies with policies on climate change and adaptation, by promoting various forms of synergy between these two fields, in such a way as to make satisfying basic needs an absolute priority and to clear up the dispute between industrialized and developing countries regarding the latter’s commitment to combating climate change. Our Climate and Development Convergence Mechanism advocates an approach based on voluntary, sector-based, flexible participation enabled by output-based aid and indicators of the satisfaction of basic needs. |
| Date: | 2014–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01083818&r=all |
| By: | Angèle Renaud (CReGO - Centre de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations - UB - Université de Bourgogne) |
| Abstract: | This paper explores the role of the management controller in environmental management control (EMC) by means of a longitudinal case study of a French company with a pioneering approach to EMC. The results show that the management controller has four key roles (carbon auditor, business partner, euro-carbon translator, and agent of change) and illustrate the characteristics of the controller in this new domain (image, power of influence, and territory). Several theoretical, managerial, and methodological lessons may be learned from this case study. |
| Abstract: | Cet article s'interroge sur les rôles du contrôleur de gestion dans le domaine environnemental. Pour ce faire, une étude de cas longitudinale est menée sur une entreprise française avant-gardiste en matière de contrôle de gestion environnemental (CGE). Les résultats révèlent 4 rôles du contrôleur de gestion (vérificateur de CO2, business partner, traducteur euro-carbone, acteur du changement) et ses caractéristiques dans ce nouveau domaine (image, pouvoir d'influence et territoire). Plusieurs enseignements d'ordre théorique, managérial et méthodologique sont tirés du cas. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01178066&r=all |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); Knut Einar Rosendahl (Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås); Halvor Briseid Storrøsten (Statistics Norway, Oslo) |
| Abstract: | Unilateral climate policy induces carbon leakage through the relocation of emission-intensive and trade-exposed industries to regions with no or more lenient emission regulation. Both analytical and numerical studies suggest that emission pricing combined with border carbon adjustments may be a second-best instrument, and more cost-effective than output-based rebating, in which case domestic output is indirectly subsidized. No countries have so far imposed border carbon adjustments, while variants of output-based rebating have been implemented. In this paper we demonstrate that it is welfare improving for a region who has already implemented emission pricing along with output-based rebating for emission-intensive and trade-exposed goods to also introduce a consumption tax on these goods. Moreover, we show that combining output-based rebating with a consumption tax can be equivalent with border carbon adjustments. |
| Keywords: | Carbon leakage; output-based rebating; border carbon adjustments; consumption tax |
| JEL: | D61 H2 Q54 |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:380&r=all |
| By: | Warwick J. McKibbin; Adele Morris; Peter J. Wilcoxen |
| Abstract: | Different pollution control policies, even if they achieve the same emissions goal, could have importantly different effects on the composition of the energy sector and economic outcomes. In this paper, we use the G-Cubed model of the global economy to compare two basic policy approaches for controlling carbon emissions from power plants: a tradable performance standard and a carbon tax. We choose these two approaches because they resemble two key options facing policymakers: continue implementing a performance standard approach under the Clean Air Act or adopt an excise tax on the carbon content of fossil fuels instead. Our goal is to highlight the important high-level differences in these basic approaches, abstracting from the details of specific policy proposals. We explore a wide variety of the illustrative policies’ economic outcomes including: changes in capital stocks and electricity production across eight types of generators, changes in end-user electricity prices, changes in gross domestic product (GDP), overall welfare impacts on the household sector and, finally, one outcome represented in the G-Cubed model and few others: short to medium-run changes in aggregate employment. |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:een:camaaa:2015-30&r=all |
| By: | Huanan Li; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology) |
| Abstract: | China's CO2 emissions have been the focus of attention for domestic and foreign scholars. However, very few articles have analysed whether and how a reduction of China's total CO2 emissions can be achieved. This is of great significance for meeting China's future CO2 emissions reduction targets. Based on input-output decomposition analysis model and dynamic programming approach, this paper analyses the factors affecting China's total carbon emissions and discuss whether and how it could be possible for China to reduce its total CO2 emissions. The results show that carbon intensity is a major driver for the reduction of China's CO2 emissions and that the impact of industry structure on the increment of China's CO2 emissions has changed from positive to negative in recent years. Under the premise of economic growth, carbon intensity decline and industrial structure adjustment should be coordinated. A reduction in the total amount of China's CO2 emissions is difficult to achieve in the short term, but an effective development mode can be selected with some policy implications suggested. |
| Keywords: | CO2 reduction, Input-Output model, SDA, dynamic programming approach, China |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2014–10–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:81&r=all |
| By: | Huanan Li; Yi-Ming Wei (Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (CEEP), Beijing Institute of Technology); Zhi-Fu Mi |
| Abstract: | As the world's largest CO2 emitter, China's CO2 emissions have become one of the most popular issues concerned by domestic and foreign researchers. Therefore, analysis of the current status of China's carbon emissions is very important. After drawing a chart of China's carbon flow in 2012, based on the IPCC carbon emission inventory method and China's energy balance table, this paper gives a detailed description of the current status of China's carbon flow and compares the changing characteristics of China's carbon flow between 2008 and 2012. The results show that 75.12% of total CO2 emissions flow mainly into several sectors, such as ferrous sectors, and the chemical industry in the terminal sub-sectors. Although China's thermoelectric efficiency increased dramatically during past four years, emissions from the heat and power production sector are still increasing due to China's large demand for heat and power. In the ferrous metal and chemical industry sectors, CO2 emissions are mainly energy-related, while in the non-metallic mineral sector, CO2 emissions are mainly from process CO2 emissions. In different terminal sub-sectors, the main carriers of CO2 flow are different, thus, related CO2 reduction policies should also be targeted. In addition, some valuable suggestions are given in this paper. |
| Keywords: | CO2 flow chart, CO2 reductions, China |
| JEL: | Q54 Q40 |
| Date: | 2014–10–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:biw:wpaper:80&r=all |
| By: | Romain Morel (Climat Research - Groupe caisse des dépots); Igor Shishlov (Climat Research - Groupe caisse des dépots); Valentin Bellassen (Climat Research - Groupe caisse des dépots) |
| Abstract: | The results from the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (KP) show that developed countries fulfilled their commitments through varied strategies. However, the Kyoto protocol did not manage to stabilize global GHG concentrations; furthermore its direct impact on domestic emissions reductions is unclear. Nevertheless, the KP has likely paved the way for a low-carbon transition by establishing international standards on emissions monitoring and on emission reductions projects. Yet, domestic policies – especially the EU ETS – are the main driver of emissions reductions and the principal catalyzers of private finance flows. A new, more effective, agreement would therefore need to expand its coverage, and take down the specter of “internationally binding” emission reductions commitments in order to focus on MRV requirements. Similar to Kyoto, a Paris outcome could take the form of a framework agreement setting up requirements and mechanisms with subsequent implementing agreements expected by 2020. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01151914&r=all |
| By: | Prudence Dato (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - Université de Savoie) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we analyze the optimal energy transition of a two-sector economy (energy and final goods) with exhaustible oil reserves, a renewable source of energy and a pollution threat. The latter corresponds to a pollution threshold above which a part of the capital is lost (following flooding for instance). We show that the optimal energy transition path may correspond to a corner regime in which the economy starts using both resources, then crosses the pollution threshold and therefore loses a part of its capital. At the end, the sole adoption of the renewable energy is optimal only in the long run. This result is in line with the asymptotic energy transition arguments stating that the transition to "clean" energy may happen only in the long run. We also show that economy reduces the use of energy resource as long as the productivity of capital and energy services is high. Therefore , public policies should promote investments in energy innovation that targets productive sector, home appliances and buildings and helps to save both money and energy. We extend the present model to allow for additional investment in energy saving technologies. Our main results show that this additional investment favours the energy transition in the sense that it increases the time within which the economy may experience the catastrophe and the welfare of the society. For policy implications, economic instruments such as taxes on "dirty" energy, subsidies on "clean" energy or incentives for energy saving technologies need to be implemented in order to promote the energy transition. This is particularly important for developing countries that mostly rely on polluting energy resources and are the most vulnerable to climate change. But those economic instruments should be carefully designed in line with the asymptotic energy transition result. |
| Date: | 2015–07–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01172146&r=all |
| By: | Richard Audoly (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - AgroParisTech); Adrien Vogt-Schilb (The World Bank - The World Bank, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - AgroParisTech); Céline Guivarch (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - CNRS - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - AgroParisTech) |
| Abstract: | This paper covers three policy-relevant aspects of the carbon content of elec-tricity that are well established among integrated assessment models but under-discussed in the policy debate. First, climate stabilization at any level from 2 • C to 3 • C requires electricity to be almost carbon-free by the end of the century. As such, the question for policy makers is not whether to decarbonize electricity but when to do it. Second, decarbonization of electricity is still possible and required if some of the key zero-carbon technologies — such as nuclear power or carbon capture and storage — turn out to be unavailable. Third, progres-sive decarbonization of electricity is part of every country's cost-effective means of contributing to climate stabilization. In addition, this paper provides cost-effective pathways of the carbon content of electricity — computed from the results of AMPERE, a recent integrated assessment model comparison study. These pathways may be used to benchmark existing decarbonization targets, such as those set by the European Energy Roadmap or the Clean Power Plan in the United States, or inform new policies in other countries. These pathways can also be used to assess the desirable uptake rates of electrification technolo-gies, such as electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric stoves and heat pumps, or industrial electric furnaces. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01079837&r=all |
| By: | Mélodie Cartel (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Eva Boxenbaum (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris); Franck Aggeri (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris) |
| Abstract: | The making of environmental policies is a multi-stakeholders process where actors often hold antagonistic interests. The paper explores how institutional compromises are reached by the mechanism of collective bricolage. Recent studies are developing a view on institutional innovation as bricolage, but the conditions under which bricolage occurs and succeeds in relation to institutional innovation are still unknown. Drawing on the notion of platform developed in the context of economics performativity, we study their role in bricolage mechanisms. We hold an empirical case study of the GETS platform that was instrumental in developing the European carbon market as a corner-stone of European climate policy. Based on the GETS case study, we find three modalities in which platforms stimulate institutional bricolage: catalyzing combinations, managing learning, fostering compromise. These findings draw on, and extend, the notion of platforms developed in the context of economics performativity, contributing to a better understanding of processes of bricolage and, more widely, of institutional innovation. The managerial implication of this study is to identify the conditions under which compromises become manageable in processes of policy making. 2 |
| Date: | 2014–07–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01089462&r=all |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); Edward J. Balistreri (Colorado School of Mines, USA); Thomas F. Rutherford (University of Wisconsin; USA) |
| Abstract: | Alternative perspectives on the structure of international trade have important implications for the evaluation of climate policy. In this paper we assess climate policy in the context of three important alternative trade formulations. First is a Heckscher-Ohlin model based on trade in homogeneous products, which establishes the traditional<br>neoclassical view on comparative advantage. Second is an Armington model based on regionally differentiated goods, which constitutes a popular specifcation for numerical simulations of trade policy. Third is a Melitz model based on monopolistic-competition and firm heterogeneity. This heterogeneous-firms framework is adopted in many contemporary theoretic and empirical investigations in international trade. As we show in this paper, the three alternative trade formulations have important implications for the assessment of climate policy with respect to competitive effects for energy-intensive production (and hence carbon leakage) as well as the transmission of policy burdens across countries. |
| Keywords: | Heterogeneous firms, carbon leakage, competitiveness |
| JEL: | F12 F18 Q54 Q |
| Date: | 2015–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:383&r=all |
| By: | Kees Prins (International Union of Forest Research Organizations - IUFRO); Alejandra Cáu-Cattan (International Union of Forest Research Organizations - IUFRO); Nataly Azcarrúnz (International Union of Forest Research Organizations - IUFRO); Grégoire Leclerc (GREEN - Gestion des ressources renouvelables et environnement - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement) |
| Abstract: | EcoAdapt (www.ecoadapt.eu) is an ambitious, complex and demanding action-research project about water security in a context of climate change. The issues the project deals with are also complex and demanding. A central challenge is how to get the investigators, the project partner Model Forest local teams and the relevant local actors in the territorieson the same page. That is why joint knowledge development and shared learning from different sources and ways of knowing is of such strategic importance in EcoAdapt. Moreover, a viable and sustainable community based response to environmental and climaticchallenges requires a critical mass of motivated, informed and concerted local actors. To make good headway in this direction, an arduous but dynamic process has been set into motion resulting in a growing commitment and capacity building among the local actors in the three EcoAdapt territories. The project’s mini and synthesis workshops were building- and stepping-stones in a continuous path of joint learning and capacity development. In the former events the information captured in the base line study was discussed with the locals actors ,while in the second ones, the interest aroused was capitalized upon to form the change agents groups (an essential aspect of the EcoAdapt strategy) and to respond to the demand of more precise and accessible information, by means of a series of field learning activities. This had some promising outcomes such as contributing to a common interest and growing understanding of water as a central watershed ecosystem; widening of the horizon and view towards watershed and landscape management; strengthening of community drinking water systems with regards to its hardware and software (physical infrastructure, local management and governance); growing cooperation among urban and rural groups or between civil society and policy makers around water issues; creating a link between the legal framework and policy making and the processes on the ground. A spiral of learning took place. As people satisfy their curiosity and initial interest they want to know more and understand better, and they become even more investigative as the activity gets geared towards action and towards helping them achieve their needs and aspirations. Learning does not stop and is clearly evolving in the project with regards to aims, content and methods. This proves to be entirely in line with one of the working hypothesis of the project and also with constructivist theories such as meaningful learning. It has been fundamental and very instrumental to induce the formation of multi actor platforms of change agents in the three territories, through which the field learning activities are organized. These new instances are pivotal in the EcoAdapt learning and organization process by the local project partners: due to a broad representation of local groups and institutions, these platforms get grounded and obtain a growing legitimacy in the territory; they fill a real demand by tackling felt needs for local development around water issues and capitalizing human, institutional and financial opportunities and resources; information is spread and debated; trust and chemistry is built and a common language and vision developed; by lowering barriers between groups and institutions transaction costs are lowered and opportunities are taken advantage of to decrease operational costs and achieve higher effectiveness in ongoing or initial action around water issues and management. Hence it is also very cost effective in economic terms. Climate change adaptation is a variant of risk management to secure water, food and other means of living. Management of climate risks is a millenarian old need and practice, but recent climate change tendencies give it a whole new dimension. Traditional knowledge and practice is a good springboard to climate change adaptation, but new science based information and views must be inserted in what people already know, do and want to change (or conserve) to widen their horizon and action alternatives, and create in this way, a solid 5 base for a viable and shared climate change adaptation plan. In that perspective it is essential that the complex issue of climate change is made transparent, understandable and meaningful. This still remains a great challenge in tactical and didactical terms. The systematized experience so far teaches us that it may be necessary to deviate a bit from the project proposal (“description of work”, or DoW) in order to advance towards the project vision. So, in Climate Change Adaptation for Local Development (the project slogan) the relation between both aims is inter-active.Local development can be a starting point for advancing to climate change adaptation and ecological and social resilience. Close observation shows that the prime mover of action by the local actors has not been so much climate change adaptation but securing clean water in sufficient quality and quantity or satisfying other felt local needs and aspirations. And this is not just a matter of climate- but also of legal stress, and a lack of equity and legitimacy. Hence, the internal learning and systematization has fed also the adaptive project management. Looking backwards and reflecting on it, one gets more clarity on how to go forwards to reach the vision. But therefore it is also important to look out of the EcoAdapt box and combine internal reflection with relevant literature and other cases, in order to get more out of the empirical data and process.Hence, much emphasis was put in this working paper on a relevant literature review, whose results merged in a conceptual flow chart, with the philosophy and strategy of EcoAdapt. In chapter VI Analysis and Synthesis the link is made between this flowchart with the process and outcomes of the field learning activities described in much detail in chapter V. Many promising results were found as well as pending challenges which both are inputs for action and strategy in the next two years: momentum must be maintained, advances consolidated and a qualitative jump forward made. One of the lessons learned is the importance of combining tangibles and intangibles in water management to motivate participation of the local actors and enable their learning, organization and governance towards the desired change. It also shows the added value of EcoAdapt and how it gets the most out of its limited financial means. Learning outcomes must be converted into input for strategic development, scaling out and up, policy debate and policy incidence. There is clear evidence that this process has already begun. Distances between actors diminish; policy makers get more involved; people become more knowledgeable on legal and policy matters and want to influence them or make better use of them; joint practice and understanding of water issues go hand in hand; scales of intervention are combined. Scaling up is of strategic importance because community based environment management has a limited effect and does not make much sense if policy makers do not respond correspondingly. So, in order for intervention to be effective it must occur at different scales and be articulated. Both literature and the project practice confirm this need and possibility. It is also clearly foreseen in the project strategy expressed in the theory of change of the DoW. A next central priority will be to incorporate, intelligently and tactically, the planned scenarios and measures of climate change adaptation within the activities and processes already in march in the three sites and organized around perceived local needs and opportunities, while at the same time doing the inverse - insert the ongoing activities in a broader framework. A related central challenge in this perspective will be to stimulate in the coming years, a fruitful debate and clarity on water governance and conflict management in a context of growing water scarcity due to the effects of climate change and other stressors. A debate on ‘’hotter issues’’ is quite feasible as more trust, chemistry and cooperation is built around non conflictive issues during start up activities, like what is going on at the moment. 6 As the literature shows, in the history of humankind, water scarcity does not necessarily lead to conflict and often has been a base for cooperation, social organization and synergy, depending on the rules of the game and the governance institutions in place and functioning. This will become an increasingly important issue in light of viable and robust adaptation plans to be made in the three sites in the course of 2014-2015. |
| Date: | 2014–01–20 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01104038&r=all |
| By: | Vincent Viguié (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS); Stéphane Hallegatte (World Bank - World Bank); Julie Rozenberg (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | The NEDUM-2D model is used to downscale four global socioeconomic scenarios at city scale and simulate the evolution of the Paris urban area between 1900 and 2100. It is based on a dynamic extension of the classical urban economic theory, to explain the spatial distribution of land and real estate values, dwelling surfaces, population density and buildings heights and density. A validation over the 1900-2010 period shows that the model reproduces available data and captures the main determinants of city shape evolution. From four global scenarios and additional local inputs, 32 local scenarios are created and analyzed. Main drivers of urban sprawl and climate and flood vulnerability appear to be local demographic growth and local policies; global factors, such as energy and transport prices, even including possible peak-oil and carbon taxes, have only a limited influence on them. Conversely, transport-related greenhouse gases emissions are mainly driven by global factors, namely vehicle efficiency changes, not by land use. As a consequence, very strict urban policies — including reconstruction — would become necessary to control emissions from urban transportation if technologies reveal unable to do so. These scenarios are a useful input for the design and assessment of mitigation and adaptation policies at local scale. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01136217&r=all |
| By: | Svante MANDELL |
| Abstract: | New infrastructure projects may affect CO2 emissions and, thus, cost benefit analyses for these projects require a value to apply for CO2. This may be based on the marginal social cost of emissions or on the carbon price resulting from present and future policies. This paper argues that both approaches are necessary, but for cost benefit analysis of infrastructure projects the latter should be the primary tool. A series of complications arise when applying this principle in practice. These are discussed in the paper. Even if the complications make the implementation of the approach difficult, we argue that it is still preferable to a social cost approach. |
| Keywords: | climate change, policy, carbon value, cost-benefit analysis |
| JEL: | H54 Q51 R42 |
| Date: | 2013–12–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/32-en&r=all |
| By: | Igor Shishlov (Mission Climat de la Caisse des Dépôts - Carbon Offsets, Agriculture and Forestry Unit - Groupe caisse des dépots); Valentin Bellassen (Mission Climat de la Caisse des Dépôts - Carbon Offsets, Agriculture and Forestry Unit - Groupe caisse des dépots) |
| Abstract: | The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) facilitated the emergence and deployment of low-cost greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement technologies such as destruction of industrial gases and capturing methane from landfills and coal mines. Some of these technologies are now ripe to “graduate” from the CDM into other, more mainstream, economic tools. The first such step was taken in September 2013 when the G20 leaders agreed to phase out HFCs – highly potent greenhouse gases – including HFC-23 that was the focus of 19 CDM projects. A potential HFC-23 abatement fund under the Montreal Protocol could reduce up to 1.8 Gt CO2e by 2020 at a cost of under US$0.2 per ton of CO2e, i.e. much cheaper than the price paid to CDM projects through carbon crediting. The next potential candidate technology to “graduate” from the CDM is the abatement of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in the chemical industry, which have already been placed on the agenda of the Montreal Protocol. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01151911&r=all |
| By: | Frédéric Branger (CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS, AgroParisTech); Oskar Lecuyer (Department of Economics and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research - University of Bern); Philippe Quirion (CNRS, CIRED - Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - AgroParisTech - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC) - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), presented as the " flagship " of European climate policy, is subject to many criticisms from different stakeholders: it does not reduce carbon emissions nor generate enough low-carbon innovation, it induces competitiveness losses and carbon leakage, its distributional effects are unfair and finally, it is susceptible to fraud. We review these criticisms and recognize that: abatement is real (though small), innovation is insufficient, competitiveness losses and carbon leakage did not seem to take place, distributional effects have indeed been unfair and fraud has been important. Some of these problems could have been avoided. They can still be corrected by reforming the ETS through the introduction of price limits and by developing complementary policies, both because the ETS reform may fail and because the ETS cannot address all the relevant market failures. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01137875&r=all |
| By: | Paula Coussy (IFPEN - IFP Energies Nouvelles - IFP Energies Nouvelles); Ludovic Raynal (IFPEN - IFP Energies Nouvelles - IFP Energies Nouvelles) |
| Abstract: | Carbon capture technology (and associated storage), applied to power plants, reduces atmospheric CO2 emissions. This article demonstrates that, in the particular case of the deployment phase of CO2 capture technology during which CO2 quota price may be low, capturing less than 90% of total CO2 emissions from power plants can be economically attractive. Indeed, for an electric power company capture technology is interesting, only if the discounted marginal cost of capture is lower than the discounted marginal cost of purchased quotas. When CO2 price is low, it is interesting to have flexibility and reduce the overall capture rate of the site, by stopping the capture system of one of the combustion trains if the site has multiple ones, or by adopting less than 90% CO2 capture rate. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01085280&r=all |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); Brita Bye; Taran Fæhn; Rosendahl Knut Einar |
| Abstract: | We investigate how carbon taxes combined with output-based rebating (OBR) in an open economy perform in interaction with the carbon policies of a large neighboring trading partner. Analytical results suggest that whether the purpose of the OBR policy is to compensate firms for carbon tax burdens or to maximize welfare (accounting for global emission reductions), the second-best OBR rate should be positive in most cases. Further, it should fall with the introduction of carbon taxation in the neighboring country, particularly if the neighbor refrains from OBR. Numerical simulations for Canada with the US as the neighboring trading partner, indicates that the impact of US policies on the second-best OBR rate will depend crucially on the purpose of the domestic OBR policies. If the aim is to restore the competitiveness of domestic emission-intensive, trade exposed (EITE) firms at the same level as before the introduction of its own carbon taxation for a given US carbon policy, we find that the domestic optimal OBR rates are relatively insensitive to the foreign carbon policies. If the aim is to compensate the firms for actions taken by the US following a Canadian carbon tax, the necessary domestic OBR rates will be lower if also the US regulates its emissions, particularly if the US refrains from OBR. If the goal is rather to increase the efficiency of Canadian policies in an economy-wide sense by accounting for carbon leakage, the US policies have but a minor reducing impact on domestic optimal OBR rates. |
| Keywords: | carbon leakage, second-best optimal carbon policies, output-based rebates |
| JEL: | Q43 Q54 H2 D61 |
| Date: | 2014–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:382&r=all |
| By: | Claire Bergaentzlé (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Cédric Clastres (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Haikel Khalfallah (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | In this article, we study the impacts of loadshedding in an interconnected electricity market. We show that this drop in electricity consumption improves energy (cost of electricity) and environmental (decrease in greenhouse gas emissions) efficiencies. These efficiency gains are an increasing function of the size of load-shedding but with decreasing rates. However, marginal benefits decrease with growing rates of load shedding. This result shows that simple and inexpensive response tools should be prefered, especially if a high risk of loadshifting effect exists. |
| Abstract: | Dans cet article, nous étudions les effets d’un effacement de consommation électrique dans un marché interconnecté. Nous montrons que cette réduction induit des gains en efficacités énergétiques (réduction des coûts de l’énergie) et environnementales (réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre). Ces gains en efficacités sont croissants avec le niveau de réduction de la demande électrique. Cependant, les gains supplémentaires liés à l’augmentation des consommations effacées sont de moins en moins importants au fur et à mesure que l’effacement croît. Ce résultat suggère une préférence pour la mise en place d’outils de maîtrise de la demande simples et moins coûteux, notamment lorsqu’il existe un fort risque de reports des consommations effacées |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01137266&r=all |
| By: | Andreas Reinstaller; Peter Reschenhofer |
| Abstract: | The development of "green" industries is commonly seen as a necessary even though not sufficient condition for the transition towards ecologically sustainable paths of economic development. It is also a recurrent view that pro-active and successful policy action in this domain will not only promote sustainable development but also secure competitive advantage of successful countries in these industries. However, a complex constellation of path-dependencies in systems of production and (negative) externalities constrain the emergence and expansion of environmental technologies. This paper presents evidence that path-dependencies in systems of production have a dual role in the development of new industries. They are not only a source of structural lock-in, but also a potential starting point for new developments. The paper shows that factors causing path dependence in systems of production are also an important source of competitiveness both for all traded commodities and for environmental technology industries. Hence, policies supporting the emergence of industries producing environmental technologies should try to exploit this mechanism. Drawing on this evidence a counterfactual analysis is carried out to investigate potential trajectories of development of the EU28 countries in the environmental technologies. The results indicate that some countries that up to recent times have been pioneers in environmental technologies may lose their strong position in these technologies. In other countries instead new strengths in environmental technologies have the potential to emerge, as some environmental technologies can draw on untraded interdependencies that have not been brought to full fruition so far. |
| Keywords: | Product space, local capabilities, related diversication, competitiveness |
| JEL: | O31 O32 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:feu:wfewop:y:2015:m:8:d:0:i:106&r=all |
| By: | Damien Sans (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université); Sonia Schwartz (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le developpement international - CNRS - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I); Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we study an eco-industry providing an environmental service to a competitive polluting sector. We show that even if this eco-industry is highly concentrated, a standard environmental policy based on a Pigouvian tax or a pollution permit market reaches the first-best outcome, challenging the Tinbergen rule. To illustrate this point, we first consider an upstream monopoly selling eco-services to a representative polluting firm. We progressively extend our result to heterogeneous downstream polluters and heterogeneous upstream Cournot competitors. Finally, we underline some limits of this result. It does not hold under the assumption of abatement goods or downstream market power. In this last case, we obtain Barnett's result. |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01182200&r=all |
| By: | Karine Constant (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the economic implications of an environmental policy when we take into account the life expectancy of heterogeneous agents. In a framework where everyone suffers from pollution, but health status depends also on individual human capital, we find that the economy may be stuck in a trap where inequalities persistently grow, when the initial level of pollution is too high. Therefore, we study whether a tax on pollution associated with an investment in pollution abatement can be used to reduce inequalities and to improve endogenous growth. We obtain that a tighter environmental policy may allow the economy to escape the inequality trap and hence to converge to a long-term equilibrium without inequality, while it enhances the long-term growth rate. However, if inequalities or pollution are initially too high, such a result does not hold for reasonable tax rates. |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01174052&r=all |
| By: | Cyril Adoue (Université Technologique de Troye, Institut de l'économie circulaire); Rémi Beulque (CGS - Centre de Gestion Scientifique - MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Institut de l'économie circulaire); Laetitia Carré (Institut Catholique de Paris (ICP), Institut de l'économie circulaire); Julie Couteau (IEP Bordeaux - Sciences Po Bordeaux - Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, Institut de l'économie circulaire) |
| Abstract: | Firms operate in a globalized economic system, which is increasingly characterized by natural resources scarcity, energy costs increase, environmental degradations and social imbalances. Circular economy offers firms concrete solutions to face these issues, through operational strategies such as recycling, reuse, remanufacturing, eco-design, functional economy or industrial ecology. Therefore, it constitutes a true and applied sustainable development model, which could decouple economic value creation from natural resources use and environmental impacts, while creating jobs. Number of pioneering companies have already identified the opportunities that are associated with these strategies, and changed their business model based on circular economy strategies. These volunteer approaches generates new economic, social and environmental dynamics, as well as innovative business positioning. The supporting material of this study, which is realized by the French Institute for circular economy, is the feedback from these firms. Its objective is to develop a better understanding of the motivations that pushed these firms to launch these strategies, as well as the incentives and the obstacles faced by these pioneers, both within their company and in their direct and indirect environment. It also aims, through case studies, to pave the way to potential actors who would wish to engage in circular economy strategies, and to outline areas for improvement and generalization of these approaches. |
| Abstract: | Les entreprises évoluent au sein d’un système économique mondialisé, qui se trouve aujourd’hui bouleversé par des problématiques telles que la raréfaction des ressources naturelles, le renchérissement du coût de l’énergie, les dégradations environnementales et les déséquilibres sociaux. L’économie circulaire propose aux entreprises des solutions concrètes à ces enjeux, au travers des démarches opérationnelles telles que le recyclage, le réemploi, la réutilisation, l’éco-conception, l’économie de la fonctionnalité et l’écologie industrielle et territoriale. En ce sens, elle constitue un véritable modèle appliqué de développement soutenable, capable de découpler la création de valeurs de l’utilisation de ressources non renouvelables et des impacts environnementaux, tout en étant créatrice d’emplois. Nombre d’entreprises pionnières ont d’ores et déjà identifié les opportunités liées à ces démarches, et opéré un changement de leur business model en s’appuyant sur une stratégie d’économie circulaire. Ces démarches, volontaires, sont à l’origine de dynamiques économiques, sociales et environnementales vertueuses mais également de positionnements commerciaux pionniers. Les retours d’expérience de ces entreprises constituent la base de cette étude menée par l’Institut de l’économie circulaire ayant pour objectif la compréhension des motivations à l’origine de ces démarches ainsi que des freins et leviers rencontrés par ces pionniers, aussi bien au sein de leur entreprise que dans leur environnement direct et indirect. Il s’agit également, à travers les exemples développés, de montrer la voie aux acteurs qui souhaiteraient s’engager dans des stratégies d’économie circulaire, et d’esquisser des pistes d’amélioration et de généralisation des démarches. |
| Date: | 2014–09 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01172044&r=all |
| By: | Christoph Böhringer (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics); Markus Bortolamedi (University of Oldenburg, Department of Economics) |
| Abstract: | Energy security ranks high on the policy agenda of many countries. To improve on energy security, governments undertake regulatory measures for promoting renewable energy, increasing energy efficiency, or curbing carbon dioxide emissions. The impacts of such measures on energy security are typically monitored by means of so-called energy security indicators. In this paper, we show that the common use of wide-spread energy security indicators falls short of providing a meaningful metric. Regulatory measures to improve on energy security trigger ambiguous effects across energy security indicators. We conclude that a major pitfall of energy security indicators is the lack of a rigorous microeconomic foundation. |
| Keywords: | energy security, energy security indicators, computable general equilibrium analysis |
| JEL: | D58 Q48 |
| Date: | 2015–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:old:dpaper:381&r=all |
| By: | Eléazar Zerbo (LEMNA - Laboratoire d'économie et de management de Nantes Atlantique - UN - Université de Nantes) |
| Abstract: | This paper analyzes the effect of economic growth, energy consumption and foreign trade on CO2 emissions on eight Sub-Sahara African countries, namely Botswana, Cameroon, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa and Togo. The ARDL bound testing approach to cointegration developed by Pesaran, Shin and Smith (2001) is used to test the long run relationship among the variables. Our findings show the existence of a long run relationship only in South Africa and Togo. The results show that energy consumption has an effect in increasing CO2 emissions in Botswana, Kenya, South Africa and Togo in the short term. Trade openness is not sufficient to improve environment quality in Kenya while it does in South Africa. Furthermore, we apply the Toda and Yamamoto (1995) Granger causality test, and find that Kenya is dependent on energy while economic growth and energy consumption have a neutral relationship in Cameroon, Senegal, South Africa and Togo, suggesting that an energy efficiency policy may be implemented. However, the econometric results should be interpreted with care, as the variables are found to be weakly stable over the study period. |
| Date: | 2015–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01110769&r=all |
| By: | Eloi Laurent (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Environmental challenges are, at their root, social problems that arise from income and power inequality. Thus, inequality is an environmental issue just as environmental degradation is a social issue(forming a “social-ecological nexus”), and solutions must address them jointly through principles and institutions rooted in justice. This article develops a two-sided “social- ecological” approach to offer both analytical and empirical insights into the dynamics of this relationship and a policy path forward |
| Date: | 2015–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01136326&r=all |
| By: | Joseph Lanfranchi (LEMMA - Laboratoire d'économie mathématique et de microéconomie appliquée - UP2 - Université Panthéon-Assas - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Sorbonne Universités, CEE - Centre d'études de l'emploi - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé); Sanja Pekovic (University Paris-Dauphine DRM-DMSP (CNRS UMR 7088) - DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - CNRS - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine - DMSP - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine - CEE - Centre d'études de l'emploi - M.E.N.E.S.R. - Ministère de l'Éducation nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche - Ministère du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Santé) |
| Abstract: | The implementation of environmental standards can be facilitated by motivating workers with pro-social preferences. Therefore, we study if employees working for firms achieving registration for environmental-related standards are more likely to display positive attitudes toward their job, to be actively involved in their jobs and to donate effort. Using a French matched employer-employee database, we find that these "green employees" report a significantly higher perception of usefulness and equitable recognition at work. Besides, they are more likely to work uncompensated overtime hours. Finally, if the adoption of environmental standards is shown to have no direct influence on job involvement, we expose how it indirectly impacts job involvement through the mediation of employees' reported perception of usefulness and equitable recognition at work. |
| Date: | 2014–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01081059&r=all |
| By: | Gava, Oriana; Andreoli, Maria; Bartolini, Fabio; Brunori, Gianluca |
| Abstract: | The provision of public goods is at the heart of agriculture’s multifunctionality. Since 1992s, the Common Agricultural Policy has addressed the environmental challenge by designing and implementing a set of environmental instruments, among which the most important are cross-compliance and agri-environmental schemes, respectively under Pillar I and Pillar II. The CAP has faced a reform where one of the main novelty beside to a new payment mechanism is the greening. This paper aims at assessing the ex-ante impact of alternative designs of the greening measure, within the framework of introduction of the new basic payment system. The design of the alternative scenarios encompasses the design of the optimal greening prescription: to increase the cost-effectiveness of the measure. The empirical analysis relies on Tuscany’s micro-data from the Italian agricultural Census 2010. We focus on the province of Grosseto, due to its high concentration of intensive farms. We apply a mathematical programming model at the farm level, which allows simulating the behaviour of farmers facing alternative greening designs under the new payment system. Data about farmers’ cost are derived from the Farm Accountancy Data Network. We assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative greening designs, by upscaling farm-level model’s results about the crop diversification index and the intensity of management. |
| Keywords: | ex-ante analysis, cost-effectiveness, hnv, mathematical programming, cap’s greening, Agricultural and Food Policy, Q18, Q10, |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea15:207359&r=all |
| By: | Anna Creti (UP9 - Université Paris 9, Dauphine - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Polytechnique - X); Alena Kotelnikova (Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Polytechnique - X); Guy Meunier (INRA - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Polytechnique - X); Jean-Pierre Ponssard (CNRS, Department of Economics, Ecole Polytechnique - CNRS - Polytechnique - X) |
| Abstract: | This study develops a consistent framework to compare FCEV with gasoline ICE (ignition combustion engine) and applies this framework to the German market over the period 2015-2050. As such it provides for: - The formulation of a proper cost benefit analysis, including the definition of the abatement cost for the hydrogen technology; - The simulation of the results under various technological and cost assumptions; - The identification of the major conceptual issues to facilitate analytical developments. The sources used in the analysis are based on an update of previous industry studies. The main conclusion is that FCEV could be a socially beneficial alternative for decarbonizing part of the projected German car park at the horizon 2050. The corresponding abatement cost would fall in the range of 50 €/t CO2 to 60 €/t CO2. This range is higher than the current estimate for the normative cost of carbon as expressed in Quinet (2009 and 2013), which is around 30€/t in 2015. Still the gap is not out of hand. We identify the market and cost conditions that would shorten the gap. The methodology used in this study could be expanded to integrate two pending issues noted in the literature for the successful deployment of FCEV: - Making the deployment for FCEV endogenous and depending on the public and private instruments that could induce the decreasing of costs and the acceptance of the FCEV technology by consumers. - Designing an appropriate institutional framework to promote cooperation for manufacturing FCEV, producing carbon free H2 and investing in the distribution of H2. The initial sunk costs necessary for investment cannot be recouped through pure market equilibrium behavior. This study already provides an order of magnitude to quantify these issues. |
| Date: | 2015–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01116997&r=all |
| By: | Sylvie Démurger (GATE Lyon Saint-Étienne - Groupe d'analyse et de théorie économique - CNRS - UCBL - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - UL2 - Université Lumière - Lyon 2 - Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne - PRES Université de Lyon - ENS Lyon - École normale supérieure - Lyon); Adeline Pelletier (Centre for Economic Performance - LSE - London School of Economics, Instituto de Empresa Business School) |
| Abstract: | Using survey data from Inner Mongolia, this paper explores the role of stakeholder engagement in the implementation of the Sloping Land Conversion Programme (SLCP), a payments for environmental services programme designed to restore forest in degraded land. Based on the idea that volunteerism and satisfaction with the programme's outcome are two important components of the programme's viability, we successively analyse the intensity of households' participation in the programme and their reported satisfaction with its economic achievement, which we relate to their stated volunteerism. We show that households' participation intensity in the SLCP is primarily driven by land and location characteristics, and that these findings hold true whether or not the households voluntarily enrolled in the programme. Moreover, as far as participants' satisfaction can be interpreted as an indicator of potential long-term support for the programme, our findings also support plausible sustainability for the programme. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01141119&r=all |
| By: | Michele ACCIARO; Alan MCKINNON |
| Abstract: | The growth in container volumes and the concentration of container flows on a limited number of hubs, which derives, among other things, from the increasing vessel size, requires the development of new terminal infrastructure at ports able to handle the latest generation of vessels. In addition to the pressure that such vessels impose on the terminal cargo handling capabilities, it is often forgotten, that those larger vessels will also require higher capacity in hinterland transportation or a rationalization and better use of existing transport alternatives. Those ports that are already plagued by inland congestion or that are located in the proximity of densely populated areas, will have to come up with viable alternatives to reduce the impact of congestion and relieve local communities from the negative externalities generated by increasing cargo flows. The development of new terminal infrastructure should then take into account the effects that increasing traffic volumes will have on the existing infrastructure and plan for expansion if necessary. As volumes increase, alternative modes of transport, such as rail or short-sea shipping are being promoted both to reduce both congestion and environmental impacts. In the specific case of Chile and the new development associated with the Puerto de Gran Escala project, it is imperative to carefully plan the development of the hinterland infrastructure. This is not only necessary to ensure that the investment yields adequate economic benefit; it must also maximise the social and environmental sustainability of the project. This paper provides an overview of the state of the art in hinterland transport management, focusing on the challenges that the development of new container terminal infrastructure is likely to bring to the local communities. Recommendation and a set of good practice case studies of good practice are also provided. |
| Keywords: | emissions, hinterland transportation, port gate, port hinterland, rail access to terminals |
| Date: | 2013–11–13 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:oec:itfaab:2013/19-en&r=all |
| By: | Michel Damian (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | This commentary discusses the opinion piece published on 1 June 2014 by Professor Robert Stavins in The New York Times. Professor Robert Stavins argues that "The Only Feasible Way of Cutting Emissions" is to set up a market for tradable permits. We review and criticize his mains arguments. Our purpose here is not to deny the possibility of carbon trading, but to call for a realistic assessment of the deployment of cap-and-trade systems and their limitations. |
| Date: | 2014 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01092751&r=all |
| By: | Aurélien SAUSSAY (OFCE - OFCE - Sciences Po) |
| Abstract: | Over the past decade, the rapid increase in shale gas and shale oil production in the United States has profoundly changed energy markets in North America, and has led to a significant decrease in American natural gas prices. The possible existence of large shale deposits in Europe, mainly in France, Poland and the United Kingdom, has fostered speculation on whether the "shale revolution", and its accompanying macroeconomic impacts, could be duplicated in Europe. However, a number of uncertainties, notably geological, technological and regulatory, make this possibility unclear. We present a techno‐economic model, SHERPA (SHale Exploitation and Recovery Projection and Analysis), to analyze the main determinants of the profitability of shale wells and plays. We calibrate our model using production data from the leading American shale plays. We use SHERPA to estimate three shale gas production scenarios exploring different sets of geological and technical hypotheses for the largest potential holder of shale gas deposits in Europe, France. Even considering that the geology of the potential French shale deposits is favorable to commercial extraction, we find that under assumptions calibrated on U.S. production data, natural gas could be produced at a high breakeven price of $8.6 per MMBtu, and over a 45 year timeframe have a net present value of $19.6 billion – less than 1% of 2012 French GDP. However, the specificities of the European context, notably high deposit depth and stricter environmental regulations, could increase drilling costs and further decrease this low profitability. We find that a 40% premium over American drilling costs would make shale gas extraction uneconomical. Absent extreme well productivity, it appears very difficult for shale gas extraction to have an impact on European energy markets comparable to the American shale revolution. |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01140573&r=all |
| By: | Damien Sans (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université); Sonia Schwartz (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le developpement international - CNRS - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I); Hubert Stahn (AMSE - Aix-Marseille School of Economics - EHESS - École des hautes études en sciences sociales - Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) - Ecole Centrale Marseille (ECM) - AMU - Aix-Marseille Université) |
| Abstract: | In this article we introduce a polluting eco-industry. Depending on the level of the damage, we find one of two optimal equilibria. If the damage is low, we generalize the usual results of the economic literature to the polluting eco-industry: the dirty firm partially abates their emissions, only efficient eco-industry firms produce and the abatement level increases with the damage. However, we obtain very specific results if the damage is high. In this case, not all efficient eco-industry firms produce. The abatement level and the number of active eco-industry firms both decrease as the damage increases. We finally show that a well-designed Pigouvian tax implements these equilibria in a competitive economy. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01083464&r=all |
| By: | Marina Lagune-Reutler; Andrew Guthrie; Yingling Fan; David Levinson (Nexus (Networks, Economics, and Urban Systems) Research Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota) |
| Abstract: | Reducing the burden of waiting in transit travel is critical to increase the attractiveness of public transportation and encourage people’s shift from automobile mode. Research shows that wait time perception is highly subjective and varies according to various factors such as mode, availability of schedule information or stops amenities. In addition, high-quality environments are known to reduce stress and to encourage walking and biking. Nevertheless, little research exists on the influence of the stops and stations surrounding environment on transit users’ wait time perception. This study aims to respond to this knowledge gap in order to optimize stop localization and micro urban design around stops. The study compares transit users’ actual and estimated wait time at 36 stops and stations offering a mix of environmental situations in the Twin Cities region. A regression analysis is used to explain the variation in riders’ waiting time estimates as a function of their objectively observed waiting times, as well as stop and station surrounding environment characteristics. The results show that, for waits longer than five minutes, the more the environment is polluted and exposed to traffic, the more transit users tend to overestimate their wait time and that, on the contrary, the more mature trees are present the shorter the wait time is perceived. The combination of the three variables indicates that after 5 minutes wait, the presence of trees achieves to compensate the effects of both air pollution and traffic awareness. Policy implications and further research needs are discussed. |
| Keywords: | Public transportation, transit, rail, bus, stop, station, waiting time, time perception, environment, air pollution, traffic, tree, planning, urban design. |
| JEL: | R41 C93 |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:nex:wpaper:trperceptionsenvironment&r=all |
| By: | Kirsi Hyytinen (VTT Information technology - Technical Research Centre of Finland); FaÏz Gallouj (Clersé - CLERSE - Centre lillois d'études et de recherches sociologiques et économiques - CNRS - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies); Marja Toivonen (VTT Information technology - Technical Research Centre of Finland) |
| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to study the challenge of the evaluation in the context of the services. Because of their specific nature the traditional evaluation methods and measures are not able to capture neither the diversity of the innovations nor the multifaceted dimensions of performance. This paper aims to contribute to the need for a more diverse evaluation approach. We focus on the context of service innovation in the environmental sector, in which we develop further multi-criteria and multi-actor perspectives. The multi-criteria framework describes the impacts of sustainability services and the multi-actor framework aims at analyzing the impacts from the perspective of various actors involved. Thus, our study provides a two dimensional approach to assess the impacts of services. The focus is on understanding the dynamics of service creation in the environmental sector, and on using new evaluation methods and indicators in that sector. |
| Date: | 2014–07–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01133963&r=all |
| By: | Mouez Fodha (EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics, LEO - Laboratoire d'économie d'Orleans - CNRS - UO - Université d'Orléans) |
| Abstract: | This article analyzes the long-term consequences of nuclear waste storage within a general equilibrium framework. The objective is to determine the conditions for which the storage of waste, and thus the transfer of externalities towards the future, can be optimal. These conditions could explain the implementation of intergenerational externalities, justifying an intertemporal Not In My Back Yard behaviour. We first show that the choice of the policy instruments determines the feasibility of the storage policy. Indeed, economic stability imposes precise levels of the rate of storage or of the tax rate, making it possible to avoid chaotic economic dynamics. Under these specific conditions, and depending on the period at which an accident may occur and on the value of the social discount rate, we show that storing all the nuclear waste may be optimal. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:pseose:insu-01105358&r=all |
| By: | Silvia Cruz (State University of Campinas Campinas); Sônia Paulino (University of Sao Paolo); Faïz Gallouj (CLERSE - Centre lillois d'études et de recherches sociologiques et économiques - CNRS - Université Lille 1 - Sciences et technologies) |
| Abstract: | This paper is devoted to the discussion of public services innovation in the Brazilian municipal solid waste sector, with emphasis on multi-agent participation within Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) projects. The empirical context is based on six landfill CDM projects located in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. CDM projects have a dual purpose: reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and promoting local sustainable development in host countries – through the promotion of local co-benefits. The discussion is based on the analytical model provided by the ServPPIN concept (public-private innovation networks in services). It focuses on the characterization of the landfills selected and on the identification of the stakeholders involved within these landfills, pointing out the participation gaps. The results indicate that the participation of associations and cooperatives surrounding landfills is still marginal. Pulling this theoretical (ServPPIN) and empirical research (landfill CDM project) together, one can identify the main factors affecting the establishment of basic conditions for service innovation: a) interactions and the building of social relations aimed at innovation among various stakeholders; b) the development of competences on several fronts; especially relational and organizational; c) the role of the public sector (coordination role) in supporting the development of successful public-private innovation networks in services. |
| Date: | 2014–09–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-01134031&r=all |
| By: | Paolo PROSPERI (MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - IAMM, IAMM - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier, University of Catania); Thomas Allen (Bioversity International); Martine PADILLA (MOISA - Marchés, Organisations, Institutions et Stratégies d'Acteurs - Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA) - Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] - CIRAD - Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement - IAMM, CIHEAM - Centre International des Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes); Luri Peri (University of Catania) |
| Abstract: | Sustainable Food Security and Sustainable Diets are widely acknowledged and studied by the international community. The links between food regimes of populations and the environmental and socioeconomic issues concerning individuals, countries and geographical areas, are nowadays recognized and proved. Nevertheless, identifying metrics for a multidimensional analysis remains a challenging task. This methodological paper proposes a revisited vulnerability approach for an innovative application to food security and sustainability issues in the agrofood system. The aim is to identify qualitative and quantitative methods to consider the interrelating factors leading to vulnerability, in order to inform decision-making and adaptive strategies. An original methodological framework of the integrated vulnerability approach to analyze food insecurity and unsustainability is presented together with a metric methodology. |
| Date: | 2013–09–26 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01123352&r=all |
| By: | Elisa Monnot (THEMA - Université de Cergy Pontoise); Fanny Reniou (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Béatrice Parguel (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - CNRS - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – Eliminating overpackaging is a central question in sustainable development, and poses a dilemma for retailers. Since packaging is a differentiation tool for private labels, eliminating it could limit the capacity to give those labels an equivalent image to national brands just as much as it could be a sustainable development opportunity and a positioning instrument. Drawing on the attribution theory framework, this article examines how eliminating overpackaging influences consumers’ perception of products sold under generic and mimic private labels, and their purchase intention. Methodology – This research uses a 2 (overpackaging: present vs. absent) x 2 (brand concept: generic vs. mimic private label) between-subjects experiment on a convenience sample of 217 French consumers. The conceptual framework was tested using ANCOVA and mediation analyses. Findings – Our experiment shows that eliminating overpackaging does have an influence on mimic private labels’ image, particularly on perceived quality, convenience and environmental friendliness. We also find that this influence negatively transfers to purchase intention for mimic private labels through lower perceived quality and convenience. No such effect appears for generic private labels’ image. Value – This study addresses an issue as yet unexplored in marketing – the effect of overpackaging on private label products – and proposes areas for managerial and societal reflection relevant to retail chains interested in eliminating overpackaging. |
| Date: | 2014–10–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01076408&r=all |
| By: | Elisa Monnot (THEMA - Université de Cergy Pontoise); Fanny Reniou (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée); Béatrice Parguel (DRM - Dauphine Recherches en Management - CNRS - Université Paris IX - Paris Dauphine) |
| Abstract: | Purpose – Eliminating overpackaging is a central question in sustainable development, and poses a dilemma for retailers. Since packaging is a differentiation tool for private labels, eliminating it could limit the capacity to give those labels an equivalent image to national brands just as much as it could be a sustainable development opportunity and a positioning instrument. Drawing on the attribution theory framework, this article examines how eliminating overpackaging influences consumers’ perception of products sold under generic and mimic private labels, and their purchase intention. Methodology – This research uses a 2 (overpackaging: present vs. absent) x 2 (brand concept: generic vs. mimic private label) between-subjects experiment on a convenience sample of 217 French consumers. The conceptual framework was tested using ANCOVA and mediation analyses. Findings – Our experiment shows that eliminating overpackaging does have an influence on mimic private labels’ image, particularly on perceived quality, convenience and environmental friendliness. We also find that this influence negatively transfers to purchase intention for mimic private labels through lower perceived quality and convenience. No such effect appears for generic private labels’ image. Value – This study addresses an issue as yet unexplored in marketing – the effect of overpackaging on private label products – and proposes areas for managerial and societal reflection relevant to retail chains interested in eliminating overpackaging. |
| Date: | 2015–03–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01123706&r=all |
| By: | Prudence Dato (IREGE - Institut de Recherche en Gestion et en Economie - Université de Savoie) |
| Abstract: | Despite international regulations that prohibit trans-boundary movements of electronic and electric wastes (e-waste), the non-reusable part is often illegally mixed with the reusable one's and ends up in developing countries. As developing countries are not well prepared to properly manage e-waste, this illegal trade of e-waste has important negative externalities and creates 'environmental injustice'. The two main information problems on e-waste market are imperfect monitoring and imperfect information on the so-called " degree of purity " of the e-waste. In this paper, we use a simple bilateral North-South trade model and show that there exists an alternative that is better than the standard e-waste market for developing countries. The alternative e-waste market is a joint trade in reusable and non-reusable e-wastes. In both cases, we consider demand and supply sides and also the equilibrium of the e-waste market to show that the alternative market that we propose is better for developing countries. |
| Date: | 2015–07–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01172148&r=all |
| By: | Chin-Hwa Jenny Sun (Gulf of Maine Research Institute); Fu-Sung Chiang (National Taiwan Ocean University - National Taiwan Ocean University); Patrice Guillotreau (University of Nantes (LEMNA) - University of Nantes (LEMNA)); Dale Squires (National Marine Fisheries Service - National Marine Fisheries Service - University of California, San Diego) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates industry-wide economic incentives arising from changes in product prices in an industry exploiting a common renewable resource under public regulation that sets total sustainable conservation targets. Changes in prices alter economic incentives through impacts upon revenues, profits, conservation, and nonmarket public benefits. Economic incentives in industries exploiting common resources have been examined along many margins, but not at the overall industry level from changes in market prices arising from public regulation. We analyse the impact upon economic incentives from changes in overall sustainable output level and market price through a study of a tuna fishery to estimate ex-vessel price and scale flexibilities for imported skipjack and yellowfin in Thailand’s cannery market. The unitary scale flexibility, estimated from the General Synthetic Inverse Demand Systems (GSIDS), indicates no loss in revenues and even potential profit increases resulting from lower harvest levels that could arise from lower sustainable catch limits. However, for this to work, three of the inter-governmental tuna Regional Fisheries Management Organization (tRFMOs), that manage majority of the yellowfin and skipjack tuna in Pacific and India Oceans, would have to coordinate their conservation measures on catch limit of both species together. |
| Date: | 2015–01–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01110771&r=all |
| By: | Michaël Goujon (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le developpement international - CNRS - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I); Olivier Santoni (CERDI - Centre d'études et de recherches sur le developpement international - CNRS - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I); Sosso FEINDOUNO (FERDI - Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International - FERDI) |
| Abstract: | Nous proposons une analyse statistique de séries mensuelles de précipitations et températures géolocalisées pour la Réunion et trois comparateurs (Maurice, Mayotte et les Comores) couvrant la période 1950-2012. Nous utilisons et traitons des données primaires de la base internationale Climate Research Unit version 3 – University of East Anglia, et calculons différents indicateurs statistiques pour mesurer les tendances, les chocs, l’asymétrie de la distribution, l’occurrence des valeurs extrêmes, les tendances dans l’instabilité. Nos résultats montrent l’existence d’une tendance positive et significative dans les températures. En revanche, aucune tendance significative dans les précipitations n’est observée, exceptée pour Maurice où la tendance semble négative. L’instabilité des températures et de précipitations connait quant à elle une tendance à la baisse, particulièrement ces dernières années. Une analyse par mois de l’année confirme ces résultats globaux mais met en évidence une forte instabilité des précipitations et des températures pour certains mois. |
| Date: | 2015–05–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01150853&r=all |
| By: | Jette Bredahl Jacobsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Frank Jensen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen); Bo Jellesmark Thorsen (Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen) |
| Abstract: | The Faustmann forest rotation model is a celebrated contribution in economics. The model provides a forest value expression and allows a solution to the optimal rotation problem valid for perpetual rotations of even-aged forest stands. However, continuous forest cover forest management systems imply uneven-aged dynamics, and while a number of numerical studies have analysed specific continuous cover forest ecosystems in search of optimal management regimes, no one has tried to capture key dynamics of continuous cover forestry in simple mathematical models. In this paper we develop a simple, but rigorous mathematical model of the continuous cover forest, which strictly focuses on the area use dynamics that such an uneven-aged forest must have in equilibrium. This implies explicitly accounting for area reallocation and for weighting the productivity of each age class by the area occupied. The model allows for a simple expression for forest value and the derivation of conditions for the optimal rotation age. The model also makes straightforward comparisons with the well-known Faustmann model possible. We present results for unrestricted as well as area-restricted versions of the models. We find that land values are unambiguously higher in the continuous cover forest models compared with the even-aged models. Under area restrictions, the optimal rotation age in a continuous cover forest model is unambiguously lower than the corresponding area restricted Faustmann solution, while the result for the area unrestricted model is ambiguous. |
| Keywords: | Faustmann rotation model, capital budgeting, uneven-aged forest management |
| JEL: | Q23 |
| Date: | 2015–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:foi:wpaper:2015_08&r=all |
| By: | Philippe Menanteau (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier); Odile Blanchard (équipe EDDEN - PACTE - Politiques publiques, ACtion politique, TErritoires - CNRS - Grenoble 2 UPMF - Université Pierre Mendès France - IEPG - Sciences Po Grenoble - Institut d'études politiques de Grenoble - Grenoble 1 UJF - Université Joseph Fourier) |
| Abstract: | This paper compares the energy systems implemented in eco-districts of several European cities over the last twenty years. It aims to identify the main differences and build a typology based on technical criteria (energy technologies and sources) as well as governance ones (decision process and role of future dwellers). The major differences that are highlighted relate to energy performance targets, the share of renewable energy sources in the fuel mix, and the type of energy-efficient technologies used. Among the latter, some have already been used for a relatively long-time, whereas others are emerging or at an experimental stage. In our sample, the French eco-districts, although younger than most of their European counterparts, do not come out as ambitious and innovative as some European ones that were built in the 1990s. |
| Abstract: | Ce papier propose une comparaison des systèmes énergétiques mis en œuvre dans les écoquartiers réalisés dans plusieurs villes européennes au cours des 20 dernières années. L'objectif est d'identifier les principales différences et tenter d'établir une typologie s'appuyant sur des critères techniques (nature des technologies et sources d'énergie) mais aussi de gouvernance (mode de décision et rôle des futurs habitants). On observe entre les écoquartiers des différences significatives entre les objectifs de performance énergétique ou la proportion d'énergies renouvelables utilisée. De même, les technologies mises en œuvre sont certes efficaces mais dans certains écoquartiers elles sont déjà éprouvées alors que dans d'autres, elles sont encore expérimentales ou émergentes. Dans notre échantillon, on ne retrouve pas dans les premières réalisations françaises l'ambition et le caractère innovant qui caractérisaient certains des écoquartiers européens des années 1990. |
| Date: | 2014–11 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01107771&r=all |
| By: | Chatzinikolaou, Parthena; Viaggi, Davide |
| Abstract: | This paper presents an evaluation of the provision of Ecosystem Services. The overall aim is to contribute in understanding the value and improving valuation methods for ecosystem, in an attempt to provide an instrument that contributes to closing the gap between the ES concept, regional planning and agricultural policies. The analysis is based on the design of a framework suitable to be translated in a multicriteria evaluation process, followed by its empirical testing. It focuses on the different categories of the ES trying a set of indicators that is non-overlapping and without redundancy, and assessing different aspects of ES: the capacity of ecosystems to provide services, changes in the provision of ES, and benefits thus derived. The framework is applied in the 26 municipalities of the Province of Ferrara. To develop an applicable framework, we have chosen a set of ES from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. The focus of this paper is the evaluation of the provision of ecosystem services that are currently provided by agricultural areas that evidently support provisioning services and are appreciated for their recreational value explaining their inclusion under recreation services. While existing ecosystem service metrics and indicators have many gaps and limitations, applying those existing indicators in diverse policy processes and further assessments should be a priority. |
| Keywords: | ecosystem services, multicriteria analysis, evaluation, CAP, scenarios, Agricultural and Food Policy, |
| Date: | 2015–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:aiea15:207356&r=all |
| By: | Jean De Beir (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS); Celine Emond (ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS); Yannick L 'Horty (TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS, ERUDITE - Equipe de Recherche sur l’Utilisation des Données Individuelles en lien avec la Théorie Economique - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12); Laetitia Tuffery (EPEE - Centre d'Etudes des Politiques Economiques - Université d'Evry-Val d'Essonne, TEPP - Travail, Emploi et Politiques Publiques - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - CNRS) |
| Abstract: | There are jobs favourable to biodiversity, which we call bio-jobs. These jobs are located in a small number of sectors generally linked to natural resources: naturalist research, forestry sector, public works, water and waste management, etc. In this article, we are interested in two economic policies favoring the development of these bio- jobs. The government can support demand in sectors concentrating bio-jobs through public procurement, or she can develop them through targeted exemptions. The most effective and relevant combination of these instruments is looked for via an original framework. We show that the action of the government is driven by the nature of the sectors and especially the level of an existing private demand. Then, the level of the wages plays a major role in the government budget decision. We finally apply these recommendations to French data. |
| Date: | 2015 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-01143494&r=all |
| By: | Louis Dupuy (Larefi - Laboratoire d'analyse et de recherche en économie et finance internationales - Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux 4) |
| Abstract: | We present a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model to study structural change in a sus- tainability context. We show how resource rich economies maximising steady-state con- sumption should adopt different development strategies depending on the distribution of domestic wealth instruments (assets). Owing to the diversity of development strategies available to both natural resource rich and produced capital rich countries, trade liberal- isation is not necessarily the best outcome for sustainability in both types of countries. We offer to amend Adjusted Net Savings (ANS) to include in the indicator trade-induced specialisation gains from trade to fund structural change and diversification, against eco- nomic incentives for specialisation. |
| Date: | 2015–05–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:wpaper:hal-01149131&r=all |
| By: | Asian Development Bank (ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) (Sustainable Development and Climate Change Department, ADB); Asian Development Bank (ADB) |
| Abstract: | Rapid population growth and economic development jeopardize water security in Asia, giving further emphasis in the global agenda to the need for improved water governance. In order to address Asia’s water security issues, an integrated and comprehensive approach for better water resources management is essential. The Network of Asian River Basin Organizations (NARBO) was launched in 2004 to promote integrated water resources management (IWRM) and improve water governance in the region. NARBO seeks to promote IWRM in Asia and has continuously advocated capacity-building activities for a better understanding of IWRM in Asian river basin organizations. This publication commemorates the 10-year anniversary of NARBO’s founding and features a collection of narratives from water management practitioners across the region. These provide insights for the future direction of NARBO and highlight the necessity of improved water governance to tackle the water crisis in Asia. |
| Keywords: | integrated water resources management, IWRM, Network of Asian River Basin Organizations, NARBO, water governance, water security, river basin management, river basin organization, RBO, adb, asian development bank, asdb, asia, pacific, poverty asia, water security, asian river basins, adbi, crbom, jwa, natural resources management, water quality, floods, drought, sustainable ecosystems, water use, river administration, water governance |
| Date: | 2015–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:asd:wpaper:rpt157151-2&r=all |