|
on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Kragt, Marit Ellen; Pannell, David J.; Robertson, Michael J.; Thamo, Tas |
| Abstract: | Carbon sequestration in agricultural soil has been identified as a potential strategy to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Within the public debate, it has been claimed that provision of positive incentives for farmers to change their land management will result in substantial carbon sequestration in agricultural soils at a low carbon price. There is, however, little information about the costs or benefits of carbon sequestration in agricultural soils to test these claims. In this study,the cost-effectiveness of alternative land-use and land-management practices that can increase soil carbon sequestration is analysed by integrating biophysical modelling of carbon sequestration with whole-farm economic modelling. Results suggest that, for a case study model of a crop-livestock farm in the Western Australian wheatbelt, sequestering higher levels of soil carbon by changing rotations (to include longer pasture phases) incur considerable opportunity costs. Under current commodity prices, a profit-maximising farmer would require over $60 compensation for every additional tonne of CO2-e stored in soil, depending on their adoption of residue retention practices. Lower carbon prices are likely to generate only modest increases in soil carbon sequestration. |
| Keywords: | APSIM, Bioeconomic Modelling, Carbon Farming, Climate Change Mitigation, MIDAS, Soil Carbon Sequestration, Agricultural and Food Policy, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Farm Management, |
| Date: | 2011–07–15 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:uwauwp:109247&r=env |
| By: | Matthias Kalkuhl (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)); Ottmar Edenhofer (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and Technical University Berlin); Kai Lessmann (Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)) |
| Abstract: | This paper evaluates the consequences of renewable energy policies on welfare, resource rents and energy costs in a world where carbon pricing is imperfect and the regulator seeks to limit emissions to a (cumulative) target. We use a global general equilibrium model with an intertemporal fossil resource sector. We calculate the optimal second-best renewable energy subsidy and compare the resulting welfare level with an efficient first-best carbon pricing policy. If carbon pricing is permanently missing, mitigation costs increase by a multiple (compared to the optimal carbon pricing policy) for a wide range of parameters describing extraction costs, renewable energy costs, substitution possibilities and normative attitudes. Furthermore, we show that small deviations from the second-best subsidy can lead to strong increases in emissions and consumption losses. This confirms the rising concerns about the occurrence of unintended side effects of climate policy { a new version of the green paradox. We extend our second-best analysis by considering two further types of policy instruments: (1) temporary subsidies that are displaced by carbon pricing in the long run and (2) revenue-neutral instruments like a carbon trust and a feed-in-tariff scheme. Although these instruments cause small welfare losses, they have the potential to ease distributional conflicts as they lead to lower energy prices and higher fossil resource rents than the optimal carbon pricing policy. |
| Keywords: | Feed-in-Tariff, Carbon Trust, Carbon Pricing, Supply-Side Dynamics, Green Paradox, Climate Policy |
| JEL: | Q4 Q52 Q54 Q58 D58 H21 |
| Date: | 2011–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2011.48&r=env |
| By: | Kousky, Carolyn; Kopp, Robert E.; Cooke, Roger |
| Abstract: | Reducing greenhouse gas emissions not only lowers expected damages from climate change but also reduces the risk of catastrophic impacts. However, estimates of the social cost of carbon, which measures the marginal value of carbon dioxide abatement, often do not capture this risk reduction benefit. Risk-averse individuals are willing to pay a risk premium, an additional amount beyond the difference in expected damages, to reduce risks. The authors review methods used and estimates obtained for calculating a risk premium to be included in the social cost of carbon. While more research is needed in this area, work to date suggests a positive risk premium on the social cost of carbon is warranted. -- |
| Keywords: | Climate change,social cost of carbon,risk premium |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201119&r=env |
| By: | Anthoff, David; Rose, Steven; Tol, Richard S. J.; Waldhoff, Stephanie |
| Abstract: | The social cost of carbon is an estimate of the benefit of reducing CO2 emissions by one ton today. As such it is a key input into cost-benefit analysis of climate policy and regulation. We provide a set of new estimates of the social cost of carbon from the integrated assessment model FUND 3.5 and present a regional and sectoral decomposition of our new estimate. China, Western Europe and the United States have the highest share of harmful impacts, with the precise order depending on the discount rate. The most important sectors in terms of impacts are agriculture and increased energy use for cooling. We present an extensive sensitivity analysis with respect to the discount rate, equity weights, different socio economic scenarios and values for the climate sensitivity parameter. -- |
| Keywords: | Climate change,social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | Q54 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201118&r=env |
| By: | Omar J. Casas; Rosario Romera |
| Abstract: | This paper provides a formulation of a stochastic dynamic game that arise in the real scenario of international environmental agreements on the transnational pollution control. More specifically, this agreements try to reduce the environmental damage caused by the stock pollutant that accumulates in the atmosphere, such as CO2. To improve the non-cooperative equilibrium among countries, we propose the criteria of the minimization of the expected discounted total cost with monetary transfers between the countries involved as an incentive to cooperation. Moreover, it considers the formulation of Stochastic Dynamic Games as Markov Decision Processes, using tools of Stochastic Optimal Control and Stochastic Dynamic Programming. The performance of the proposed schemes is illustrated by its application to such environmental problem. |
| Keywords: | Environmental pollutant control, Markov decision processes, Stochastic dynamic programming, Stochastic dynamic games, Optimal abatement policies |
| Date: | 2011–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cte:wsrepe:ws112217&r=env |
| By: | ZhongXiang Zhang |
| Abstract: | China’s unilateral pledge to cut its carbon intensity by 40-45 percent by 2020 relative to its 2005 levels raises both the stringency issue, and given that China’s pledge is in the form of carbon intensity, reliability issues concerning China’s statistics on energy and GDP. Moreover, as long as China’s commitments differ in form from those of other major greenhouse gas emitters, China is constantly confronted with both criticism on its carbon intensity commitment being less stringent and the threats of trade measures. In response to these concerns and to put China in a positive position, this paper will map out a realistic roadmap for China’s specific climate commitments towards 2050, with its main distinguishing features including China taking on absolute emission caps around 2030 and the three transitional periods of increasing climate obligations before that. With current international climate negotiations flawed with a focus on commitments on the targeted date of 2020 that does not accommodate well the world’s two largest greenhouse gas emitters, the paper suggests a new direction to break the current impasse in international climate negotiations. |
| Keywords: | Carbon Intensity, Post-Copenhagen Climate Change Negotiations, Climate Commitments, China |
| JEL: | Q42 Q43 Q48 Q52 Q53 Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2011–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2011.49&r=env |
| By: | Jacques, Jean-François; Bayramoglu, Basak |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relative efficiency of an agreement based on a uniform standard without transfers and one based on differentiated standards with transfers when strictly identical countries deal with transboundary pollution. We especially ask what role fixed cost plays. Two approaches are examined: the Nash bargaining solution, involving two countries, and the coalition formation framework, involving numerous countries and emphasizing self-enforcing agreements. In the former, in terms of welfare, strictly identical countries may wish to reduce their emissions in a non-uniform way under the differentiated agreement. For this result to hold, the fixed cost of investment in abatement technology must be sufficiently high. The nature of the threat point of negotiations, however, also plays a crucial role. As concerns global abatement, the two countries abate more under the uniform agreement than under the differentiated one. In terms of coalition formation when numerous countries are involved, a grand coalition could emerge under a differentiated agreement. |
| Keywords: | bargaining; standards; costs; Transboundary pollution; |
| JEL: | Q52 Q58 F53 C71 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ner:dauphi:urn:hdl:123456789/5873&r=env |
| By: | Fofana, Ismael |
| Abstract: | This study applied at the farm level in Tunisia aims at understanding the effects of climate change on agricultural productivity and income in Africa. Possible future climates are presented through different climate scenarios. The latter combines three levels of increasing temperature (1°centigrade (C), 2°C, and 3°C) with two levels of decreasing precipitation (10 and 20 percent) and a doubling of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere (350 to 700 parts per million). The farming system of production is replicated through a bioeconomic model; that is, one that couples a cropping system model and an economic model run sequentially. The study reveals that land productivity and farm income decline under climate change. Depending on the changes in precipitation, farm productivity falls by 15 to 20 percent and farm income 5 to 20 percent when the temperature increases moderately (1°C). As the climate warms up (2°C and 3°C), farm productivity and income are severely affected, by 35 to 55 percent and 45 to 70 percent, respectively. When simple adaptation strategies based on new management techniques for hard wheat are tested - more irrigation and fertilization - compensations for the negative effects of climate change are found to be worthwhile only for a 1°C increase in temperature. However, the success of adaptation strategies highly depends on the availability of more water and lower additional cost to mobilize them at the farm level. |
| Keywords: | adaptation strategies, Bioeconomic modeling, Agriculture, Climate change, farm income, productivity, |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1095&r=env |
| By: | Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia; Okoba, Barrack; Koo, Jawoo; Herrero, Mario; Silvestri, Silvia |
| Abstract: | Changes in the agriculture sector are essential to mitigate and adapt to climate change, ensure food security for the growing population, and improve the livelihoods of poor smallholder producers. What agricultural strategies are needed to meet these challenges? To what extent are there synergies among these strategies? This paper examines these issues for smallholder producers in Kenya. Several practices emerge as triple wins in terms of climate adaptation, GHG mitigation, and productivity and profitability. In particular, integrated soil fertility management and improved livestock feeding are shown to provide multiple benefits across the agroecological zones examined. In addition, irrigation and soil and water conservation are also shown to be essential in the arid zone. The results suggest that agricultural investments targeted towards triple-win strategies will have the greatest payoff in terms of increased resilience of farm and pastoralist households to climate change, rural development, and climate change mitigation for generations to come. |
| Keywords: | Adaptation, agricultural land management, Climate change, livestock feeding, mitigation, Resilience, synergies, |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1098&r=env |
| By: | Kopp, Robert E.; Golub, Alexander; Keohane, Nathaniel O.; Onda, Chikara |
| Abstract: | Drawing upon climate change damage functions previously proposed in the literature that we have calibrated to a common level of damages at 2.5 C, we examine the effect upon the social cost of carbon (SCC) of varying the specification of damages in a DICE-like integrated assessment model. In the absence of risk aversion, all of the SCC estimates but one agree within a factor of two. The effect of varying calibration damages is mildly sublinear. With a moderate level of risk aversion included, however, the differences among estimates grow greatly. By combining elements of different damage specifications and roughly taking into account uncertainty in calibration, we have constructed a composite damage function that attempts to approximate the range of uncertainty in climate change damages. In the absence of risk aversion, SCC values calculated with this function are in agreement with the standard quadratic DICE damage function; with a coefficient of relative risk aversion of 1.4, this damage function yields SCC values more than triple those of the standard function. -- |
| Keywords: | Climate change,social cost of carbon |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:zbw:ifwedp:201122&r=env |
| By: | Nkonya, Ephraim; Gerber, Nicolas; Baumgartner, Philipp; von Braun, Joachim; De Pinto, Alex; Graw, Valerie; Kato, Edward; Kloos, Julia; Walter, Teresa |
| Abstract: | Land degradation has not been comprehensively addressed at the global level or in developing countries. A suitable economic framework that could guide investments and institutional action is lacking. This study aims to overcome this deficiency and to provide a framework for a global assessment based on a consideration of the costs of action versus inaction regarding desertification, land degradation, and drought (DLDD). Most of the studies on the costs of land degradation (mainly limited to soil erosion) give cost estimates of less than 1 percent up to about 10 percent of the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) for various countries worldwide. But the indirect costs of DLDD on the economy (national income), as well as their socioeconomic consequences (particularly poverty impacts), must be accounted for, too. Despite the numerous challenges, a global assessment of the costs of action and inaction against DLDD is possible, urgent, and necessary. This study provides a framework for such a global assessment and provides insights from some related country studies. |
| Keywords: | Agricultural Finance, Crop Production/Industries, Environmental Economics and Policy, Land Economics/Use, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy, |
| Date: | 2011–05 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:ubzefd:109326&r=env |
| By: | Pacheco, Raul; Wiebustt, Inger; Fox, Jonathan A |
| Keywords: | Latin American Studies |
| Date: | 2010–11–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:glinre:2116044&r=env |
| By: | Breisinger, Clemens; Zhu, Tingju; Al Riffai, Perrihan; Nelson, Gerald; Robertson, Richard; Funes, Jose; Verner, Dorte |
| Abstract: | There is broad consensus among scientists that climate change is altering weather patterns around the world. However, economists are only beginning to develop tools that allow for the quantification of such weather changes on countries' economies and people. This paper presents a modeling suite that links the downscaling of global climate models, crop modeling, global economic modeling, and subnational-level computable equilibrium modeling. Important to note is that this approach allows for decomposing the potential global and local economic effects on countries, including various economic sectors and different household groups. We apply this modeling suite to Syria, a relevant case study given the country's location in a region that is consistently projected to be among those hit hardest by climate change. Despite a certain degree of endogenous adaptation, local impacts of climate change (through declining yields) are likely to affect Syria beyond the agricultural sector and farmers and also reduce economy-wide growth and incomes of urban households in the long term. The overall effects of global climate change (through higher food prices) are also negative, but some farmers can reap the benefit of higher prices. Combining local and global climate change scenarios shows welfare losses across all rural and urban household groups of between 1.6 – 2.8 percent annually, whereas the poorest household groups are the hardest hit. Finally, while there is some evidence that droughts may become more frequent in the future, it is clear that even without an increase in frequency, drought impacts will continue to put a significant burden on Syria's economy and people. Action to mitigate the negative effects of climate change and variability should to be taken on the global and local level. A global action plan for improving food security and better integration of climate change in national development strategies, agricultural and rural policies, and disaster risk management and social protection policies will be keys for improving the resilience of countries and people to climate change. |
| Keywords: | Climate change, Development, drought, Growth, Poverty, |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fpr:ifprid:1091&r=env |
| By: | Andrés Sánchez Jabba |
| Abstract: | Mediante un análisis enmarcado bajo el esquema de tasas retributivas, se propone una reforma fiscal verde para el caso colombiano como mecanismo para la reasignación de recursos fiscales en virtud de mejorar el bienestar social. Dicha reforma consiste en el financiamiento de disminuciones en la carga impositivita en el mercado laboral a partir del uso de recursos fiscales derivados de ingresos ambientales. Se emplea un modelo de equilibrio general dinámico y estocástico con el objetivo de evaluar el cumplimiento de la hipótesis del doble dividendo, la cual establece que ante una reforma fiscal verde, se deberían producir mejoras en el bienestar social, sin que ello implique un deterioro en los indicadores ambientales. Para dicho propósito, se hace énfasis en la eficacia de la autoridad ambiental en cuanto a la ejecución de los recursos destinados para inversiones ambientales y las distorsiones que los costos laborales no salariales han introducido al mercado laboral, particularmente a través de los aportes parafiscales que deben cubrir las firmas. Los resultados de las simulaciones indican que en Colombia se debería cumplir la hipótesis del doble dividendo, ya que al implementarla, se incrementaría tanto el bienestar social como la calidad de los servicios ambientales hídricos. Más allá de lo anterior, ante aumentos marginales en la productividad de la autoridad ambiental, el nivel de bienestar se incrementa permanentemente bajo el escenario de una reforma fiscal verde. ABSTRACT: Based on a water pollution tax scheme, a green tax reform is proposed as a welfare enhancing mechanism for the Colombian case. This reform consists in the reduction of tax rates on labour demand through fiscal recycle from the use of environmental tax revenues. A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model is employed in order to evaluate the fulfilment of the double dividend hypothesis, which states that there can be efficiency gains as well as environmental improvements derived from the tax imposition, once a green tax reform is carried on. For this purpose, I emphasize on the environmental authority’s effectiveness and prior tax distortions introduced to the labour market by the non wage labour costs, specifically in the form of parafiscal levies. Results suggest that in Colombia the aforementioned hypothesis should hold since a green tax reform would imply welfare improvements, measured as efficiency and environmental gains. Moreover, marginal increments in environmental effectiveness produce permanent increases in social welfare when this tax scheme is implemented. |
| Date: | 2011–07–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:008829&r=env |
| By: | Buscemi, Antonino; Yallwe, Alem Hagos |
| Abstract: | Abstract: The paper summarized some theories and facts related to Environment, Energy and Economics. This work paper provides some highlights about the theoretical issues and facts regarding to environmental pollutions and its effect on economy and the importance of relying on other source energy to fulfil the increasing demand of power or electricity. Moreover, the paper also discussed by making comparison between industrialized and developing countries about their effect on environment and their capacity in producing nuclear energy and production level and also the link between environmental science and economics. This paper concluded that the industrialized countries are not fulfilling their commitments. About 7 Billion Metric Tons of carbon equivalent harmful greenhouse gases are omitted by industrialized countries every year and the share of U.S.A is 24% followed by Japan & Developed European Nations which accounts 26%. Whereas developing nations contributes 13% other than china. Currently only eight countries are known to have a nuclear weapons capability and sixty further nuclear power reactors are under construction, equivalent to 17% of existing capacity, while over 150 are firmly planned, equivalent to 46% of present capacity. Sixteen countries depend on nuclear power for at least a quarter of their electricity. From developed countries, France is the first country that gets around three quarters of its power from nuclear energy. Whereas most developing countries under design and some of them have small share as compared to industrialized countries. After the disaster in Japan, many countries have changed policies on the implementation of nuclear power plants. In addition, the Italian Parliament was suspended for one year, the work of approving projects on the production of energy through nuclear power plants. |
| Keywords: | Environment; Economics; Energy; |
| JEL: | A12 N00 |
| Date: | 2011–06–22 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:30998&r=env |
| By: | Y. Hossein Farzin (Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California); Kelly A. Grogan (Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida) |
| Abstract: | We investigate the relationships between water quality and socioeconomic factors in California at the county level for the years 1993 to 2006 using 24 water quality indicators coming from seven different types of water bodies. We estimate these relationships using three classes of models: the traditional per capita income-pollution level - Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) - specifications, a more inclusive model containing main socioeconomic variables such as agricultural intensity, land use, ethnic composition, population density and educational attainment, and a model that includes the socioeconomic variables while accounting for spatial correlations too. For most water quality indicators, we do not find support for EKC specifications. For pollutants like phosphorus and total suspended solids, the level of agricultural activity is a significant determinant of water quality in California, but for other surface water pollutants commonly considered agricultural pollutants, such as ammonia and nitrate, the level of agricultural activity is not statistically significant. We find that education, ethnic composition, age structure, land use, population density, and water area are all significantly correlated with various indicators of water quality. |
| Keywords: | Water Quality Indicators, Socioeconomic Variables, EKC, Agriculture, Industry |
| JEL: | Q53 Q56 Q58 C23 |
| Date: | 2011–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2011.51&r=env |
| By: | Emanuele Massetti (Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei and Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici); Elena Claire Ricci (Università degli Studi di Milano and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei) |
| Abstract: | We extend the WITCH model to consider the possibility to produce and trade electricity generated by large scale concentrated solar power plants in highly productive areas that are connected to the demand centres through High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) cables. We find that it becomes optimal to produce with this source only from 2040 and trade from 2050. In the second half of the century, CSP electricity shares become very significant especially when penetration limits are imposed on nuclear power and on carbon capture and storage operations (CCS). Climate policy costs can be reduced by large percentages, up to 66% with respect to corresponding scenarios without the CSP-powered Super-Grid option and with limits on nuclear power and CCS. We also show that MENA countries have the incentive to form a cartel to sell electricity to Europe at a price higher than the marginal cost. Therefore we advocate the institution of an international agency with the role to regulate a hypothetic Mediterranean electricity market. |
| Keywords: | Climate Policy, Integrated Assessment, Renewable Energy, Concentrated Solar Power, Power Grid, Electricity Trade |
| JEL: | Q2 Q43 Q54 |
| Date: | 2011–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:fem:femwpa:2011.47&r=env |
| By: | Maria Bondes (GIGA Institute of Asian Studies) |
| Abstract: | The proliferation of social organizations in China has engendered a lively debate about how to conceptualize these social forces. This paper argues that such a conceptualization should take into account the role that both the party?state and social actors attribute to social organizations. With an empirical case study from the western Chinese countryside, this paper explores how social organizations both adapt to the restrictive authoritarian framework and negotiate the spaces opening up to society in the realms of environmental and social politics. The study shows that while the party?state understands organizations as consultants and partners in service provision, they have a deviating self?image with the Western concepts of “NGO” and “civil society” becoming increasingly relevant as frames of reference. While their practices remain within the limits imposed by the authoritarian framework, they impact policy formulation, local political participation, and the formation of social networks according to their own self?image as members of a budding Chinese civil society. |
| Keywords: | China, civil society, NGO, social organizations |
| Date: | 2011–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gig:wpaper:173&r=env |
| By: | Leat, Philip M.K.; Lamprinopoulou-Kranis, Chrysa; Revoredo-Giha, Cesar; Kupiec-Teahan, Beata |
| Abstract: | This paper examines the influence of agri-food supply chains on the sustainabilityrelated activities and decisions of Scottish farmers, as well as the treatment of sustainability issues by food processors and retailers themselves. It is based on 8 whole chain case studies covering some of Scotlandâs major agricultural products. The cases identify differing levels of understanding and activities related to sustainability, but widespread acknowledgement that sustainability involves the development of chains within which all parties can achieve acceptable profits. Indeed, collaborative supply chains, which seek improved economic performance, frequently assist environmental and social sustainability. The main drivers of sustainability are found to be the cost of key inputs, product markets where customers increasingly seek sustainability in products, the ethos and values of the businesses and people involved, and legislation and strategies of industry bodies. At the farm level, many farmers are seeking more sustainable production systems, particularly in economic and environmental terms, but there is a need for greater guidance and assistance. The paper presents a review of several key food supply sustainability issues, the methods and concepts used in compiling and analysing the cases, as well as the principal findings and implications for agri-food supply chain and policy development. |
| Keywords: | Sustainability, Food, Supply chain, Agribusiness, Food Security and Poverty, |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:saclwp:109424&r=env |
| By: | Bazhanov, Andrei |
| Abstract: | An extensive literature shows the importance of investment policy for sustainability of resource-based economies. The approaches of these studies are mostly based on theoretical results that examine the role of investments in a competitive optimizing economy. This paper extends some of these results by considering the dependence of current consumption change on investment under distortions causing modification of the standard Hotelling rule (HR). This extension implies that resource policy in the presence of the distortions can be more important for sustainability than under the standard HR. The examples of the analysis for distorted resource-based economies are provided. |
| Keywords: | nonrenewable resource; sustainable development; resource policy; genuine investment; Hotelling rule |
| JEL: | Q32 Q38 O43 O13 |
| Date: | 2011–07–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:32428&r=env |
| By: | Joaquín Viloria de la Hoz |
| Abstract: | El objetivo del documento es analizar las actividades económicas de la subregión Isla de Mompox y sus interrelaciones con el medio natural y la calidad de vida de su población. La isla de Mompox está ubicada en el departamento de Bolívar, zona del Bajo Magdalena y la conforman seis municipios enmarcados por los brazos de Mompox y Loba: Cicuco, Talaigua Nuevo, Mompox, San Fernando, Margarita y Hatillo de Loba. Esta subregión se inunda gran parte del año, convirtiéndose en un enorme reto para la población y para la economía anfibia de la subregión. A pesar de su aislamiento y pobreza, en este hábitat de humedales los habitantes de la depresión Momposina han establecido una cultura y una economía anfibia, para adaptarse al medio natural. Estas particularidades geográficas y culturales fueron destacadas por el sociólogo Orlando Fals Borda, quien defendió la creación del Departamento de la Depresión Momposina. La propuesta para este nuevo departamento fue incluida en el Plan de Desarrollo Nacional 2010-2014. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the economic activities in the subregion of the Mompox Island and its relationship with the natural environment and quality of life of its population. Mompox Island is located in the department of Bolivar,in the Lower Magdalena zone and comprises six municipalities sorrounded by the arms of Mompox and Loba: Cicuco, Talaigua Nuevo, Mompox, San Fernando, Margarita and Hatillo de Loba. This subregion is flooded during most of the year, becoming a tragedy for the inhabitants and their amphibious economy. Despite their isolation and poverty, the inhabitants of the Depresion Momposina have developed a culture and an amphibious economy, as an attempt to adapt to the environment. These geographical and cultural particularities were highlighted by the Colombian sociologist Orlando Fals Borda, who proposed the creation of the Department of Depresion Momposina. The proposal for the new department was included in the National Development Plan 2010-2014. |
| Date: | 2011–07–18 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000102:008830&r=env |
| By: | Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS : UMR8174 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics - Ecole d'Économie de Paris); Mouez Fodha (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - CNRS : UMR8174 - Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, EEP-PSE - Ecole d'Économie de Paris - Paris School of Economics - Ecole d'Économie de Paris) |
| Abstract: | La littérature sur le double dividende étudie la poursuite simultanée de deux objectifs - l'amélioration de la qualité de l'environnement par l'instauration ou l'augmentation d'une taxe environnementale (premier dividende) et l'augmentation du bien-être social grâce à la diminution des distorsions provoquées par le reste du système fiscal (second dividende). Nous proposons d'aller au-delà des résultats usuels de la littérature, où le second dividende ne peut être atteint qu'au détriment d'un groupe d'agents qui doit supporter la charge de la taxe, en étudiant les conditions à réunir afin de concilier le double dividende avec des critères d'équité. La réforme doit donc atteindre trois objectifs : la qualité de l'environnement, l'efficacité économique (i.e. le gain macroéconomique) et la Pareto amélioration. Cet objectif triple nécessite donc trois instruments : la taxe environnementale, la taxe sur les salaires et l'indice de progressivité fiscale. Nous montrons que les propriétés redistributives de la fiscalité sur les salaires sont un outil de correction des distorsions sociales induites par la politique environnementale. Nous proposons ainsi de recycler les recettes de la fiscalité carbone par une baisse non linéaire de l'impôt sur le revenu qui combine une réduction du taux d'imposition de la première tranche de l'impôt sur le revenu (ce qui bénéficie à tous les agents) et une hausse du taux des tranches supérieures (dont le coût sera supporté par les hauts revenus). Ce dernier mécanisme permet de compenser le caractère régressif de la fiscalité carbone. |
| Keywords: | Fiscalité ; Ecotaxe ; Double dividende ; Agents hétérogènes ; Bien-être ; Progressivité de l'impôt |
| Date: | 2011–04 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-00601768&r=env |
| By: | Hennessy, Hugh; FitzGerald, John |
| Date: | 2011–07 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:esr:wpaper:wp396&r=env |