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on Environmental Economics |
| By: | Melanie Heugues |
| Abstract: | In the framework of international cooperation on climate change to control greenhouse gas emissions<br /> (GHG), this paper aims to shed new light on the eventuality of the emergence of a country (or a group<br /> of countries) behaving as a leader in the implementation of its environmental policy. The sequence of<br /> moves in the existing literature is usually an exogenous assumption, – known as the Cournot<br /> assumption (if countries take action simultaneously) and the Stackelberg assumption (if they act<br /> sequentially, the latter observing the strategy of the former). The main purpose here is to make the<br /> timing endogenous. To do so, we introduce a pre-play stage in the basic two-country game. Then we<br /> provide different sets of minimal conditions – on the benefit and damage functions linked to GHG<br /> emissions into the atmosphere, yielding respectively the simultaneous and the two sequential modes of<br /> play. While the results essentially confirm the prevalence of the former, they also indicate that the<br /> latter are natural under some robust conditions: a leader can emerge endogenously when<br /> implementing its environmental policy. Finally we provide sufficient conditions for a specific leader<br /> to appear. All the results come with an analysis in terms of global emissions and global welfare. No<br /> extraneous assumptions such as concavity, existence, or uniqueness of equilibria are needed, and the<br /> analysis makes crucial use of the basic results from the theory of supermodular games.<br /> |
| Keywords: | Climate change; non cooperative game; global pollution; strategic interactions; endogenous timing; supermodular game theory |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:bcc:wpaper:2011-03&r=env |
| By: | Gramstad, Kjetil (University of Bergen); Tjøtta, Sigve (University of Bergen) |
| Abstract: | International efforts on abating climate change, focusing on reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, have thus far proved unsuccessful. This motivates exploration of other strategies such as climate engineering. We modify the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy (DICE), and use it in a cost-benefit analysis of climate engineering specifically deposition of sulphur in the stratosphere. The model simulations show that climate engineering passes a cost-benefit test. The cost of postponing climate engineering by 20-30 years is relatively low. Going beyond these standard cost-benefit analyses, climate engineering may still fail. Voters may dislike the idea of climate engineering; they do not like the idea of tampering with nature, and their dislike stands independent of outcomes of cost-benefit analyses. |
| Keywords: | Climate change; climate engineering; cost-benefit analyses; public choice. |
| JEL: | Q54 Q58 |
| Date: | 2010–09–01 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:bergec:2010_005&r=env |
| By: | Hector G. Lopez-Ruiz (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat); Hector G. Lopez-Ruiz (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat); Yves Crozet (LET - Laboratoire d'économie des transports - CNRS : UMR5593 - Université Lumière - Lyon II - Ecole Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'Etat) |
| Abstract: | Today, numerous works conclude that transport seems to be completely coupled to economic and export/import growth. Therefore, as a direct consequence of economic development transport sits today as one of the major final energy consumers and one of the most important sources of carbon dioxide emissions. Consequently, this situation of continuous increase in transport clearly poses an environmental problem. In this paper we propose to asses a certain number of possible solutions through scenario building in a backcasting manner using the TILT (Transport Issues in the Long Term) model. In particular, we evaluate three different scenarios that address how technology and different public policies can contribute towards a sharp reduction in CO2 emissions. Furthermore, we propose an estimation of infrastructure investment needs as well as insight on how transport budgets (time and monetary) could evolve in each of the three scenarios presented: • Pegasus - promoting strict technology standards • Chronos - promoting green multimodality • Hestia - promoting transport-GDP growth decoupling. Each scenario allows a quick comprehension of the types of results that can be obtained through different policy mixes. In sum, realistic technological hypothesis show that a 50% reduction in emissions, from the 2000 level, is a clear possibility, and that the remaining 25 % reduction in emissions is possible through different types of policy mixes. |
| Keywords: | Greenhouse gas, long-term, scenario, transport, sustainable development. |
| Date: | 2010–10–21 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-00573791&r=env |
| By: | Cole, Scott (CERE, Centre for Environmental and Resource Economics) |
| Abstract: | Environmental considerations at wind power require avoidance and mitigation of environmental impacts through proper citing, operational constraints, etc. However, some impacts are unavoidable for otherwise socially-beneficial projects. Criteria for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) suggest that compensation be provided for unavoidable or residual impacts on species and/or habitat from wind power development. Current environmental compensation schemes for wind power fail to demonstrate a connection between the expected ecological damage and the ecological gains through restoration. The EU-funded REMEDE project developed quantitative methods known as "equivalency analysis" to assist in scaling environmental compensation. This study provides a framework for estimating compensation at wind facilities based on the REMEDE approach. I illustrate the approach with a hypothetical case study involving sea eagle impacts at the Smøla Wind Farm (Norway). I quantify the damage (debit) from sea eagle turbine collisions and scale a compensatory project (credit) that reduces eagle mortality from power line electrocution, which is quantified using hypothetical data. The framework is generalizable to on- and off-shore wind development but requires targeted and thoughtful data collection. Importantly, compensation should not be used disingenuously to justify otherwise environmentally costly projects. |
| Keywords: | Equivalency Analysis; environmental compensation; wind power |
| JEL: | K32 Q42 Q51 Q57 |
| Date: | 2011–03–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:slucer:2011_004&r=env |
| By: | Susana Silva (Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto); Isabel Soares (CEF.UP and Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto); Carlos Pinho (Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial, Universidade de Aveiro) |
| Abstract: | Over the last years renewable energy sources (RES) have increased their share on electricity generation of most developed economies due to environmental and security of supply concerns. The aim of this paper was to analyze how an increasing share of RES on electricity generation (RES-E) affects Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Several methodologies could be used for this purpose. The Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) methodology considers the interactions among all variables in the model and is well suited to predict the effects of specific policy actions or important changes in the economy. Therefore, we chose to implement this methodology. We used a 3 variable SVAR model for a sample of four countries along the period 1960-2004. The existence of unit roots was tested to infer the stationarity of the variables. The countries chosen have rather different levels of economic development and social and economic structures but a common effort of investment in RES in the last decades. Through the impulse response functions (IRF), the SVAR estimation showed that, for all countries in the sample, except for the USA, the increasing RES-E share had economic costs in terms of GDP per capita. As expected, there was also an evident decrease of CO2 emissions per capita. The variance decomposition showed that a significant part of the forecast error variance of GDP per capita and a relatively smaller part of the forecast error variance of CO2 per capita were explained by the share of RES-E. |
| Keywords: | Renewables, economic growth, CO2 emissions, SVAR |
| JEL: | O13 Q42 Q43 Q56 |
| Date: | 2011–03 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:por:fepwps:407&r=env |
| By: | Corina-Maria Ene; Anda Gheorghiu; Cristina Burghelea; Anca Gheorghiu |
| Abstract: | The green area of economy is the key of healthy living. It is necessary to convene economic and ecologic framework to establish a market attentive to drastic reduction of emissions damaging our climate and landscapes in rural areas, to the protection of biological diversity of the planet, to stop producing nuclear waste, etc. This paper tries to demonstrate human concern for a waste recycling economy that will provide new jobs, will create economic and social stability and will ensure a healthier and cleaner environment. Green Economy and its support system (planetary ecosystem) won't be in conflict anymore. Green Economy will be able to support economic progress for future. |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1102.5747&r=env |
| By: | Ambec, Stefan; Cohen, Mark A. (Resources for the Future); Elgie, Stewart; Lanoie, Paul |
| Abstract: | Twenty years ago, Harvard Business School economist and strategy professor Michael Porter stood conventional wisdom about the impact of environmental regulation on business on its head by declaring that well-designed regulation could actually enhance competitiveness. The traditional view of environmental regulation held by virtually all economists until that time was that requiring firms to reduce an externality like pollution necessarily restricted their options and thus by definition reduced their profits. After all, if profitable opportunities existed to reduce pollution, profit-maximizing firms would already be taking advantage of those opportunities. Over the past 20 years, much has been written about what has since become known simply as the Porter Hypothesis (PH). Yet even today, we find conflicting evidence and alternative theories that might explain the PH, and oftentimes a misunderstanding of what the PH does and does not say. This paper provides an overview of the key theoretical and empirical insights into the PH to date, draws policy implications from these insights, and sketches out major research themes going forward. |
| Keywords: | Porter Hypothesis, environmental policy, innovation, performance |
| Date: | 2011–01–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:rff:dpaper:dp-11-01&r=env |
| By: | Hattori, Keisuke; Kitamura, Takahiro |
| Abstract: | In this paper, we endogenize the timing of policymaking in a simple two-country model of strategic environmental policy. We consider a timing game in which two policymakers non-cooperatively decide their preferred sequence of moves before setting emission tax rates. We show that whether the policymakers implement emission tax policies simultaneously or sequentially crucially depends on the magnitude of environmental damages: When the damages are insignificant, the tax rates are strategic substitutes and the simultaneous-move policymaking emerges in equilibrium. In contrast, when the damages are significant, the tax rates are strategic complements and the sequential-move policymaking emerges. In addition, we extend the model by allowing for differences in the vulnerability to environmental damages between countries. When the differences are large, the unique equilibrium of the game is the situation where the less vulnerable country acts as a leader. In the case where multiple equilibrium emerges, the risk dominant equilibrium is also that the less vulnerable country leads. |
| Keywords: | Strategic environmental policy; Endogenous timing; Environmental tax; Duopoly |
| JEL: | Q28 L13 Q56 C72 |
| Date: | 2011–03–06 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:29337&r=env |
| By: | Sushama Murty (Department of Economics, University of Exeter); R. Robert Russell (Department of Economics, University of California); Steven B. Levkoff (Department of Economics, University of California) |
| Abstract: | Distinguishing between intended ("good") production and unintended or residual ("bad") generation, we introduce the concept of by-production. In by-production technologies, pollution is an output that satises a "costly disposability" assumption and violates standard free disposability with respect to pollution-causing inputs. Our approach therefore differs substantially from standard approaches to modeling pollution-generating technologies. We show how by-production can be modeled using data envelopment analysis (DEA) methods. With an electric power plant database, we illustrate shortcomings under by-production of two popular eciency indexes: the hyperbolic index and the directional distance function. We propose and implement an alternative eciency index with superior properties. |
| Keywords: | pollution-generating technologies, free disposability, weak disposability, data envelopment analysis, environmental and technical eciency measurement |
| JEL: | D20 D24 D62 Q50 |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:exe:wpaper:1101&r=env |
| By: | Emilio Colombo; Alessandra Michelangeli; Luca Stanca |
| Abstract: | This paper provides an assessment of quality of life in Italian cities using the hedonic approach. We analyze micro-level data for housing and labor markets to estimate compensating differentials for local amenities within five domains: climate, environment, services, society and economy. The estimated implicit prices are used to construct overall and domain-specific quality of life indices. We find that differences in amenities are re°ected in substantial compensating differentials in housing prices, whereas the effects on wages are relatively small. Quality of life varies substantially across space and is strongly related to differences in public services and economic conditions. Overall, quality of life is highest in medium-sized cities of the Center-North, displaying relatively high scores in all the domains considered. Northern cities fare better with respect to services, social and economic conditions, while relatively worse for climate and environmental conditions. |
| Keywords: | quality of life, hedonic prices, housing markets |
| JEL: | C4 D5 H4 J3 J6 P2 P3 Q2 R2 |
| Date: | 2010–12 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:mib:wpaper:201&r=env |
| By: | Bera, Soumitra |
| Abstract: | India has a rich heritage of traditional systems of medicine viz. Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Tibetan which are mostly based on botanical formulations. Although biologically, the region is extremely rich in medicinal plants, due to years of unwise use, the availability of raw materials in desired quality and quantity has become difficult to obtain raising serious doubt about the safety and efficacy of the medicines currently in use. There is unprecedented demand for natural medicines, green health products, pharmaceuticals, food supplements, cosmetics, and herbal pesticides to bring about this alarming loss of plant biodiversity. The sustainable production, conservation and use of medicinal plants are influenced by a number of factors, largely of socio-economic, technical, institutional and policy nature. Unsustainable harvesting of the raw materials from the wild by untrained and poor collectors mostly using primitive methods and lack of awareness about the real value of the resources are other two important factors leading to resource depletion. Rural people derive a substantial portion of their income and products for their basic health care needs from medicinal plants gathered from the nature. Medicinal plants-based drug industries and enterprises which run into thousands presently source more than 85% of their raw materials from the wild as they are cheap and believed to be of higher potency. There is a great need to reduce pressure on the in-situ sources by diversifying the production sites of these important plants. Domestication is one of the alternatives being attempted but given the large population of developing countries living below poverty line and growing need for economic and environmental security, it is unlikely that the current lands devoted to pure or mixed agriculture or forestry can be diverted to grow medicinal plants in a significant amount. Besides, domestication has to be carried out in similar habitats since some of the cultivated plants are known to give different chemical constituents than their natural counterparts due to environmental factors. As a large number of private sectors investment is possible in this sector, medicinal plants can be developed as a potential bridge between sustainable economic developments, safe & affordable health care and conservation of vital biodiversity. The paper suggests that a long-term and sustainable bio-partnerships between industry and rural communities should be formed which is in the interest of both the producers/collectors and drug industries as both stand to gain. The former will have regular, reliable and quality supply sources of raw materials and later will have assured market, increased income and fair price for their products. Necessary support and facilitation by the GOs, NGOs and academia in terms of technology transfer, Policy and legal support and extension may build and strengthen the partnership evolution process. There is an immediate need to initiate pilot case studies and model buy back arrangements between collectors/growers and industry representatives to start this process. This paper analyses the social, economic and institutional implications of such relationships based on various examples of evolving partnership concepts focusing on their efficiency, equity, and feasibility. |
| Keywords: | Medicinal Plants and Livelihood Security; Holistic Rocource Management Approach; Partnership Ventures; Sustainable Commercialisation |
| JEL: | P33 F18 D31 F12 F14 |
| Date: | 2010–09–19 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:pra:mprapa:28908&r=env |
| By: | Taheripour, Farzad; Wally Tyner |
| Abstract: | The first version of GTAP-BIO Data Base was built based on the GTAP standard data base version 6 which represents the world economy in 2001 (Taheripour et al., 2007). That data base covers global production, consumption, and trade of the first generation of biofuels including ethanol from grains (eth1), ethanol from sugarcane (eth2), and biodiesel (biod) from oilseeds in 2001. Version 7 of GTAP Data Base, which depicts the world economy in 2004, is now published (Narayanan, B.G. and T.L. Walmsley, 2008). However, this standard data base does not include biofuel industries explicitly. The first objective of this research memorandum is to introduce the first generation of biofuels into this new data base. To accomplish this task we will follow Taheripour et al. (2007). The rapid expansion of the first generation of biofuels in the past decades has raised important concerns related to food-fuel competition, land use change, and other economic and environmental issues. These issues have increased interest in the second generation of biofuels which can be produced from cellulosic materials such as dedicated crops, agricultural and forest residues, and waste materials. To examine the economic and environmental consequences of the second generation of biofuels, a CGE model is an appropriate and essential instrument. A data base which presents the first and second generation of biofuels will facilitate research in this field. Hence the second objective of this research memorandum is to expand the space of biofuel alternatives to the second generation. Given that advanced cellulosic biofuels are not yet commercially viable, we used the most up to date information in this area to define the production technologies for these industries. |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:gta:resmem:3477&r=env |
| By: | Corina-Maria Ene; Anda Gheorghiu; Anca Gheorghiu |
| Abstract: | This article presents a theoretical model for a dynamic system based on sustainable development. Due to the relatively absence of theoretical studies and practical issues in the area of sustainable development, Romania aspires to the principles of sustainable development. Based on the concept as a process in which economic, social, political and natural environment are combined in order to sustain planet management, our goal is to promote an economic tool for Romanian decision-makers in order to evaluate scenarios and planning options. |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:arx:papers:1102.5752&r=env |
| By: | Fissel, Benjamin E; Glibert, Ben |
| Abstract: | We model exogenous technology shocks in common-pool industries using a compound Poisson process for total factor productivity. Rapid di�usion of exogenous innovations is typical in the commons, but technology is rarely modeled this way. Technology shocks lower the equilibrium resource stock while causing capital buildup based on transitory pro�ts with myopic expectations. The steady state changes from a stable node to a shifting focus with boom and bust cycles, even if only technology is uncertain. A �sheries application is developed, but the results apply to many settings with discontinuous changes in value and open access with costly exit. |
| Keywords: | technology shocks |
| Date: | 2010–09–23 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:cdl:ucsdec:1838783&r=env |
| By: | Pietola, Kyösti; Myyrä, Sami; Niemi, Jarkko K.; van Asseldonk, Marcel |
| Abstract: | This paper analyses investments in green technologies when insurance is also an option. Green technologies are defined to have the power to increase productivity and decrease volatility of future revenues. The insurance options involve the scale and coverage either in a yield insurance or in an index insurance. The stochastic process is a combination of insurable stationary short-run process and non-stationary long run process. The optimal decision rules are solved numerically by stochastic dynamic programming. The results suggest that the index insurance maintains market based incentives to invest in green technologies whereas a yield insurance substantially decreases investments, as expected. An actuarially fair yield insurance decreases investments at high productivity firms. By contrast if the insurance premiums are supported to the extent that the net loading becomes negative, firms with the lowest productivity have strong incentives to collect the benefits of the subsidized insurance rather than invest in higher productivity and lower risks. The yield insurance is the most attractive for low productivity firms while the index insurance is the most attractive for high productivity firms. Nevertheless, the demand for actuarially fair index insurance is reduced also amongst the high productivity firms, when the correlation between the yield and the index falls below 50%. |
| Keywords: | investment, insurance, uncertainty, dynamic programming, green technology, Agribusiness, Agricultural Finance, Financial Economics, Risk and Uncertainty, |
| Date: | 2011–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ags:mttfdp:100738&r=env |
| By: | Hammitt, James; Robinson, Lisa |
| Date: | 2010–10 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ler:wpaper:23892&r=env |
| By: | Aase, Knut K. (Dept. of Finance and Management Science, Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration) |
| Abstract: | Both the equilibrium interest rate and the equity premium, as well as risk premiums of risky investments are all important quantities in cost-benefit analyses. In the light of the current (2008 -) financial crisis, it is of interest to study models that connect the the financial sector with the real economy. The effects of climate change has, on the other hand, been the subject of extensive discussions, for example in connection with the Stern report. The paper addresses both these issues, first based on standard assumptions. In particular we investigate what is needed to have long-term interests lower than short term rates. Our model allows us to tell what happens to risk premiums in turbulent times, consistent with observations. Next we extend the pure exchange model to a production economy. As a result we obtain an equilibrium term structure of interest rates, as well as a model for the equity premium. We end by a discussion of risk adjustments of the discount factor. For projects aimed at insuring future consumption, the interest rate is smaller than the risk free rate. Mitigation can have the characteristics of such a project. |
| Keywords: | Dynamic equilibrium; the Lucas model; term structure; CIR; pure exchange; production economy; equity premium puzzle; risk free rate puzzle; climate models; Stern Review |
| JEL: | D00 G00 |
| Date: | 2011–02–28 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:hhs:nhhfms:2011_004&r=env |
| By: | David Tobón Orozco; Carlos Andrés Vasco Correa |
| Abstract: | Un modelo de equilibrio parcial que permite la toma de decisiones simultáneas |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:lde:grupom:057&r=env |
| By: | Carlos Andrés Vergara |
| Abstract: | Este artículo aborda tres aspectos de la sostenibilidad de la extracción de petróleo en Colombia para el período 1998 - 2003: i) los precios que reflejan la escasez de este recurso natural no renovable; ii) el valor del capital petróleo para el período analizado y, finalmente, utilizando la metodología del Valor del Capital Natural de Mäler (2001) iii) la sostenibilidad de la extracción de petróleo en Colombia. Esto a partir de dos modelos específicos desarrollados por Mäler (2001), que se diferencian en el supuesto de autonomía de los mecanismos de asignación del recurso. Los resultados sugieren que la explotación del petróleo en Colombia no ha mostrado una senda sostenible durante el período de análisis, implicando una pérdida de bienestar inter-generacional, que en todos los casos supera los 300 millones de dólares anuales. |
| Date: | 2011–02–27 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000418:008018&r=env |
| By: | Hammitt, James; Haninger, Kevin |
| Date: | 2010–08 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:ler:wpaper:23891&r=env |
| By: | Carlos Adrian Saldarriaga Isaza |
| Abstract: | La aplicación de sistemas de información geográfica al manejo de recursos naturales y del medio ambiente ha sido bien catalogada dentro de la literatura internacional. Estos sistemas están diseñados para el análisis de datos que están geográfica y espacialmente referenciados, lo que permite el análisis de problemas espaciales, tal como aquellos relacionados con la conservación de la biodiversidad y cambio de uso del suelo. El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre la manera en que puede ser aplicada esta herramienta al análisis económico del manejo y conservación de recursos naturales y del medio ambiente, partiendo por una breve explicación de lo que es un sistema de información geográfica, y presentando luego un caso estudiado por el autor, por medio del cual se muestran las bondades de esta herramienta. Finalmente, se dan algunas ideas de hacia dónde podría ir dirigida la investigación en este campo en el ámbito regional y nacional. |
| Date: | 2011–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000418:008077&r=env |
| By: | Johannie L. James Cruz |
| Abstract: | El establecimiento de tarifas de entrada a parques, no sólo representa una estrategia para la conservación ambiental de zonas protegidas, sino que también facilita su autofinanciamiento. Pero, ¿cuál tarifa debería imponerse a una comunidad local, que se enfrenta a una variedad de sitios sustitutos, por los que no paga la entrada? El presente trabajo pretende estimar la demanda por recreación en el Parque Regional Johnny Cay para los residentes de la isla de San Andrés y una tarifa de entrada que corresponda con su disponibilidad a pagar (DAP), mediante de la aplicación de un Modelo de Utilidad Aleatoria (RUM) anidado. |
| Date: | 2011–03–02 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:col:000418:008066&r=env |
| By: | Nierop, Erjen van; Herpen, Erica van; Sloot, Laurens (Groningen University) |
| Abstract: | To stimulate sales of sustainable products, retailers need to know whether their in-store instruments effectively influence their market shares. This study uses actual sales data and a multilevel modeling approach to describe the market shares of sustainable brands according to price level, price promotions, and shelf layout factors, while controlling for the customer base and competitive environment. As expected, a price premium compared with the leading brand in a category decreases market share for sustainable brands, but the location on the shelf and the arrangement of the entire product category also influence market shares considerably. In particular, where literature has described conflicting findings for horizontal location on the shelf, in our study sustainable brands receive more market share when placed in the middle of the shelf space devoted to the category, and eye level is the best vertical position. Higher market share is observed when the entire category is arranged by brand. This study therefore suggests that where sustainable brands are located on the shelf may be just as important, if not more than, how many facings they have. |
| Date: | 2011 |
| URL: | http://d.repec.org/n?u=RePEc:dgr:rugsom:11001&r=env |