[go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Operasi Barbarossa

Operasi Barbarossa (Jerman: Unternehmen Barbarossa) merupakan nama kod bagi Nazi Jerman dan pencerobohan Kuasa Paksi ke atas Kesatuan Soviet semasa Perang Dunia II yang bermula pada 22 Jun 1941.[19] [20] Ia merupakan operasi tentera terbesar dalam sejarah dunia. Lebih 5.5 juta tentera dari kuasa Paksi menceroboh Soviet di sepanjang perbatasan 1,800 batu. [21] Operasi ini dinamakan sempena Maharaja Frederick Barbarossa dari Empayar Suci Rom, ketua Salibi pada abad ke-12. Barbarossa merupakan sebahagian utama perang di Perbatasan Timur Perang Dunia II. Perancangan bagi operasi Barbarossa memakan masa beberapa tahun sebelum Jun 1941; persediaan rahsia dan operasi tentera itu sendiri memakan masa hampir setahun, dari musim bunga 1941, sehingga musim sejuk 1942. Kegagalan operasi Barbarossa menyebabkan Hitler menuntut operasi tambahan di Rusia, hampir kesemuanya akhirnya gagal, seperti meneruskan Pengepungan Leningrad.[22][23], Operasi Nordlicht, dan Pertempuran Stalingrad, antara pertempuran lain di kawasan jajahan Russia. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

Operasi Barbarossa
Sebahagian daripada Barisan Timur Perang Dunia II
Tarikh22 Jun – 5 Disember 1941
(5 bulan, 1 minggu dan 6 hari)
Lokasi
Timur dan Utara Eropah
Keputusan

Pembukaan Barisan Timur

Pihak yang terlibat
  Kesatuan Soviet
Komandan dan pemimpin
Unit terlibat
Ketumbukan darat Paksi
Ketumbukan darat Soviet
Kekuatan
Kekuatan Barisan Depan (permulaan)
3.8 juta anggota[1][2]
3,350 kereta kebal[3][1]
2,770 kapal terbang[3]
7,200 pucuk meriam[1][3]		 Kekuatan Barisan Depan (permulaan)
2.6–2.9 juta anggota [4][5][6]
11,000 kereta kebal[7][8]
7,133–9,100 pesawat tentera[9][10][11]
Kerugian dan korban

Jumlah mangsa korban tentera:
800,000+

Huraian
  • Kasualti 1941:

    (Menurut laporan perubatan Tentera Darat Jerman)

    • 167,347 terbunuh dalam pertempuran untuk tiga kumpulan tentera darat[12]
    • 600,584 cedera dalam pertempuran untuk tiga kumpulan tentera darat[12]
    • 34,527 hilang dalam pertempuran untuk tiga kumpulan tentera darat[12]
    • 28,445 terbunuh, cedera atau hilang dalam pertempuran untuk Tentera Darat Norway[12]
    • 11,000 ditawan oleh pihak Soviet (menurut laporan Tentera Merah)[13]
    • 2,827 kapal terbang musnah[14]
    • 2,400+ kereta kebal musnah[15]

Jumlah mangsa korban tentera:
4,000,000+

Huraian
  • Kasualti 1941:

    (berdasarkan arkib Soviet)

    • 566,852 terbunuh dalam pertempuran[16]
    • 235,339 maut disebabkan bukan kombat[16]
    • 1,336,147 sakit atau cedera melalui kombat dan bukan kombat[16]
    • 2,335,482 hilang dalam pertempuran[16]
    • 21,200 kapal terbang musnah[14]
    • 20,500 kereta kebal musnah[18]

Matlamat operasi bagi Operasi Barbarossa merupakan penaklukan pantas bahagian Eropah dari Soviet, arah barat bagi garisan yang menyambungkan bandar Arkhangelsk dan Astrakhan, sering kali dirujuk sebagai garis A-A oleh sumber Jerman. Pada pengakhirannya pada Disember 1941, Tentera Merah telah mematahkan serangan terhebat Wehrmacht. Hitler gagal mencapai kemenangan yang diinginkannya, tetapi keadaan bagi Soviet kekal kritikal. Secara taktikal, pihak Jerman mencapai kemenangan besar dan menduduki sebahagian besar kawasan ekonomi paling penting negara itu, terutamanya di Ukraine.[31] Disebalik kejayaan ini, tentera Jerman diundurkan dari Moscow dan tidak lagi mampu membuat serangan serentak di sepanjang perbatasan strategik Soviet-Jerman.[32]

Kegagalan Operasi Barbarossa akhirnya menyebabkan kekalahan kepada Nazi Jerman dan dianggap titik perubahan bagi Reich Ketiga. Operasi Barbarossa membuka Perbatasan Timur, yang akhirnya menjadi medan perang terbesar dalam sejarah manusia. Operasi Barbarossa dan kawasan yang dirangkuminya menjati tapak pertempuran paling besar dan dashyat, keganasan peling berdarah, kehilangan jiwa yang besar dan keadaan teruk bagi kedua-dua Soviet dan Jerman - kesemuanya mempengaruhi arah kedua-dua Perang Dunia II dan sejarah abad ke 20.

Nota

sunting
  1. ^ a b Finland was not officially a member of the Axis, but coordinated its invasion of the Soviet Union with the Axis powers.

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "western military districts Soviet Union" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Ralat petik: Tag <ref> dengan nama "171 divisions" yang ditentukan dalam <references> tidak digunakan dalam teks sebelumnya.

Rujukan

sunting
  1. ^ a b c Clark 2012, m/s. 73.
  2. ^ Glantz 2001, m/s. 9.
  3. ^ a b c Glantz 2010a, m/s. 20.
  4. ^ Glantz 2001, m/s. 9, 2.68 million.
  5. ^ Glantz 1998, m/s. 10–11, 101,293, 2.9 million.
  6. ^ Taylor 1974, m/s. 98, 2.6 million.
  7. ^ Mercatante 2012, m/s. 64.
  8. ^ Clark 2012, m/s. 76.
  9. ^ Glantz 2010a, m/s. 28, 7,133 aircraft.
  10. ^ Mercatante 2012, m/s. 64, 9,100 aircraft.
  11. ^ Clark 2012, m/s. 76, 9,100 aircraft.
  12. ^ a b c d "Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1941".
  13. ^ "Red Army and NKVD figures, 1941–1945".
  14. ^ a b Bergström 2007, m/s. 117.
  15. ^ Graham Royde-Smith.
  16. ^ a b c d e Krivosheev 1997, m/s. 95–98.
  17. ^ "AOK POW Reports".
  18. ^ Sharp 2010, m/s. 89.
  19. ^ Higgins, Trumbull (1966). Hitler and Russia. The Macmillan Company. m/s. pp. 11 - 59, 98–151. |pages= has extra text (bantuan)
  20. ^ Bryan I. Fugate. Operation Barbarossa. Strategy and tactics on the Eastern Front, 1941. Novato: Presidio Press, 1984.
  21. ^ World War II Chronicle, 2007. Legacy/ Publications International, Ltd. Page 146.
  22. ^ Simonov, Konstantin (1979). "Records of talks with Georgi Zhukov, 1965–1966". Hrono.
  23. ^ Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44 (Studies in Russian and Eastern European History), edited by John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 1-4039-0142-2).
  24. ^ The siege of Leningrad. By Alan Wykes. Ballantines Illustrated History of WWII, 3rd edition, 1972. Pages 9-61.
  25. ^ Scorched Earth. (pages 205 - 240) By Paul Carell. Schiffer Military History, 1994. ISBN 0-88740-598-3
  26. ^ Finland in the Second World War. Between Germany and Russia. Palgrave. 2002. (pp. 90 - 141)
  27. ^ Military-Topographic Directorate, maps No. 194, 196, Officer's Atlas. General Staff USSR. 1947. Атлас Офицера. Генеральный штаб вооруженных сил ССР. М., Военно-топографическоее управление,- 1947. Листы 194, 196
  28. ^ Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941-1945 ISBN 0-14-027169-4 by Richard Overy Page 91
  29. ^ The World War II. Desk Reference. Eisenhower Center Director Douglas Brinkley. Editor Mickael E. Haskey. Grand Central Press, Stonesong Press, HarperCollins, 2004. ISBN 0-06-052651-3. Page 210.
  30. ^ Siege of Leningrad. Encyclopedia Britannica. [1][pautan mati kekal]
  31. ^ A.J.P Taylor & Colonel D.M Proektor, p106
  32. ^ A.J.P Taylor & Colonel D.M Proektor,p107

Bacaan lanjut

sunting
  • Bergstrom, Christer (2007). Barbarossa - The Air Battle: July-December 1941. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2.
  • Clark, Alan. Barbarossa: The Russian–German Conflict, 1941–45. New York: Willam Morrow & Co., 1965.
  • Erickson, John. The Road to Stalingrad. London: Cassell Military, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-304-36541-6).
  • Erickson, John and Dilks, David eds. Barbarossa: The Axis and the Allies. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1994 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7486-0504-5); 1998 (paperback, ISBN 0-7486-1111-8).
  • Förster, Jürgen; Mawdsley, Evan. "Hitler and Stalin in Perspective: Secret Speeches on the Eve of Barbarossa", War in History, Vol. 11, Issue 1. (2004), pp. 61–103.
  • Farrell, Brian P. "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941", The Journal of Military History, Vol. 57, No. 4. (1993), pp. 599–625.
  • Glantz, David M. Barbarossa: Hitler's invasion of Russia, 1941. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 0-7524-1979-X).
  • Glantz, David M. Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War. Lawrence, KA: University Press of Kansas, 1998 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7006-0879-6).
  • Glantz, David M. Colossus Reborn: the Red Army at War, 1941–1943. Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7006-1353-6).
  • Gorodetsky, Gabriel Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 0-300-08459-5).
  • Hoffmann, Joachim. Stalin's War of Extermination. Capshaw, AL: Theses & Dissertations Press, 2001 (hardcover, ISBN 0-9679856-8-4).
  • Kershaw, Robert J. War Without Garlands: Operation Barbarossa, 1941/42. Shepperton: Ian Allan, 2000 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7110-2734-X).
  • Kirchubel, Robert. Operation Barbarossa 1941 (1): Army Group South. Oxford: Osprey, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 1-84176-697-6).
  • Kirchubel, Robert. Operation Barbarossa 1941 (2): Army Group North. Oxford: Osprey, 2005 (paperback, ISBN 1-84176-857-X).
  • Krivosheyev, G. Grif sekretnotsi snyat. Poteri vooruzhyonnykh sil SSSR v voynakh, boyevykh deystviyakh i voyennykh konfliktakh, Voyenizdat, Moscow, 1993.
  • Krivosheev, G.F. ed. Soviet casualties and combat losses in the twentieth century. London: Greenhill Books, 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 1-85367-280-7). Available on-line in Russian.
  • Koch, H.W. "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'", The Historical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 4. (1983), pp. 891–920.
  • Latimer, Jon, Deception in War, London: John Murray, 2001
  • Lubbeck, William; Hurt, David B. At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North. Philadelphia, PA: Casemate, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 1-932033-55-6).
  • Macksey, Kenneth. Why the Germans Lose at War: The Myth of German Military Superiority. London: Greenhill Books, 1999 (paperback, ISBN 1-85367-383-8).
  • Maser, Werner. Der Wortbruch: Hitler, Stalin und der Zweite Weltkrieg. München: Olzog, 1994 (hardcover, ISBN 3-7892-8260-X); München: Heyne, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 3-453-11764-6).
  • Megargee, Geoffrey P. War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littelefield, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7425-4481-8; paperback, ISBN 0-7425-4482-6).
  • Murphy, David E. What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-300-10780-3); 2006 (paperback, ISBN 0-300-11981-X).
    • Reviewed by Robert Conquest at The American Historical Review, Vol. 111, No. 2. (2006), p. 591.
  • Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich. "June 22, 1941; Soviet Historians and the German Invasion". Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1968.
  • Pleshakov, Constantine. Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War Two on the Eastern Front. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005 (hardcover, ISBN 0-618-36701-2).
  • Raus, Erhard. Panzer Operations: The Eastern Front Memoir of General Raus, 1941–1945, compiled and translated by Steven H. Newton. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-306-81247-9); 2005 (paperback, ISBN 0-306-81409-9).
  • Rayfield, Donald. Stalin and his Hangmen,London, Penguin Books, 2004, ISBN 0-14-100375-8
    • Reviewed by David R. Snyder in The Journal of Military History, Vol. 69, No. 1. (2005), pp. 265–266.
  • Rees, Laurence. War of the Century: When Hitler Fought Stalin. New York: New Press, 1999 (hardcover, ISBN 1-56584-599-4).
  • Stolfi, R.H.S. German Panzers on the Offensive: Russian Front. North Africa, 1941–1942. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 0-7643-1770-9).
  • Suvorov, Viktor. The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2007 (hardcover, ISBN 1-59797-114-6).
  • Taylor, A.J.P. and Mayer, S.L., eds. A History Of World War Two. London: Octopus Books, 1974. ISBN 0-7064-0399-1.
  • van Creveld, Martin. Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. ISBN 0-421-29793-1
  • Weeks, Albert L. Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002 (hardcover; ISBN 0-7425-2191-5); 2003 (paperback, ISBN 0-7425-2192-3).
  • Wegner, Bernd ed. From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941 Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1997 (hardcover, ISBN 1-57181-882-0).
    • Reviewed by Peter Konecny, Canadian Journal of History, Vol. 34 Issue 2. (Aug., 1999) pp. 288–290.
  • Wieczynski, Joseph L.; Fox, J.P. "Operation Barbarossa: The German Attack on The Soviet Union, June 22, 1941", The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 74, No. 2. (1996), pp. 344–346.
  • Ziemke, Earl F. Moscow to Stalingrad: Decision in the East. Washington DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1987; New York: Military Heritage Press, 1988 (hardcover, ISBN 0-88029-294-6).
  • Ziemke, Earl F. Stalingrad to Berlin: The German Defeat in the East. Washington DC: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1966; Honolulu, HA: University Press of the Pacific, 2003 (paperback, ISBN 1-4102-0414-6).
  • Мельтюхов, М.И. Упущенный шанс Сталина. Советский Союз и борьба за Европу: 1939–1941 (Документы, факты, суждения). Москва: Вече, 2000.
  • Суворов, В. Последняя республика: Почему Советский Союз проиграл Вторую Мировую войну. Москва: AST, 2003 (hardcover, ISBN 5-17-007876-5).
  • lt. Kolobanov and KV-2. Notable engagements of KV series against outnumbering enemy forces: http://wio.ru/tank/ww2tank.htm

Sumber

sunting

Cetakan

sunting
  • Baker, Lee (2013). The Second World War on the Eastern Front. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317865049.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bar-Joseph, Uri; Levy, Jack S. (Fall 2009). "Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure". Political Science Quarterly. 124 (3): 461–488. doi:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00656.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bartov, Omer (2001). The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-94944-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-02374-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bellamy, Chris (2007). Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-375-72471-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bergström, Christer (2007). Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941. Classic Publications. ISBN 978-1-85780-270-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007). Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81538-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Boog, Horst; Förster, Jürgen; Hoffmann, Joachim; Klink, Ernst; Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschär, Gerd R. (1998). Attack on the Soviet Union. Germany and the Second World War. IV. Translated by Dean S. McMurry, Ewald Osers, Louise Willmot. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822886-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Brackman, Roman (2001). The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life. Frank Cass Publishing. ISBN 0-7146-5050-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bradley, John; Buell, Thomas (2002). Why Was Barbarossa Delayed? The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean. Square One Publishing. ISBN 0-7570-0160-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Braithwaite, Rodric (2010). Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1-86197774-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Browning, Christopher R. (1998). Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland (ed. 1). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-099506-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Burleigh, Michael (2001). The Third Reich: A New History. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-47550-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Clark, Lloyd (2012). Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943. Headline Review. ISBN 978-0755336395.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Commager, Henry (1991). The Story of the Second World War. Brassey's Publishing. ISBN 978-0080410661.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Dunnigan, James (1978). The Russian Front. Arms & Armour Press. ISBN -0-85368-152-X.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ericson, Edward (1999). Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941. Praeger Publishing. ISBN 978-0275963378.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Evans, Richard J. (1989). In Hitler's Shadow. New York, NY: Pantheon.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9742-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fahlbusch, Michael (1999). Die Südostdeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (dalam bahasa German). German Historical Institute. ISBN 978-0-375-41086-4.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Förster, Jürgen (2005). "The German Military's Image of Russia". Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Forczyk, Robert (2014). Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1941–1942. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1781590089.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fritz, Stephen (2011). Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813134161.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gorodetsky, Gabriel (2001). Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300084597.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Gellately, Robert (1990). The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820297-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Glantz, David (2001). "The Soviet-German War 1941–1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay". A Paper Presented as the 20th Anniversary Distinguished Lecture at the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs. Clemson University. http://sti.clemson.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=189&Itemid=310.
  • Glantz, David (1998). Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700617890.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Glantz, David (2010a). Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, Volume 1. Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1906033729.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Glantz, David (2010b). Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, Volume 2. Helion & Company. ISBN 978-1906033903.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Glantz, David; House, Jonathan (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Michigan University. ISBN 978-1906033729.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Glantz, David (2012). Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's invasion of Russia 1941. The History Press. ISBN 978-0752460703.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Handrack, Hans-Dieter (1981). Das Reichskommissariat Ostland: Die Kulturpolitik Der Deutschen Verwaltung Zwischen Autonomie Und Gleichschaltung 1941–1944 (dalam bahasa German). Hann. Münden: Gauke. ISBN 978-3879980383.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hartmann, Christian (2013). Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966078-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hardesty, Von (2012). Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700618286.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hayward, Joel (July 2000). "Too Little, Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler's Failure in August 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production" (PDF). The Journal of Military History. 64 (3): 769–794. doi:10.2307/120868.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Higgins, Trumbull (1966). Hitler and Russia: The Third Reich in a Two-Front War, 1937–1943. Macmillan Publishing. ASIN B0000CNOQU.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Hilberg, Raul (1961). The Destruction of the European Jews. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Himmler, Heinrich (1940). "Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East". Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10. 13. District of Columbia: US Government Printing Office. m/s. 147–150. ISBN 978-0-333-94944-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ingrao, Christian (2013). Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine. Malden, MA.: Polity. ISBN 978-0745660264.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kay, Alex J. (2006). Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845451868.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. Penguin. ISBN 978-0140133639.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. New York; London: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32252-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Klemann, Hein; Kudryashov, Sergei (2013). Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945. Business & Economics. ISBN 978-0-857850607.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kirby, D.G. (1980). Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-5802-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kirchubel, Robert (2005). Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group North. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-857-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kirchubel, Robert (2007). Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group Center. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-107-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Kirchubel, Robert (2003). Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group South. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782004257.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1853672804.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Macksey, Kenneth (1989). "Guderian". Dalam Barnett, Correlli (penyunting). Hitler's Generals. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-79462-0.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Mawdsley, Evan (2003). "Crossing the Rubicon: Soviet Plans for Offensive War in 1940–1941". The International History Review. 25 (4): 818–865. ISSN 1618-4866.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Majer, Diemut (2003). "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6493-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Mazower, Mark (2009). Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe. Penguin. ISBN 0141011920.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Mercatante, Steven (2012). Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe. Praeger. ISBN 978-0313395925.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Meltyukhov, Mikhail (2000). Упущенный шанс Сталина. Советский Союз и борьба за Европу: 1939–1941 (dalam bahasa Russian). Вече. ISBN 5-7838-0590-4.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Miller, Donald L.; Commager, Henry Steele (2001). The Story of World War II. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743227186.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Moskoff, William (2002). The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR During World War II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521522830.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2000). A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, MA:: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674001633.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Patterson, David (2003). The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry. Transaction. ISBN 978-1412820073.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rayfield, Donald (2004). Stalin and his Hangmen. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-100375-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rich, Norman (1973). Hitler's War Aims Ideology: The Nazi State and the Course of Expansion. W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0233964768.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Roberts, Cynthia (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941". Europe-Asia Studies. 47 (8). doi:10.1080/09668139508412322.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11204-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rössler, Mechtild; Schleiermacher, Sabine (1996). Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik (dalam bahasa German). Akademie-Verlag.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sakwa, Richard (2005). The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union. Routledge Publishing. ISBN 978-1134806027.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Seaton, Albert (1972). The Russo-German War, 1941–45. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0891414919.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sharp, Jane (2010). Striving for Military Stability in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134325818.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Shirer, William (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-72868-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Smelser, Ronald; Davies, Edward J. II (2008). The myth of the Eastern Front : The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture (ed. Paperback). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521712316.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Smith, Howard (2000). Last Train from Berlin. Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1842122143.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Symonds, Craig (2014). Neptune: The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199986118.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Taylor, Alan (1974). History of World War II. Octopus Books. ISBN 978-0706403992.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Thomas, Nigel (2012). The German Army 1939–45: Eastern Front 1941–43. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782002192.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Uldricks, Teddy (Autumn 1999). "The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?". Slavic Review. 58 (3). doi:10.2307/2697571.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Waller, John (1996). The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War. Tauris & Company. ISBN 978-1-86064-092-6.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Ward, John (2004). Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945. MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0760319918.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Weeks, Albert (2002). Stalin’s Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-2191-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521618267.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wette, Wolfram (2007). The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674025776.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)

Online

sunting

Pautan luar

sunting
Diambil daripada "https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operasi_Barbarossa&oldid=6052409"