Abiogenesis

Abiogenesis atau biopoiesis^[1] ialah proses semula jadi yang melibatkan hidupan bangkit daripada jirim tidak hidup seperti sebatian organik mudah.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Hidupan terawal di Bumi wujud sekurang-kurangnya 3.5 bilion tahun lalu,^[6]^[7]^[8] semasa era Eoarkean apabila kerak yang mencukupi memejal ikutan Eon Hadean lebur. Pada 8 November 2013, ahli sains melaporkan penemuan sesuatu yang mungkin merupakan tanda hidupan sebenar terawal di Bumi - fosil tikaran mikrob (berhubung kait dengan batu pasir di Australia Barat) dianggarkan berumur 3.48 bilion tahun.^[9]^[10]

Stromatolit prakambrium dalam Formasi Siyeh, Taman Negara Glasier. Pada 2002, sehelai kertas dalam jurnal sains *Nature* mencadangkan bahawa formasi geologi 3.5 Ga (berumur bilion tahun) ini mengandungi mikrob sianobakteria terfosil. Ini mencadangkan mikrob ini merupakan bukti hidupan terawal hidup di Bumi.

Hipotesis saintifik tentang asal usul hidupan boleh dibahagikan kepada sebilangan kategori. Banyak pendekatan menyiasat cara molekul yang bereplikasi dengan sendiri atau komponennya wujud. Pada anggapan bahawa hidupan berasal secara spontan di Bumi uji kaji Miller–Urey dan uji kaji serupa menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan asid amino, kerap dipanggil "bongkah binaan hidupan," boleh disintesis secara rasem dalam keadaan yang bertujuan serupa dengan yang mengenai Bumi awal. Beberapa mekanisme telah disiasat, termasuk kilat dan sinaran. Pendekatan lain (hipotesis "metabolisme dahulu") tertumpu pada pemahaman cara katalisis dalam sistem kimia di Bumi awal mungkin telah menyediakan molekul pelopor penting untuk replikasi sendiri.

Lihat juga

Rujukan

^ Bernal, J.B. (1960) "Problem of the stages in biopoesis" (in "Aspects of the Origin of Life")
^ Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin (20 Februari 2003). The Origin of Life. Courier Dover Publications. m/s. vi. ISBN 978-0-486-49522-4. Dicapai pada 22 Disember 2012.
^ "Did life come from another world?" Scientific American 293, 64 - 71 (2005). DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64
^ Michael Yarus (15 April 2010). Life from an RNA World: The Ancestor Within. Harvard University Press. m/s. 47. ISBN 978-0-674-05075-4. Dicapai pada 22 Disember 2012.
^ Juli Pereto (2005). "Controversies on the origin of life". International microbiology: the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology. 8 (1): 23–31. PMID 15906258. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)
^ Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research 158:141-155.
^ Schopf, JW (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.
^ Peter Hamilton Raven; George Brooks Johnson (2002). Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. m/s. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. Dicapai pada 7 Julai 2013.
^ Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". AP News. Dicapai pada 15 November 2013.
^ Noffke, Nora; Christian, Christian; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology (jurnal). doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. Dicapai pada 15 November 2013.

Bacaan lanjut

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Dedicated issue of Philosophical Transactions B on Major Steps in Cell Evolution freely available.^{[pautan mati kekal]}
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Pautan luar

A.E.Zlobin, Tunguska similar impacts and origin of life (mathematical theory of origin of life, incoming of pattern recognition algorithm due to comets)
The Origin of Life Diarkibkan 2011-11-26 di Wayback Machine Video by John Maynard Smith
"Harvard Team Creates the World's 1st Synthesized Cells" Diarkibkan 2012-02-28 di Wayback Machine
Martin A. Nowak and Hisashi Ohtsuki. Prevolutionary dynamics and the origin of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2008
"Exploring Life's Origins: a Virtual Exhibit"
"SELF-REPLICATION: Even peptides do it" by Stuart A. Kauffman (web archive version as original page no longer accessible)
Origins of Life website including papers, resources, by Dr. Michael Russell at the U. of Glasgow
Possible Connections Between Interstellar Chemistry and the Origin of Life on the Earth Diarkibkan 2006-09-29 di Wayback Machine
Scientists Find Clues That Life Began in Deep Space—NASA Astrobiology Institute Diarkibkan 2013-02-20 di Wayback Machine
Self-organizing biochemical cycles—by Leslie Orgel
How Life Began: New Research Suggests Simple Approach
Primordial Soup's On: Scientists Repeat Evolution's Most Famous Experiment Diarkibkan 2007-07-13 di Wayback Machine–an article in Scientific American. March 28, 2007
Illustrations from Evolution (textbook)
An abiogenesis primer for laymen Diarkibkan 2012-10-25 di Wayback Machine
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The Origins of Life Smithsonian magazine

Templat:Asal usul hidupan Templat:Pandu arah biologi Templat:CabangKimia Templat:Pandu arah alam semula jadi

Templat:Pautan RP Templat:Pautan RB Templat:Pautan RP

[1] Bernal, J.B. (1960) "Problem of the stages in biopoesis" (in "Aspects of the Origin of Life")

[2] Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin (20 Februari 2003). The Origin of Life. Courier Dover Publications. m/s. vi. ISBN 978-0-486-49522-4. Dicapai pada 22 Disember 2012.

[3] "Did life come from another world?" Scientific American 293, 64 - 71 (2005). DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican1105-64

[4] Michael Yarus (15 April 2010). Life from an RNA World: The Ancestor Within. Harvard University Press. m/s. 47. ISBN 978-0-674-05075-4. Dicapai pada 22 Disember 2012.

[5] Juli Pereto (2005). "Controversies on the origin of life". International microbiology: the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology. 8 (1): 23–31. PMID 15906258. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (bantuan)

[Origin1-6] Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research 158:141-155.

[Origin2-7] Schopf, JW (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.

[RavenJohnson2002-8] Peter Hamilton Raven; George Brooks Johnson (2002). Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. m/s. 68. ISBN 978-0-07-112261-0. Dicapai pada 7 Julai 2013.

[AP-20131113-9] Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013). "Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom". AP News. Dicapai pada 15 November 2013.

[AST-20131108-10] Noffke, Nora; Christian, Christian; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013). "Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia". Astrobiology (jurnal). doi:10.1089/ast.2013.1030. Dicapai pada 15 November 2013.

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