Aiuto:AFI/Catalan
(Readressà da Aiuto:IPA/Catalan)
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Catalan on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Catalan in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. Per na ntroduzion sun co liejer i simboi AFI, cëla Help:IPA. Per la desfrënzia danter [ ], / / y ⟨ ⟩, cëla IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ca}}, {{IPA-va}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Key for standard Catalan and Valencian
mudéThere are two major standards, one of Catalan (C)—based in the Central Coast of Catalonia, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features—and one of Valencian (V)—based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features. Neither variant is preferred over the other in Wikipedia articles except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in Catalonia or a Valencian artist).
See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of standard Catalan and Valencian, and Catalan orthography for the main correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. (For an extensive list of spelling-to-sound correspondences, see this)
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Other transcriptions
mudé- Catalan in Andorra, Western Catalonia and La Franja (NW)
- Northwestern, a continuous dialect of the Western Catalan branch, uses the same pronunciation pattern as Standard Valencian (see V above). However, there are some differences that should be used in the transcription of local names in Andorra, Western Catalonia (Lleida and part of Tarragona) and the Aragonese border (La Franja). Those differences are:
| Phonetic deviations from Standard Valencian (i.e. commonalities with Standard Catalan) |
Examples | English approximation | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Betacism[2][3] | /b/, /v/ → /b/ | bell, vell[2] | best |
| /b/, /v/ → Template:IPAblink[3] | abans, avanç[2] | vest[3] | |
| Deaffrication of /dʒ/ (in intervocalic position) | /dʒ/ → Template:IPAblink | dijous, fugir | genre |
- (Note for transcriptions of Northwestern Catalan use {{IPA-ca}}, with the corresponding sounds of Standard Valencian and the sharing features with Standard Catalan)
- Transcription of Insular Eastern Catalan
- For transcriptions of Insular Catalan dialects:
Notes
mudé- ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant. In syllables produced in utterance-final position (i.e. the coda), voiced obstruents become devoiced (Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt).
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 While betacism (that is, the merging of /b/ and /v/ into one phoneme) is common in most speakers of Catalan and in Valencia, several dialects still contrast the two sounds (usually represented as Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr respectively in Catalan orthography). The contrast is also maintained in Standard Valencian (Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt).
- ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 Voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ become lenited [β, ð, ɣ] (that is, approximants or fricatives of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a continuant. Otherwise they are pronounced as voiced or devoiced stops, similar to English b, d, g and p, t, k. Exceptions include /d/ after a lateral consonant, and /b/ after /f/. In traditional non-betacist dialects, /b/ usually fails to lenite (Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt).
- [β] (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between /b/ and /v/, or just like /v/ but with both lips.
- [ɣ] is pronounced between /ɡ/ and /h/, or roughly like /ɡ/ but without completely blocking the air flow.
- ↑ 4,00 4,01 4,02 4,03 4,04 4,05 4,06 4,07 4,08 4,09 4,10 4,11 4,12 4,13 4,14 4,15 4,16 4,17 4,18 The sibilants /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ are alveolo-palatal or palato-alveolar (the latter being considered the recommended pronunciation). A variant of /s, z, ts, dz/ includes the retracted [s̠, z̠, t̠s̠, d̠z̠] (with pronunciations closer to postalveolars /ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/, respectively).
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Catalan orthography distinguishes between Template:Angbr (representing /ʎ/) and Template:Angbr (representing a geminated /lː/). In regular speech gemination of Template:Angbr is ignored altogether. Some dialects as well as young speakers can merge /ʎ/ with the glide Template:IPAblink in a process similar to Spanish yeísmo.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6,6 The sonorants /l/ and /n/ assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant (Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt). Before palatals, /l/ is Template:IPAblink and /n/ is Template:IPAblink. Before velars, /n/ becomes Template:IPAblink and before labial consonants, /n/ becomes Template:IPAblink. The labiodental Template:IPAblink appears before /f/ and /v/.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 The rhotic consonants Template:Angbr /ɾ/ and Template:Angbr /r/ only contrast between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as Template:Angbr with Template:IPAblink occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and in compounds; and Template:IPAblink after hard plosives, the soft spirants [β, ð, ɣ], and /f/. Syllable-final /ɾ/ varies according to dialect, emphasis, morpheme and the following sound. In all Catalan dialects, except most of Valencian, /ɾ/ is lost in coda position in suffixes of nouns and adjectives denoting the masculine singular and in the infinitive suffixes of verbs, except when the following morpheme begins with a vowel, although this may vary (Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt).
- ↑ Other than in loanwords and interjections, the letter Template:Angbr is always silent.
- ↑ The semivowels /j/ and /w/ can be combined with most vowels to form diphthongs and triphthongs (Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt). For a list with all the combinations, see Catalan phonology § Diphthongs and triphthongs.
- ↑ Many words that have /ɛ/ in Standard Catalan have /e/ in Standard Valencian. The latter is the historical pronunciation.
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 11,5 11,6 In unstressed position, the vowel contrast is reduced in all dialects.
- Eastern Catalan: [a, ɛ, e] merge to [ə], whereas [ɔ, o, u] merge to [u], leaving only [ə, i, u] in most unstressed syllables.
- Western Catalan: [ɛ, e] merge to [e] and [ɔ, o] merge to [o]. Exceptionally there are some cases where unstressed Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr may merge with [a] and [u] respectively (Template:Harvcoltxt, Template:Harvcoltxt).
- In Standard Eastern Catalan, unstressed [e] and [o] appear only in some words such as ídem [ˈiðem], oceans [useˈans], ego [ˈeɣo] and mouré [mowˈɾe]. In other cases, they merge with [ə] and [u] (Template:Harvcoltxt).
- In Standard Valencian, unstressed [ɛ] and [ɔ] occur in the process known as vowel harmony (e.g. corda [ˈkɔɾðɔ] and tela [ˈtɛlɛ]). In North-western, there are cases where only [ɛ] is found in final unstressed syllables: tela [ˈtɛlɛ].
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 The vowel /y/ is usually replaced by /u/ or /i/.
- [y] is pronounced like /i/, but with the lips rounded.
Bibliography
mudé- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1999), "Catalan", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 61–65, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
- Wheeler, Max W. (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7
External links
mudé- "Gramàtica essencial de la llengua catalana (GEIEC)". Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
- "Diccionari normatiu valencià (DNV)". Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL).
- "Diccionari català-valencià-balear (DCVB)". Ed. Moll / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).
- "reSOLC-mitjansCAT". Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada (IULA) – Pompeu Fabra University / Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC).