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Interactions among microbes, the immune system, and the circadian clock

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Abstract

The circadian clock couples physiological processes and behaviors to environmental light cycles. This coupling ensures the synchronization of energetically expensive processes to the time of day at which an organism is most active, thus improving overall fitness. Host immunity is an energetically intensive process that requires the coordination of multiple immune cell types to sense, communicate, and respond to a variety of microorganisms. Interestingly the circadian clock entrains immune cell development, function, and trafficking to environmental light cycles. This entrainment results in the variation of host susceptibility to microbial pathogens across the day-night cycle. In addition, the circadian clock engages in bi-directional communication with the microbiota, resident microorganisms that reside in proximity to the epithelial surfaces of animals. This bi-directional interchange plays an essential role in regulating host immunity and is also pivotal for the circadian control of metabolism. Here, we review the role of the circadian clock in directing host immune programs and consider how commensal and pathogenic microbes impact circadian physiological processes.

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Funding

JFB is supported by a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Hanna Gray Fellowship. LVH is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the work in the Hooper Lab is supported by NIH grant R01 DK070855 to LVH, and the Walter M. and Helen D. Bader Center for Research on Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases.

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  1. Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA

    John F. Brooks II & Lora V. Hooper

  2. The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA

    Lora V. Hooper

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Brooks, J.F., Hooper, L.V. Interactions among microbes, the immune system, and the circadian clock. Semin Immunopathol 42, 697–708 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-020-00820-1

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