Metabolismus

Metabolismus^[1] (vocabulum a verbo Graeco μεταβολή 'mutatio' deductum) est congeries reactionum chemicarum, quae in organismis vivis, ut vita sustineatur, fiunt. Hae rationes organismos crescere et regigni sinunt, structuras eorum sustinere rebusque circumiectis respondere. Metabolismus in duas categorias plerumque dividitur: catabolismus materiem organicam dissolvit, exempli gratia ut energia in respiratione cellularum capiatur; anabolismus autem energia utitur, ut partes cellularum sicut proteina et acida nucleica fiant.

Structura adenosini triphosphorici (ATP), coenzymi intermedii in **metabolismo** energiae

Chemicae metabolismi reactiones in vias metabolicas digeruntur, in quibus unum chemicum gradatim per seriem enzymorum in aliud chemicum convertitur. Enzyma metabolismo magni momenti sunt, quia organismos agere reactiones optabiles sinunt, quae energiam requirunt solaeque non accidunt, copulando has reactiones ad reactiones spontaneas, quae energiam liberant. Enzyma enim sunt catalystae^?, ea has reactiones velociter efficienterque procedere sinunt.

Enzyma etiam sinunt regulationem^? viarum metabolicarum, quae mutationibus cellularum circumiectorum signisve aliarum cellularum respondet. Metabolismus organismi decernit, quas res organismus habet nutrimenta^? et quas venena. Exempli gratia aliis prokaryotis hydrogenii sulphidum est nutrimentum, sed idem gas animalibus est venenosum.^[2] Celeritas metabolismi, modus metabolicus^? etiam impellit, quanta alimenta organismus requirat.

Conspicua metabolismi proprietas est similitudo primarum viarum metabolicarum et elementorum inter etiam diversissimas species.^[3] Exempli gratia acida carboxylica, ut media in cyclo acidi citrici notissima, in omnibus organismis adsunt, adeo in speciebus tam diversis quam Escherichia coli, bacterium unicellulare, et tam immanibus quam organismi multicellulares sicut elephantes.^[4] Hae conspicuae metabolismi similitudines probabiliter amplam implicant efficentiam harum viarum et ortum earum primis temporibus in evolutionaria vitae historia.^[5]^[6]

Praecipuae biochemicae

Si plus cognoscere vis, vide etiam Biochemia,Biomolecula, Cellula (biologia).

Plurimae structurae, quae animalia, plantas, et microbios constituunt ex tribus primis molecularum classibus fiunt: acidis aminicis, carbohydratis, et lipidis (saepe adipibus appellatis). His moleculis vitalibus, reactiones metabolicae has moleculas per constructionem cellularum carnumque faciunt, aut eas dissolvunt, ut adhibentur ut fons energiae, in digestione et usu cibi. Multae graves biochemicae coniungi possunt, ut fiant polymeri sicut ADN et proteina. Hae macromoleculae sunt "essentiales."^?

Genus moleculae	Nomen formarum monomerorum	Nomen formarum polymerorum	Exempla formarum polymerorum
Acida aminica	Acida aminica	Proteina (etiam polypeptida appellata)	Proteina fibrosa et globularia
Carbohydrata	Monosaccharida	Polysaccharida	Amylum, glucogenum, et cellulosum
Acida nucleica	Nucleotida	Polynucleotida	ADN et ARN

Acida aminica et proteina

Proteina in acidis aminicis per catenam linearem ordinatis et a vinculis peptidicis^? coniunctis consistunt. Multa proteina sunt enzyma quae chemicas in metabolismo reactiones catalyzant^?. Alia proteina officia structuralia vel mechanica habent, sicut proteina quae formant cytosceletum, systema pegmatis quod formam cellularem sustinet.^[7] Proteina etiam certum pondus habent in significatione cellulari, responsis immunitatis, adhaesione cellulari, transportatione activa trans membranam, et circulo cellularum.^[8]

Nexus interni

Cellulae plantarum (a parietibus caeruleis finitae) chloroplastibus^? (viridibus) impletae, locis photosynthesis

Notae

↑ Ephemeris 2007.
↑ Friedrich C. (1998). "Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria". Adv Microb Physiol 39: 235–289
↑ Pace NR (January 2001). "The universal nature of biochemistry". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (3): 805–808 .
↑ Smith E, Morowitz H (2004). "Universality in intermediary metabolism". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (36): 13168–73 .
↑ Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R (2001). "Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems". Bull Math Biol 63 (1): 21–55 .
↑ Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell T, Cascante M (1996). "The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution". J Mol Evol 43 (3): 293–303 .
↑ Michie K, Löwe J (2006). "Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton". Annu Rev Biochem 75: 467–92 .
↑ Nelson, David L.; Michael M. Cox (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W. H. Freeman and company. pp. 841. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6 .

Bibliographia

Libri faciles

Lane, N. 2004. Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. Oxford University Press, C.F.A. ISBN 0-19-860783-0.
Rose, S., et R. Mileusnic. 1999. The Chemistry of Life. Penguin Press Science. ISBN 0-14-027273-9.
Schneider, E. D., et D. Sagan. 2005. Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-73936-8.

Libri difficiles

Berg, J., J. Tymoczko, et L. Stryer. 2002. Biochemistry. Novi Eboraci: W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-4955-6.
Brock, T. D., M. T. Madigan, J. Martinko,et J. Parker. 2002. Brock's Biology of Microorganisms. Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-13-066271-2.
Cox, M., et D. L. Nelson. 2004. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6.
Da Silva, J. J. R. F., et R. J. P. Williams. 1991. The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855598-9.
Nicholls, D. G. and Ferguson, S. J. 2002. Bioenergetics. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0-12-518121-3.
Price, N., et L. Stevens. 1999. Fundamentals of Enzymology: Cell and Molecular Biology of Catalytic Proteins. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850229-X.

Brevia in periodicis

David S. Wishart et alii, "HMDB: the Human Metabolome Database in 2013", Nucleic Acids Research, 2013: D801–D807.

Nexus externi

Scientia generalis

Metabolismus, Respiratio Cellularum, et Photosynthesis The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology apud biochemweb.org
The Biochemistry of Metabolism
Advanced Animal Metabolism Calculators/ Interactive Learning Tools
Microbial metabolism Simple overview. School level.
Metabolic Pathways of Biochemistry Graphical representations of major metabolic pathways.
Chemistry for biologists Introduction to the chemistry of metabolism. School level.
Sparknotes SAT biochemistry Overview of biochemistry. School level.
MIT Biology Hypertextbook Undergraduate-level guide to molecular biology.
"Metabolism" at the Encyclopædia Britannica. Concentrates on human metabolism (Free access).

Glossaria et dictionaria

Metabolismus humanus

Databases

Viae metabolicae

Interactive Flow Chart of the Major Metabolic Pathways
Metabolism reference Pathway
Guide to Glycolysis School level.
Formula:Wayback
Downloadable guide to photosynthesis School level.
What is Photosynthesis? Collection of photosynthesis articles and resources.

[1] Ephemeris 2007.

[Physiology1-2] Friedrich C. (1998). "Physiology and genetics of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria". Adv Microb Physiol 39: 235–289

[3] Pace NR (January 2001). "The universal nature of biochemistry". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (3): 805–808 .

[SmithE-4] Smith E, Morowitz H (2004). "Universality in intermediary metabolism". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 (36): 13168–73 .

[Ebenhoh-5] Ebenhöh O, Heinrich R (2001). "Evolutionary optimization of metabolic pathways. Theoretical reconstruction of the stoichiometry of ATP and NADH producing systems". Bull Math Biol 63 (1): 21–55 .

[Cascante-6] Meléndez-Hevia E, Waddell T, Cascante M (1996). "The puzzle of the Krebs citric acid cycle: assembling the pieces of chemically feasible reactions, and opportunism in the design of metabolic pathways during evolution". J Mol Evol 43 (3): 293–303 .

[7] Michie K, Löwe J (2006). "Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton". Annu Rev Biochem 75: 467–92 .

[Nelson-8] Nelson, David L.; Michael M. Cox (2005). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W. H. Freeman and company. pp. 841. ISBN 0-7167-4339-6 .

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