Religio Islamica

Unam legis e paginis de

Religione Islamica

disserentibus

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Fides

• Prophetae: Mahometus
• Praedestinatio
• Liber sacer
• Eschatologia

Mores

• Quinque Columnae Islamicae
• Sahada
• Hagga

Scripta

• Alcoranus
• Hadit
• Sharia

Vide etiam
Islamus et aliae religiones

Religio Islamica,^[1] vel Islamus^[2][3] aut in Arabico sermone al-Islām (litteris Arabicis الإسلام: IPA praecipue [ʔɪsˈlæːm] et [ʔiˈslaːm]^[4]), est religio monotheistica, abs Alcorano libro sacro articulata et a fidelibus verbum Dei (Arabice الله, Allāh^[5]) ad verbum habita, secundum doctrinas ordinariumque exemplum (Sunnah appellatum, ex hadit compositum) Mahometi, ultimi prophetae Dei. Adsectatores religionis Islamicae appellantur Musulmani.

Religio Islamica saeculo septimo ineunte in Arabia a Mahometo propheta condita est. Cum fere 1.8 milliardis fidelium^[6] post Christianam (cum fere 2.2 milliardis)^[7] hodie in orbe terrarum numero fidelium secunda est religio. Decem civitates, quibus est maxima omnium Musulmanorum pars, sunt Indonesia (12.9%), Pakistania (11.1%), India (10.3%), Bangladesha (9.3%), Aegyptus et Nigeria (utraque 5%), Irania et Turcia (utraque 4.7%), Algeria (2.2%) et Marocum (fere 2%). In his civitatibus plus quam duae partes omnium Musulmanorum vivunt.^[8]

Duo sunt fundamenta litteraria religionis Islamicae: primum Alcoranus, qui verbum Dei Mahometo revelatum habetur; secundum narrationes (Hadit) de vitae moribus (Sunnah) Mahometi, cuius in mores velut "legati Dei" ac exempli se Musulmani formare debent. Omnes ex his litteris sumptae regulae ius Islamicum (شريعة saria) efficiunt.

Musulmani credunt Deum esse unum et incomparabilem, et propositum vitae humanae esse hunc deitatem venerari.^[9] Verbum quidem Islam significat 'mentis et spiritús deditionem' ad hoc numen,^[10] vel 'submissio' (erga id). Ei etiam credunt Islamum esse absolutam et universam primordialis fidei patefactionem, quae multis temporibus locisque a nuntiis Dei revelata est, inter eos Abraham, Moyses, et Iesus, quos ei habent prophetas.^[11] Tradunt priores nuntios et patefactiones partim mutatas vel corruptas fuisse,^[12] sed Alcoranum enimvero esse integram et ultimam Dei patefactionem.^[13] Inter notiones moresque Musulmanorum religiosos sunt Quinque columnae Islamicae, quae pro fundamentalibus venerationis notionibus usibusque necessariis sunt, et lex Islamica (Saria), quae paene omnem vitae societatisque aspectum tangit, consilium in rebus multiplicibus suppeditans, ab aerario et salute, ad militiam et circumiectum.^[14][15]

In religione Islamica quinque sunt elementa, quae columnae religionis vocantur:

• fidei professio, hisce verbis expressa: "Testor nullum esse deum nisi Deum Machometumque prophetam eius esse." (Arabice haec locutio Sahada appellatur).
• preces (‏صلاة‎ salāt): quinquiens quotidie: ante solis ortum, meridie, post meridiem, sole occidente, nocte incipiente. Praescriptum est, ut quemque precem vocatus a muazino de minareto clamatus et lavatio ritualis antecedat. Feria sexta preces meridianae in meschita adhibentur, quod viris debitum officium, feminis autem commendatio est.
• eleemosyna (‏زكاة‎ zakāt):^[16] Tributum, quod ab omni Musulmano sano, libero, adulto ac satis locupleti ad pauperes, servos, debitores et viatores adiuvandos nec non in gihad dandum est. Summa secundum condiciones variat.
• ieiunium mense Ramadan habitum.
• peregrinatio Meccam ultimo lunae mense.

Dividuntur in nonnullas factiones Musulmani, inter quas Sunnitae Siitaeque. Siitae credunt auctoritatem, propheta defuncto, recte in Ali generum Machometi transmissam esse, absque illo in familiam eius; Sunnitae contra credunt illam auctoritatem per electionem transmissam esse, itaque Omari successoribusque eius. Invenies et Sunnitas et Siitas per mundum Islamicum dispositos; praeponderunt tamen Siitae in Irania, Mesopotamia Libanoque, Sunnitae alibi.

Est etiam tertia factio, Secta Charigitica appellata, quae olim magnam Africae Septentrionalis partem occupabat, hodie tantum in Omania (vide Ibaditae) et in tribus parvis Africae Septentrionalis regionibus fideles complures habet.

Religio Islamica varios locos quasi sacros habet. Principalis est Mecca, ubi sanctuarium Caba ponitur et quo Musulmani peregrinationem (Haggam) faciunt; hi peregrinatores nomine hajji honorantur. Etiam Medina (urbs prophetae) et Hierosolyma sacrae vocantur.

Hegira (Arabice hijra) fuit fuga Mahometi discipulorumque suorum a Mecca ad Yathrebum, quod oppidum postea nominatur "Oppidum Prophetae" (Madinat an Nabi), vel breviter Medina.

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