Aetas ferrea
- Oriens Medius: Periodus Iemdet Nasr, Periodus archaica dynastica Sumeria, Imperium Accadium, Dynastia Gutia, Tertia dynastia Ur, Regna Amorrea, Prima dynastia Babylonia, Cassitae, Hittitae, Imperium Assyrium
- Europa: Cultura ceramicae cordatae, Cultura Unetice, Cultura tumulorum, Cultura camporum urnarum, Cultura tumulorum Armoricae, Cultura Wessexiae, Cultura Hilversum, Cultura argarica, Cultura Las Cogotas, Cultura aetatis Aeneae finalis Atlanticae, Cultura Talaiotica, Cultura Cycladica, Cultura Minoa, Cultura Helladica, Cultura Mycenaea
Aetas ferrea[1] in archaeologia fuit tempus in cuiuslibet populi progressu, cum instrumenta usitata praecipue ex ferro facta obtinuerunt. Tempus ortus ascensusque huius metalli saepe cum aliis culturae mutationibus, maxime agricultura, religione, artibusque, conflixit.
In historia, aetas ferrea est proximum tempus princeps post aetatem aeneam in systemate aetatum trium, quo archaeologi societates praehistoricas in genera describunt. Longitudo aetatum et status socialis apud has societates secundum civitatem vel regionem geographicam variantur. Nullum aetatis ferreae tempus disertum in quibusvis societatibus noscitur: solum est tempus cum archaeologia fit minus grave quam historia memoriaeque posteris traditae. Mixturae ferreae sunt populares ut chalybs in plurimis rebus metallicis.
Tempora
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Aetas ferrea coepisse putatur saeculo duodecimo a.C.n. in Asia, Perside, India (cum doctrina Vedica post Rigvedam), et Graecia (per saecula obscura). Alibi in Europa multo serius coepit, saeculo octavo a.C.n. in cultura Halstattensi Mediae Europae et saeculo sexto a.C.n. in Aetate Ferrea prae-Romana Europae Septentrionalis. Ars ferramentorum faciendorum in Africa Occidentali quoque ante 1200 a.C.n. in usu erat.[2][3][4]
Aetas ferrea dividi solet in duo genera, quae sunt prima (1200–1000 a.C.n.) et secunda aetas ferrea.
Nexus interni
- Faber ferrarius
- Ferrum
- Fogou
- Historia metallurgiae ferreae
- Index aetatum archaeologicarum
- Index situum archaeologicorum
- Metallurgia Romana
Notae
[recensere | fontem recensere]- ↑ Adumbratio lexici Anglici et Latini 751[nexus deficit]; Del Col s.v. edad; Reijo Pitkäranta, Lexicon Finnico-Latino-Finnicum. WSOY, 2001; Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, 2009.
- ↑ Duncan E. Miller et N. J. Van Der Merwe, "Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa" Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver et N. J. Van Der Merwe, "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa"' Current Anthropology 1968.
- ↑ Roderick J. McIntosh, "How Old is the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa?" Archaeological Institute of America (1999).
- ↑ Stanley B. Alpern, "Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa" (2005).
Bibliographia
[recensere | fontem recensere]- Alpern, Stanley B. 2005. Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Collis, John. 1984. The European Iron Age. Novi Eboraci: Schocken Books. ISBN 0805239413.
- Drakonoff, I. M. 1991. Early Antiquity. Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14465-8.
- Hall, Mark. Towards an Absolute Chronology for the Iron Age in Inner Asia.
- Haselgrove, C., et R. Pope. 2007. Characterising the Earlier Iron Age. In The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, ed. C. Haselgrove et R. Pope. Oxoniae: Oxbow.
- Higham, Charles. 1996. The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521565057.
- Mattingly, David J., et John Salmon, eds. 2001. Economies beyond Agriculture in the Classical World. Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Routledge. ISBN 0415212537.
- Miller, Duncan E., et N. J. Van Der Merwe. 1994. Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African History 35: 1–36.
- Muhly, James D. 2003. Metalworking/Mining in the Levant. In Near Eastern Archaeology, ed. Suzanne Richard, 174–83.
- Schmidt, Peter, et Donald H. Avery. 1978. Complex Iron Smelting and Prehistoric Culture in Tanzania. Science 201 (4361): 1085–89.
- Snodgrass, A. M. 1967. Arms and Armour of the Greeks. Londini: Thames & Hudson.
- Snodgrass, A. M. 1971. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
- Spoerl, Joseph S. A Brief History of Iron and Steel Production. Saint Anselm College.
- Stuiver, Minze, et N. J. Van Der Merwe. 1968. Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa. Current Anthropology.
- Taylor, Sarah. 1989. The Introduction and Development of Iron Production in Korea. World Archaeology 20 (3): 422–31.
- Tewari, Rakesh. The Origins of Iron Working in India: New Evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas. Uttar Pradesh State Archaeological Department.
- Waldbaum, Jane C. 1978. From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, 54.
- Webb, Alex. Metalworking in Ancient Greece.
- Yoon, Dong-suk. 1989. Early Iron Metallurgy in Korea. Archaeological Review from Cambridge 8 (1): 92–99.
Nexus externi
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