Ji Wîkîpediya, ensîklopediya azad.
| Dengdêr
|
| IPA |
Nimûne |
Bilêvkirin
|
| b[1]
|
bestia; embuste; vaca; envidia; fútbol
|
best
|
| β
|
bebé; obtuso; vivir; curva
|
between baby and bevy
|
| d[1]
|
dedo; cuando; aldaba
|
dead
|
| ð
|
dádiva; arder; admirar
|
this
|
| f
|
fase; café
|
face
|
| ɡ[1]
|
gato; lengua; guerra
|
got
|
| ɣ
|
trigo; amargo; sigue; signo
|
like go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g
|
| ʝ[1][2]
|
ayuno; poyo
|
you
|
| ɟʝ[1][2]
|
cónyuge; abyecto
|
job
|
| k
|
caña; laca; quise; kilo
|
scan
|
| l
|
lino; alhaja; principal
|
lean
|
| ʎ[1][2]
|
llave; pollo
|
million
|
| m[3]
|
madre; comer; campo; anfibio
|
mother
|
| n[3]
|
nido; anillo; anhelo; sin; álbum
|
need
|
| ɲ[3]
|
ñandú; cañón; enyesar
|
canyon
|
| ŋ[3]
|
cinco; venga; conquista
|
sing
|
| p
|
pozo; topo
|
spouse
|
| r[4]
|
rumbo; carro; honra; amor; amor eterno
|
trilled r
|
| ɾ[4]
|
caro; bravo; amor eterno
|
batter (American English)
|
| s[5]
|
saco; espita; xenón
|
sack
|
| θ[5]
|
cereal; encima; zorro; enzima; paz
|
thing
|
| t
|
tamiz; átomo
|
stand
|
| tʃ
|
chubasco; acechar
|
choose
|
| v[6]
|
afgano
|
van
|
| x
|
jamón; general; México;[7] hamster[8]
|
Scottish loch
|
| z[6]
|
isla; mismo; deshuesar
|
quiz
|
| Fonemên marjînal
|
| IPA
|
Nimûne |
Bilêvkirin
|
| ʃ[9]
|
show; Rocher; Freixenet
|
shack
|
| ts
|
abertzale; Pátzcuaro
|
cats
|
|
| Dengdar
|
| IPA
|
Nimûne |
Bilêvkirin
|
| a
|
azahar
|
father
|
| e
|
vehemente
|
set
|
| i
|
dimitir; mío; y
|
see
|
| o
|
boscoso
|
sole
|
| u
|
cucurucho; dúo
|
food
|
|
|
| Nîvdengdar[10]
|
| IPA |
Nimûne |
Bilêvkirin
|
| j
|
aliada; cielo; amplio; ciudad
|
yet
|
| w[11]
|
cuadro; fuego; Huila; arduo; pingüino
|
wine
|
|
|
| Dûbare û Hecelkirin
|
| IPA
|
Nimûne |
Bilêvkirin
|
| ˈ
|
ciudad [θjuˈðað]
|
domain
|
| .
|
mío [ˈmi.o]
|
Mayan
|
|
- ^ a b c d e f /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as the fricatives or approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ˕, ʝ˕] (represented here without the undertacks) in all places except after a pausa, after an /n/ or /m/ or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after an /l/. Then, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j, but they are fully voiced in all positions, unlike their English counterparts. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions (Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté 2003:257-8).
- ^ a b c Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from Şablon:IPAslink; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ^ a b c d The nasal consonants /n, m, ɲ/ contrast only before vowels. Before consonants, they assimilate to the consonant's place of articulation, which is partially reflected in the orthography. The three do not contrast at the end of a word; depending on dialect, the neutralized nasal may appear as [n], [ŋ], or nasalization of the preceding vowel.
- ^ a b The rhotic consonants /ɾ/ and /r/ contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution, with [[[
- en:Voiced alveolar trill|r]]] occurring word-initially, after /l/, /n/, and /s/, and also represented here as before consonants, and word-finally (positions in which they vary); only [[[
- en:Alveolar tap|ɾ]]] is found elsewhere.
- ^ a b Northern and Central Spain still distinguish between ⟨s⟩ (Şablon:IPAslink) and soft ⟨c⟩ or ⟨z⟩ (Şablon:IPAslink). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as Şablon:IPAslink. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft ⟨c⟩, ⟨z⟩ and even ⟨s⟩ as Şablon:IPAslink, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:258) for more information.
- ^ a b [v] and [z] are allophones of, respectively, /f/ and /s/ before voiced consonants.
- ^ The letter ⟨x⟩ represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).
- ^ The letter ⟨h⟩ represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
- ^ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as [[[
- en:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|tʃ]]] or [[[
- en:Voiceless alveolar fricative|s]]]; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
- ^ The semivowels [[[
- en:Voiced labial–velar approximant|w]]] and [[[
- en:Voiced palatal approximant|j]]] can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuadro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with Şablon:IPAslink and Şablon:IPAslink.
- ^ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259
