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Tussit

Azzelgi neɣ tussit neɣ inflwenza d aṭṭan amanṭaṭ igellu-d yis uvirus n tussit[1]. Isekna n tussit zemren ad ilin fsus-it neɣ d uzmiren (ujhiden)[2]. Isekna ayyi gan d tusut, azzug n ugerjum, tazzla n yinzaren, takma tamaẓwalt, tawla, amaẓla d utmelli. Di tuget n tegnatin, isekna-ayi d wid i d-yettneflalin seld n sin n wussan seg tefsert ar uvirus d unekcum-is ɣer tfekka w ad ṭṭfen azal n 7 n wussan i wakken ad kksen, maca tusut tezmer ad teṭṭef ugar n 15 n wussan[1]. Ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen yezmer ad yeglu ula s umuktu d yiriran maca isekna-ayi ur d-ttilin ara ɣer yimedanen imeqranen

Tussit
Aglam
Anaw infection virale des voies respiratoires (fr) Suqel, infections à Orthomyxoviridae (fr) Suqel, aṭṭan amesgunef, aṭṭan avirusan amanṭaṭ, maladie à virus (fr) Suqel, aṭṭan
maladies pandémiques et sujettes aux épidémies (fr) Suqel
Tamuzzegt médecine générale (fr) Suqel, tujya n turin, tasensigemt
médecine d'urgence (fr) Suqel
Tamentilt Orthomyxoviridae (fr) Suqel
Isekna tawla, congestion nasale (fr) Suqel, myalgie (fr) Suqel, amaẓla, Atmelli, Tusut, rhinite (fr) Suqel, takma n yidmaren
frissonnement (fr) Suqel
Asemdu pandémie de grippe (fr) Suqel, Tasakrart
flambée épidémique (fr) Suqel
Akala n ugaǧǧi n yigem asiweṭ anafgan, contamination par les sécrétions respiratoires (fr) Suqel, transmission directe (fr) Suqel
transmission par surface contaminée (fr) Suqel
Examen clinique (fr) Suqel examen clinique (fr) Suqel, hémogramme (fr) Suqel, culture virale (fr) Suqel
immunofluorescence (fr) Suqel
Assesfer
Asafar peramivir (fr) Suqel, oseltamivir (fr) Suqel, zanamivir (fr) Suqel d baloxavir (fr) Suqel
Asulay
ICD-10-CM J11.1
ICD-9-CM 487 d 487.8
ICD-10 J10, J11 d J9
ICD-9 487
OMIM 614680
DiseasesDB 6791
MedlinePlus 000080
eMedicine 000080
MeSH D007251
Disease Ontology ID DOID:8469

Timukrisin n tussit gant d: azzug n turin, azzug abektir n turin d unerni n wuguren idawsanen am uneggaf d yibriren n wul.[2][3]

Isragen (ssebbat)

ẓreg

Llant 3 n telmas n ivirusen n tussit ttaɣent amdan, tilmas-a gant d: Talmest A, Talmest B, Talmest C.[3]Ivirusen-a d wid yettenfufuden s wezwu d tusut d unezzu.[1] aladɣa mi ara ad ilin seg yistumen gezzilen neɣ meẓẓiyen.[4], Akken yezmer ad yenfufed s tuṭsa (anali) n tiggiwin yummsen s uvirus sin akin ad tili tuṭsa n yimi neɣ n wallen.[2][4]. Amdan i tuɣ tussit yezmer ad yessigem (ad yessenṭeṭ) avirus send d seld n teflalit n Isekna fell-as.[2], Asentem n yigem yezmer ad yili s ukayed n uvirus deg ugerjum, alɣuɣ neɣ inzaren akken illan iberdan d tirrayin tiruradin, maca imdanen imi i d-yeffeɣ ukayad-nsen d ibaw zemren ad ilin ddmen igem. Dɣa tella telmest n tsedmirt tanmezrit n Polimiraz (PCR) id yesnaramen (id ikeccfen) ɣef uzeffar aṛibuɣsan n uvirus, dɣa akayad-a igan yakk d usdid.[3]

Taggaẓt d ussuji

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Asired n yifassen yessedras (yessenqas) seg umihi n yigem acku avirus yettmettat mi ara ad yessemres (yessexdem) wemdan aserrad.[1] timelsiwt n unaffar afetkan d ayen igerrzen daɣen.[5], Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tessmagel (tweṣṣa) s wegzay neɣ acraṭ amseggas (n yal aseggas) mgal tussit i wid yettwafesren i yimihiyen meqqren. Tigezt d tin yettilin d tamellilt mgal 3 neɣ 3 n telmas n tussit.[6]

Acraṭ

ẓreg
 
Agzay (acraṭ) mgal tussit

Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa d Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen ssmetren (weṣṣan) s wecraṭ mgal tussit i yimdanen yettwafesren i wmihi am warrac meẓẓiyen d yimɣaṛen d yixeddaen deg tɣult n tasnujjya d wid ilan (yesɛan) aṭṭanen imezrayen am uneggaf d wuguren wul. Ma d imdanen imawaṭen izemren yettili-d ucraṭ ɣur-sen d amellil cwiyya deg usedres n yisekna yettemcabin agla n tussit, Dɣa anzaten (ttbut) ttɣananen tadersi deg yisig n tussit ɣer igerdan yugaren sin n iseggasen. Ɣer wid-ak yettnegririfen (iɛetben) seg wecraṭ itekksasen cwiya waṭṭan n wergal aberfaw maca ur yiban ara ma iy tekkes aneggaf.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Amezruy n tussit

ẓreg

Deg yal aseggas, tussit tettenfufud deg tamiwin n umadal yakk. Ayen id igellun s 3 ar 5 n imelyan n tegnatin tinamsadin (qessiḥen) d wazal n 200,000 ar 500,000 n tegnatin n tmekkest (lmut).[1], deg tamiwin tigafanin d tinaẓulin ttilin-d isefrurten deg tegrest s talɣa tagejdant ma deg yideggan isbegsanen d tamiwin id yezzin ttilin-d deg yal akud n useggas.[1], Timekkest (lmut) tettili-d gar idrasen n ilemẓiyen ilan (yesɛan) uguren deg tdawsa-nsen d yimɣaren meqqren .[1][3], deg tsut tis 20 lfant-d (ḍrant-d) 3 n yirwasen n tussit: * Tussit Taspenyulit deg useggas n 1918 yegla-d s 50 n tmekkisin, * Tussit n Asya deg useggas n 1957 tegla-d s sin n imelyan n tmekkisin, * Tussit n Hong Kong deg useggas n 1968 tegla-d s umelyun n tmekkisin.[13]. Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa telɣet-d s usefruret d unfufed n telmest tamaynut n tussit isem-is A / H1N1 id yeglan s Arwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009.[14], Tussit tezmer ad tessemdu w ad taɣ ula deg iɣersiwen am yilfan d iyas d yigṭaṭ.[15]

assegzi n uvidyu

Isekna d yizmal

ẓreg
 
Isekna n tussit yakk d tawla d tusut[16] d isekna imezdiyen s waṭas[17]

Azal n 33% n yimdanen i tuɣ tussit ur lin ara (ur sɛan aran) isekna.[18]. Isekna n tussit zemren ad ssemtin (ad bdun) s tugnit (taswiɛt kan) seld n yiwen ar sin n wussan seld n yigem. Isekna imenza ttilin d aqiccew n weglim d ufray s usemmiṭ, maca ula d tawla tettili d timezdit deg wakud imizik n yigem s tseddart n teẓɣelt yettilin gar n 38° ar 39°C. Amur ameqran n imuṭan ttawin-d ussan n tudna-nsen deg wusu s usrag n wagazen deg yakk tamiwin n tfekkiwin-nsen aladɣa deg uzagur d iṭarren.[19][20]. Isekna n tussit d wid izemren ad ilin d:

Ar warrac meẓẓiyen, Isekna n tussit ttilin deg unagraw amesgunef am beṛṛiṭ, Agaz n wadis (Isekna ayyi zemren ad ilin d inamsaden ɣer warrac i tuɣ tussit B.[22][23][24] Aserwes (ameyyez) gar n tussit d yidis d win imrayen (iweɛṛen) deg talliyin timezwura n wazzugen-a. Tussit d arway n yisekna n yidis d wazzug n turin asemmaṭ d igazen g tfekka d umaẓla d utmelli.[17][17][23][25][26]

Mya isafaren inemgalen n ivirusen d imellilen deg usuji n tussit ma ttwafken-d zik, ad yili d axatar i tukza (aɛqal) n tignatin deg wakud imizik. Akken i yezmer i tegrawin n tawla d tusut d wazzug n ugerjum neɣ asekfel n yinzaren ad sselhunt seg tseddi n twessna. Snat n tezrawin sseknen-tt-d d akken s isefrurten idiganen n tussit, isig n unfufed n waṭṭan yettugar 70%.[27][28][29] Ikayaden inamalen zeddiɣ (mazal) lehhun, immasen n usenɣed n waṭṭanen (CDC) di Marikan tetteffer agzul amsetrer i yikayaden inamalen n isnuda s unect n CDC, ikayaden n twessna taruradt tla (tesɛa) tanefrayt 50-75% d tulmist 90-95% mi ara ad yettwaserwes s yidles anvirus.[27][30][31]. Deg kra n tikwal, Tussit tezmer ad teglu s waṭṭan anamsad am wazzug n turin anvirus. Akken illan isekna ibanen am wemray n usgunef.

Avirus n tussit

ẓreg

Tilmas n ivirusen n tussit

ẓreg
 
Taɣessa (tamsukt) n uvirus n tussit tesskanay-d Hemagglutinin (HA) d ipṛutinen n Neuraminidase (NA) deg tiggi n tzelɣiwin. Yettwafser uzeffar aṛibuɣsan anvirus id yessiliɣen ajinum am tkurin tizeggaɣin s agensu (daxel) n tzelɣiwin yettiwṭen ar (RNP).

Avirus n tussit s unect n usesmel n ivirusen yettwameggez d avirus n ARN yettmag-d seg 5 n tewsitin n twacult n ivirusen inezɣiwen uzmiren.[32]

Ivirusen-a teqqnen kan ar ivirusen n tussit n yilfan talsant, igan d ivirusen n uzeffar aṛibuɣsan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n Maramixeros yettumeggezen d asrag (ssebba) imezdi i wazzug n unagraw amesgunef ar warrac meẓẓiyen am waṭṭan n taɣiṭṭ, akken i yezmer ad yeglu s waṭṭan yettemcabin i tussit ar imeqqranen.[33][34]

Tettwasumer-d twacult tis 4 n ivirusen n tussit igan d (Avirus n tussit D).[35][36][37][38][39][40][41], Talmest-a tamaynut iga d tussit n tsita yettwasinfen (yettwaɛezlen) i tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 2012

Avirus n tussit A

ẓreg

Igṭaṭ n waman gan d imsnugaten igamanen i tegrawt meqqren n tussit A, Tikwal ivirusen-a ttenṭaṭen i telmas n iɣersiwen n iden, sin akin yessisrig-d s unfufed d usefruret id igellun s twaɣit i yiwuzaṭ imegruden id t-yessenṭaṭen s iman-is ar wemdan i wakken ad telfu (ad teḍru) tẓidmelt n tussit gar n imdanen. Dɣa ivirusen A i yemrayen (i weɛṛen) yakk gar n 3 n ivirusen n tussit acku ttaken-d Aṭṭanen inamsaden. Yezmer ad yili beṭṭu n ivirusen n tussit A ar waɣanen d inawen yemgaraden s usizder ɣer tririt n tfekkamgalin i yivirusen-a, inawen inmegzayen i yessentamen ar wemdan gant d:[42][43]

Avirus n tussit B

ẓreg
 
Ismawen n uvirus n tussit (i wvirus n tussit n Fujian)

Avirus n tussit B yettaɣ imdanen kan (maca yezmer daɣen ad yaɣ snat n telmas n iɣersiwen: isifer d unessas), Dɣa tussit B ur telli ara s tuget am tussit A, Talmest-a n tussit yesniffil s yisig n 2 ar 3 n tikkal s ddaw n telmest A, s usrag n tdrwsi ayyi n tuggta tasemgalt tettili-d tseddart n waffal mgal n tussit B deg temẓi, ɣas akken tussit B tesdeṛmis ɣer tfesna anda ur yettili ara waffal amaɣlal mgal-is, isig-a anamum (uḍɛif) i wessnifel asemgal yakk d tegrawt n umesnubget (asekref n tuddit n telmas s usemgal) s wakka ad yettwasegger (ad yettwaḍman) ur ttilin ara irwasen n tussit B.[42][45][46][47][48][49]

Avirus n tussit C

ẓreg

Tussit C tettaɣ imdanen d yiqjan d yilfan. Aṭṭanen inamsaden gellun-d s tzitmura tidiganin. Maca talmest-a d tin ur nelli ara s tuget yakk yerna tettaɣ kan arrac meẓẓiyen s tefses.[50][51][52][53]

Tuddit d unfufed n uvirus

ẓreg

Mi ara ad yenzi (yeɛḍes) neɣ yusu wemdan yudnen s tussit, ugar n wezgen n umelyun n tfekkiwin n ivirusen nettgen ar wezwu. Anṭaṭ n uvirus ɣer yimdanen irennu s waṭas deg wezgen n wass ar yiwen n was seld n yigem (akud deg acu yettili deg-s wemdan yessenṭaṭ-it i wayeṭ) ma d isig n wenṭaṭ yeflalin (ɛlayen) i wemdan niden deg taggara n wass wis sin akken i yettaṭṭaf azal n 5 wussan maca yezmer ad yeṭṭef alammi d 9 n wussan.

Tasensakrart

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Isniflen isemhayen

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Ideggan yettufesren i tussit tasemhayt: wamber ar yebrir (azegzaw), wamber ar yebrir (azeggaɣ), s teɣzi n useggas (awṛaɣ).

Tussit tettawaṭ ar waggi-ynes deg tegrest, llant snat n tsemhuyin n tessut yal aseggas acku tagrest tettas-d deg sin n wakuden yemgaraden gar n wezgen agafan n tegnit d wezgen anaẓul, ɣef waya tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tettaked isemtar (ttewṣiyat) i snat n tsuddsin yemgaraden n wecraṭ yal aseggas (yiwet deg wezgen agafan tis snat deg wezgen anaẓul).[54]

amezruy n tussit

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Tigmayin (inadiyen)

ẓreg

Ẓeṛ daɣen

ẓreg

Imniren

ẓreg
  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 et 1,6 "Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211". who.int. March 2014. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 25 Wamber 2014. Archived 2018-04-21 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 et 2,3 "Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine". cdc.gov. 9 September 2014. Yettwaẓra deg uzmez n 26 Wamber 2014. Archived 2019-04-28 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 et 3,3 Longo، Dan L. (2012). "187: Influenza". Harrison's principles of internal medicine. (taẓrigt 18th). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780071748896.
  4. ↑ 4,0 et 4,1 Brankston G، Gitterman L، Hirji Z، Lemieux C، Gardam M (April 2007). "Transmission of influenza A in human beings". Lancet Infect Dis. 7 (4): 257–65. PMID 17376383. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Michiels، B؛ Van Puyenbroeck, K؛ Verhoeven, V؛ Vermeire, E؛ Coenen, S (2013). "The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews.". PLoS ONE. 8 (4): e60348. PMC 3614893Freely accessible . PMID 23565231. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060348. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Jefferson T، Del Mar CB، Dooley L، d wid iden. (2011). "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7): CD006207. PMID 21735402. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA. PMID 16874296. Unknown parameter |azmez= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |akala n ufaylu= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azmez n ufaylu= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |akala= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azwel= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amaddad= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |tasniwin= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amdan= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aɣmis= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ . doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000364.pub4. PMID 23450529. Unknown parameter |amaddad= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azmez= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azwel= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amaskar2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |tasniwin= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aɣmis= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V, Ferroni E. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004879.pub4. PMID 22895945. Unknown parameter |amaddad= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azwel= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aseggas= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |tasniwin= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aɣmis= ignored (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |amdan= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ . doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub5. PMID 24623315. Unknown parameter |aneggar6= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar5= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azwel= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar3= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aɣmis= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amaddad= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azmez= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar4= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar5= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |tasniwin= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar1= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar1= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar4= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar3= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ↑ . doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005187.pub4. PMID 23881655. Unknown parameter |amaddad= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amaskar3= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azmez= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azwel= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |tasniwin= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amaskar2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |الأول= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aɣmis= ignored (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ "Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza". World Health Organization. 14 October 2005. Yettwaɣbeṛ seg aẓaṛ في 8 October 2009. Yettwaẓra deg 26 ctember 2009. Archived 2011-09-02 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html
  15. ↑ Palmer، S. R. (2011). Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control (taẓrigt 2.). Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Tasna 332. ISBN 9780198570028. Archived 2016-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention > Influenza Symptoms Page last updated 16 November 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2009. Archived 2016-12-18 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 et 17,2 Call S، Vollenweider M، Hornung C، Simel D، McKinney W (2005). "Does this patient have influenza?". JAMA. 293 (8): 987–97. PMID 15728170. doi:10.1001/jama.293.8.987. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies, American Journal of Epidemiology, Carrat, Vergu, Ferguson, et al., 167 (7): 775–785, 2008. "... In almost all studies, participants were individually confined for 1 week ..." See especially Figure 5 which shows that virus shedding tends to peak on day 2 whereas symptoms tend to peak on day 3. Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ Suzuki E، Ichihara K، Johnson AM (January 2007). "Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 46 (1): 76–9. PMID 17164515. doi:10.1177/0009922806289588. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition". Merck. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 15 meɣres 2008. Archived 2010-11-05 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ↑ Silva ME، Cherry JD، Wilton RJ، Ghafouri NM، Bruckner DA، Miller MJ (August 1999). "Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 29 (2): 453–4. PMID 10476766. doi:10.1086/520240. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ Kerr AA، McQuillin J، Downham MA، Gardner PS (1975). "Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children". Lancet. 1 (7902): 291–5. PMID 46444. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ↑ 23,0 et 23,1 Richards S (2005). "Flu blues". Nurs Stand. 20 (8): 26–7. PMID 16295596. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ↑ Heikkinen T (July 2006). "Influenza in children". Acta Paediatr. 95 (7): 778–84. PMID 16801171. doi:10.1080/08035250600612272. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ↑ Hui DS (March 2008). "Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection". Respirology. 13 Suppl 1: S10–3. PMID 18366521. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ Eccles، R (2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". Lancet Infect Dis. 5 (11): 718–25. PMID 16253889. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ 27,0 et 27,1 Rothberg M، Bellantonio S، Rose D (2 September 2003). "Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy" (PDF). Annals of Internal Medicine. 139 (5 Pt 1): 321–9. PMID 12965940. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Smith K، Roberts M (2002). "Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza". Am J Med. 113 (4): 300–7. PMID 12361816. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ Monto A، Gravenstein S، Elliott M، Colopy M، Schweinle J (2000). "Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection" (PDF). Arch Intern Med. 160 (21): 3243–7. PMID 11088084. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243. Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors". ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef waṭṭanen. 13 October 2015. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 02 fuṛaṛ 2016. Archived 2019-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lab Diagnosis of Influenza. Retrieved 1 May 2009 Archived 2017-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ↑ Kawaoka Y (editor) (2006). Influenza Virology: Current Topics. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-06-6. Archived 2016-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ↑ Hall CB (June 2001). "Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus". N. Engl. J. Med. 344 (25): 1917–28. PMID 11419430. doi:10.1056/NEJM200106213442507. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ Vainionpää R، Hyypiä T (April 1994). "Biology of parainfluenza viruses". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 7 (2): 265–75. PMC 358320Freely accessible . PMID 8055470. doi:10.1128/CMR.7.2.265. Archived 2019-05-02 at the Wayback Machine
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  54. ↑ Empty citation (help)
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