Igbe Noa
Igbe Noa (Hibru: תיבת נח; Hibru nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ: Tevat Noaḥ) [Nkwupụta 1] bụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Jenesis banyere iju mmiri nke Chineke si na ya zọpụta Noa, ezinụlọ ya, na ihe atụ nke anụmanụ nile nke ụwa pụọ n'iju mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Akụkọ ahụ dị na Jenesis gbadoro ụkwụ na akụkọ ifo iju mmiri mbụ sitere na Mesopotemia, a na-ekwughachikwa ya n'ụdị dị iche iche na Koran, ebe Igbe ahụ pụtara dị ka Safinat Nūḥ (Arabic: سَفِينَةُ نُوحٍ “ụgbọ Noa”) na al-fulk (Arabic: الفُلْك) [Notes 1]
Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ na ndị Juu na-ede akwụkwọ dị ka Flavius Josephus kwenyere na Igbe Noa dị, n'agbanyeghị na achọghị igbe Noa nke ọma site na opekata mpe n'oge Eusebius (c. 275–339 OA). Ndị kwere n’Ụgbọ ahụ nọgidere na-achọ ya n’oge a, ma ọ dịghị ihe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara na Igbe ahụ dị adị, [1] ọ dịghịkwa ihe àmà sayensị na-egosi na e nwere iju mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ.[2] Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha dị ka a kọwara na Bible gaara adaberewo n'ihe na-apụghị ime eme na ihe ndị pụrụ iche.[3] Ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwenyere na ihe omume idei mmiri n'ezie (n'agbanyeghị na mpaghara mpaghara) na Middle East nwere ike ịkpali akụkọ nke ọnụ na emesịa edere; Atụpụtala idei mmiri Gulf Persian, ma ọ bụ Iju Mmiri Ojii afọ 7,500 gara aga dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro anya akụkọ ihe mere eme.[1][2]
Nkọwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọdịdị nke Igbe ahụ (na usoro iheomume nke idei mmiri ahụ) yiri ụlọ nsọ ndị Juu na ofufe Ụlọ nsọ ahụ. [1] N'ihi ya, Chineke nyere ya ntụziaka Noa (Jenesis 6:14-16): Igbe ahụ ga-adị 300 cubits ogologo, 50 cubits n'obosara, na 30 cubits n"ịdị elu (ihe dị ka 134 × 22 × 13 440 × 72 × 43 ). [2] Ọdịdịdị ndị a dabere na nchegbu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ 60, otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-akọwa ụgbọ mmiri nke idei mmiri Babilọn.
Nkewa atọ dị n'ime ya na-egosipụta eluigwe na ala nwere akụkụ atọ nke ndị Izrel oge ochie chepụtara: eluigwe, ụwa, na ụwa dị n'okpuru ala. [1] Okpokoro ọ bụla bụ otu ịdị elu dị ka Ụlọ Nsọ dị na Jerusalem, n'onwe ya bụ ihe nlereanya nke eluigwe na ala, nke ọ bụla bụ okpukpu atọ nke ebe ụlọikwuu ahụ dere ya hụrụ ka ọ na ụlọikwuu na ụlọikuku na ụlọikpere na-eje ozi maka ichebe nke ndụ mmadụ. [2] Ọ nwere ọnụ ụzọ n'akụkụ, na-egosi mgbe niile ka ọ bụ ihe nkwari akụ ma ọ bụla, nke a na-eme ka e ji osisi mee, na-emechi, na-eduga na ibe ya.
Ruo ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, ndị ọkà mmụta aghọtawo na akụkọ Bible banyere Igbe Noa dabeere na ụdị Mesopotemia ochie. [1] N'ihi na akụkọ idei mmiri ndị a niile na-ekwu maka ihe ndị a na-ekwu na ha mere na mmalite akụkọ ihe mere eme, ha na-enye echiche na akụkọ ifo n'onwe ha ga-esite na mmalite oge ochie, mana akụkọ ifo nke idei mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ nke bibiri ndụ niile malitere ịpụta n'oge Babilọn Ochie (20th-16th century BCE). [2] Ihe kpatara mpụta nke idei mmiri Mesopotamian a nwere ike ịbụ na njedebe nke usoro nke usoro nke Ury nke Atọ nke Atọ Ọchịchịchịchị.
A maara nsụgharị itoolu nke akụkọ idei mmiri Mesopotamian, nke ọ bụla sitere na nsụgharị mbụ. Na nsụgharị kachasị ochie, nke e dere n'obodo Sumerian nke Nippur n'ihe dị ka 1600 BCE, dike ahụ bụ Eze Ziusudra. Akụkọ a, akụkọ ifo nke idei mmiri Sumerian, nwere ike isite na nsụgharị mbụ. Ụdị Ziusudra na-akọwa otú o si wuo ụgbọ mmiri ma napụta ndụ mgbe chi kpebiri ibibi ya. Akụkọ a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ akụkọ idei mmiri na ndị dike, gụnyere Noa. Aha Sumerian nke Ziusudra pụtara "Onye ogologo ndụ". Na nsụgharị Babilọn, aha ya bụ Atrahasis, mana ihe ọ pụtara bụ otu. Na nsụgharị Atrahasis, idei mmiri ahụ bụ idei mmiri nke osimiri: 20-27[3]
Nsụgharị kachasị nso na akụkọ Bible banyere Noa, yana isi iyi ya, bụ nke Utnapishtim na Epic nke Gilgamesh. [1] Ihe odide zuru ezu nke akụkọ Utnapishtime bụ mbadamba ụrọ sitere na narị afọ nke asaa BCE, mana achọtala iberibe akụkọ ahụ site na narị afọ na 19 BCE. [2] E dere nsụgharị ikpeazụ a maara nke akụkọ idei mmiri Mesopotamian na Grik na narị afọ de atọ BCE site n'aka onye ụkọchukwu Babilọn aha ya bụ Berossus. Site na iberibe ndị dị ndụ, o yiri ka ọ gbanwere obere site na nsụgharị nke afọ 2,000 gara aga.
A na-ahụkarị ihe yiri n'etiti Igbe Noa na Igbe nke ndị dike idei mmiri Babilọn Atrahasis na Utnapishtim. Igbe Atrahasis dị okirikiri, na-eyi nnukwu quffa, nwere otu ma ọ bụ abụọ.[4] Igbe Utnapishtim bụ cube nwere okpukpu isii nke oghere asaa, nke ọ bụla kewara na mpaghara itoolu (63 subcompartments kwa oche, 378 ngụkọta). Igbe Noa nwere akụkụ anọ nwere okpukpu atọ. E kwenyere na ọganihu dị site na okirikiri gaa na cubic ma ọ bụ square gaa na rectangular. Ihe yiri ya kachasị dị ịrịba ama bụ ebe ndị yiri ibe ha n'oghere atọ ahụ: 14,400 cubits2, 14,400 cubit2, na 15,000 cubits2 maka Atrahasis, Utnapishtim, na Noah, naanị 4% dị iche. Prọfesọ Finkel kwubiri, "akụkọ ihe ngosi nke Iju Mmiri, Noa, na Igbe dịka anyị maara ya taa sitere n'ezie na ala Mesopotemia oge ochie, Iraq nke oge a".
A hụwokwa ọdịiche asụsụ dị n'etiti arcs Noa na Atrahasis. Okwu e ji mee ihe maka "pitch" (sealing tar ma ọ bụ resin) na Jenesis abụghị okwu Hibru nkịtị, mana ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na okwu e ji mee akụkọ Babilọn. [1] N'otu aka ahụ, okwu Hibru maka "ark" (tevah) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu Babilọn maka ụgbọ mmiri oblong (ṭubbû), karịsịa ebe ọ bụ na "v" na "b" bụ otu mkpụrụedemede na Hibru: bet (ב). [2]
Otú ọ dị, ihe kpatara Chineke ma ọ bụ chi ndị zitere idei mmiri ahụ dị iche na akụkọ dị iche iche. N'akụkọ ifo ndị Hibru, idei mmiri ahụ na-eme ka ndị ajọ mmadụ kpee ikpe Chineke. Akụkọ ifo Babilọn nke Gilgamesh enyeghị ihe kpatara ya, idei mmiri ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ n'ihi ọchịchọ Chineke.[5] Na nsụgharị Atrahasis nke Babilọn, a na-eziga idei mmiri ahụ iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị akarị, mgbe idei mmiri ahụ gasịrị, e webatara usoro ndị ọzọ iji belata ụmụ mmadụ.
Nkwekọrịta n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta na-egosi na Torah (akwụkwọ ise mbụ nke Bible, malite na Jenesis) bụ ihe sitere na usoro dị ogologo ma dị mgbagwoju anya nke a na-emechabeghị ruo mgbe a chụgara Babilọn. [1] Kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a na-enyocha akụkọ idei mmiri ahụ dị ka ihe atụ nke njikọta nke nsụgharị abụọ dị iche iche nke akụkọ n'ime otu ederede, na otu akara maka nsụgharị dị iche iche bụ mmasị na-agbanwe agbanwe maka aha dị iche iche "Elohim" na "Yahweh" iji gosipụta Chineke.[7]
Echiche okpukpe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka Sanhedrin 108b si kwuo, Noa na-etinye aka ehihie na abalị n'inye ụmụ anụmanụ nri na ilekọta ha, ọ naghịkwa ehi ụra n'afọ niile n'ụgbọ ahụ.[8] Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ahụ bụ ndị kasị mma n'ụdị ha ma na-akpa àgwà n'ụzọ dị mma. Ha amụghị nwa, n'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe e kere eke ndị si n'ụgbọ ahụ pụta hà nhata na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke si n'ọdụ ụgbọ ahụ pụta. Ugoloọma ahụ kpatara nsogbu, na-ajụ ịhapụ Igbe ahụ mgbe Noa zigara ya, ma na-ebo nna ochie ebubo na ọ chọrọ ibibi agbụrụ ya, mana dịka ndị na-akọwa ya kwuru, Chineke chọrọ ịzọpụta ugoloọma ahụ, n'ihi na ụmụ ya ga-enye onye amụma Ịlaịja nri..[9]
Dị ka otu ọdịnala si kwuo, a na-echekwa ihe mkpofu n'ala ala n'ime ụlọ atọ nke Igbe ahụ, ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa dị ọcha n'elu nke abụọ, na anụmanụ na nnụnụ na-adịghị ọcha n'ebe ahụ; nkọwa dị iche kọwara ihe mkpofu ahụ dị ka a na-edebe ya n'elu ụlọ ahụ, ebe a na-ebugharị ya n'oké osimiri site na ọnụ ụzọ. Nkume ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ndị na-egbuke egbuke dị ka anyanwụ nke ehihie, nyere ìhè, Chineke hụkwara na nri ahụ ka dị ọhụrụ.[10][11][12] N'ime nkọwa na-abụghị nke omenala, onye na-akọwa ihe na narị afọ nke iri na abụọ bụ Abraham ibn Ezra kọwara ụgbọ ahụ dị ka arịa nke nọrọ n'okpuru mmiri ruo ụbọchị iri anọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ na-ese n'elu mmiri.
Dị ka Hypostasis nke Archons, ihe odide Gnostic nke narị afọ nke atọ si kwuo, ndị Archons ọjọọ họọrọ Noa ka ha chebe ya mgbe ha na-anwa ibibi ndị ọzọ bi n'ụwa na nnukwu idei mmiri ahụ. A gwara ya ka o mepụta ụgbọ ahụ wee banye na ya n'ebe a na-akpọ Mount Sir, mana mgbe nwunye ya Norea chọrọ ịbanye na ya, Noah gbalịrị ịghara ikwe ka ọ banye. Ya mere, o kpebiri iji ike chi ya na-efegharị n'elu ụgbọ ahụ ma gbaa ya ọkụ, ya mere a manyere Noa iwughachi ya.[13]
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Ryan (1997). "An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf". Marine Geology 138 (1–2): 119–126. DOI:10.1016/s0025-3227(97)00007-8. Retrieved on 2014-12-23.
- ↑ Ryan (2003). "Catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 31 (1): 525−554. DOI:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141249.
- ↑ Cline (2007). From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible. National Geographic. ISBN 978-1-4262-0084-7.
- ↑ Nova: Secrets of Noah's Ark (en-US). www.pbs.org (October 7, 2015). Retrieved on 2020-05-17.
- ↑ May, Herbert G., and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977.
- ↑ Richard Elliot Friedman (1997 ed.), Who Wrote the Bible, p. 51.
- ↑ Richard Elliot Friedman (1997 ed.), Who Wrote the Bible, p. 51.
- ↑ Avigdor Nebenzahl, Tiku Bachodesh Shofer: Thoughts for Rosh Hashanah, Feldheim Publishers, 1997, p. 208.
- ↑ Sanhedrin 108b:7-16. www.sefaria.org. Retrieved on 2021-10-13.
- ↑ (1906) "Noah", in McCurdy: Jewish Encyclopedia, 3. JewishEncyclopedia.com.
- ↑ (1906) "Ark of Noah", in McCurdy: Jewish Encyclopedia, 3. JewishEncyclopedia.com.
- ↑ (1906) "The Flood", in Hirsch: Jewish Encyclopedia. JewishEncyclopedia.com.
- ↑ Marvin Meyer (June 30, 2009). "The Reality of the Rulers (The Hypostasis of the Archons)", The Gnostic Bible. Shambhala. Retrieved on 2022-02-06.
- Batto (1992). Slaying the Dragon: Mythmaking in the Biblical Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664253530.
- Templeeti:Cite EB1911
- Browne (1983). The Secular Ark: Studies in the History of Biogeography. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02460-9.
- Brueggemann (2002). Reverberations of Faith: a Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes. Westminster John Knox. ISBN 9780664222314.
- Campbell (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451413670. “Sources of the bible.”
- Carr (1996). Reading the Fractures of Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664220716.
- Clines (1997). The Theme of the Pentateuch. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 9780567431967.
- Davies (1998). "Introduction to the Pentateuch", in John Barton: Oxford Bible Commentary. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198755005.
- (2011) in Douglas, J. D.: Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary, revised by Moisés Silva, Revised, Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. ISBN 978-0310229834.
- Kugler (2009). The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802846365.
- Levin (2005). The Old testament: A Brief Introduction. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691113944. “The Old testament: a brief introduction Christoph Levin.”
- Levin, C. (2005). The Old Testament: A Brief Introduction. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691113944.
- Longman (2005). How to Read Genesis. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830875603.
- McEntire (2008). Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch. Mercer University Press. ISBN 9780881461015.
- Ska (2006). Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575061221.
- Van Seters (1992). Prologue to History: The Yahwist As Historian in Genesis. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664221799.
- Van Seters (1998). "The Pentateuch", in Steven L. McKenzie: The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256524.
- Van Seters (2004). The Pentateuch: A Social-science Commentary. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780567080882.
- Walsh (2001). Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative. Liturgical Press. ISBN 9780814658970.
- Bailey (1989). Noah, the Person and the Story. South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-87249-637-8.
- Campbell (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451413670. “Sources of the bible.”
- Campbell, A. F. (1993). Sources of the Pentateuch: Texts, Introductions, Annotations. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451413670.
- Compilation (1983). in Hornby: Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. ISBN 978-81-85091-46-4.
- Dalrymple (1991). The Age of the Earth. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2331-2.
- Emerton (1988). "An Examination of Some Attempts to Defend the Unity of the Flood Narrative in Genesis: Part II". Vetus Testamentum XXXVIII (1).
- Nicholson (2003). The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century: the legacy of Julius Wellhausen. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199257836.
- Plimer (1994). Telling Lies for God: Reason vs Creationism. Random House Australia. ISBN 978-0-09-182852-3.
- Speiser (1964). Genesis, The Anchor Bible. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-00854-9.
- Tigay, Jeffrey H. (1982). The Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. ISBN 0865165467.
- Van Seters (2004). The Pentateuch: A Social-Science commentary. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0567080889.
- Wenham (1994). "The Coherence of the Flood Narrative", in Hess: I Studied Inscriptions From Before the Flood (Google Books), Sources for Biblical and Theological Study, Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-88-1.
- Young (March 1995). The Biblical Flood: A Case Study of the Church's Response to Extrabiblical Evidence. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Pub Co. ISBN 978-0-8028-0719-9.
Njikọ mpụga
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