Hubungan Afrika dengan Tiongkok

Hubungan Tiongkok-Afrika merujuk kepada hubungan sejarah, politik, ekonomi, militer, sosial dan budaya antara Tiongkok dan benua Afrika. Sedikit yang diketahui soal hubungan kuno antara Tiongkok dan benua Afrika, meskipun terdapat beberapa bukti hubungan dagang awal. Sorotan kontak abad pertengahan adalah perjalanan abad ke-14 dari Ibnu Battuta, cendekiawan dan penjelajah asal Maroko, menuju Tiongkok;^[1] kunjungan abad ke-14 dari Sa'id dari Mogadishu, cendekiawan dan penjalajah Somalia, menuju Tiongkok;^[2] dan pelayaran dinasti Ming abad ke-15 dari laksamana Tiongkok Cheng Ho, dan armadanya, yang memutari pantai Somalia, melintasi Kesultanan Ajura, dan melewati pantai Selat Mozambik.^[3]^[4]

Peta rute dagang yang dipakai pada sekitar abad ke-1 M di Jalur Sutra

Referensi

^ Gin Ooi, Keat (2004) [2004]. Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 626. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
^ Between the Middle Ages and modernity: individual and community in the early By Charles H. Parker, Jerry H. Bentley pg 160
^ CCTV (2002-12-24). "Zheng He's Voyages". Diakses tanggal 2006-08-13.
^ Mutanga, Innocent (2016). "What a borderless Africa could mean for China". Hong Kong Free Press. Diakses tanggal July 14, 2016.

Bacaan tambahan

Dankwah Kwaku Opoku & Valenta Marko (2019). "Chinese entrepreneurial migrants in Ghana: socioeconomic impacts and Ghanaian trader attitudes". Journal of Modern African Studies. 57 (1). hlm. 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0022278X18000678.
Freeman-Grenville, G.P.S., ed. (1975). The East African Coast. Select Documents form the first to the earlier nineteenth century. London: Rex Collings.
Snow, Philip (1988). The Star Raft: China's encounter with Africa. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-1-55584-184-3.
Taylor, I. (1998). "China's foreign policy towards Africa in the 1990s". Journal of Modern African Studies. 36 (3). hlm. 443–460. doi:10.1017/S0022278X98002857.
Cornelissen, Scarlett; Taylor, Ian (2000). "The Political Economy of China and Japan's Relationship with Africa: a Comparative Perspective". Pacific Review. 13 (4): 615–633. doi:10.1080/095127400455350.
Muekalia, D.J. (2004). "Africa and China's strategic partnership". African Security Review. 13 (1). hlm. 5–11.
Taylor, Ian (2006). China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39740-7.
Alden, Chris (2007). China in Africa: Partner, Competitor or Hegemon?. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-84277-864-7.
Breslin, Shaun; Taylor, Ian (2008). "Explaining the Rise of 'Human Rights' in Analyses of Sino-African Relations" (PDF). Review of African Political Economy. 35 (115): 59–71. doi:10.1080/03056240802011469.
Hellström, Jerker (2009). China's Emerging Role in Africa: a Strategic Overview. Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI). ISBN 978-1-84277-864-7.
Taylor, Ian (2009). China's New Role in Africa. Boulder: Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-58826-636-1.
Wyatt, Don J. (2009). The Blacks of Premodern China. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4193-8.
Brautigam, Deborah (2010). The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955022-7.
Taylor, Ian (2011). The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415628518.
Caniglia, Laura (2011). "Western ostracism and China's presence in Africa". China Information. 25 (2): 165–184. doi:10.1177/0920203X11406339. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2013-04-10. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-28.
Hsu, J, T Hildebrandt, and R Hasmath (2016). "'Going Out' or Staying In? The Expansion of Chinese NGOs in Africa". Development Policy Review. 34 (3): 423-439.
Calabrese, Linda (ed.) (2016). China-Africa: a maturing relationship? Growth, change and resilience London: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme.
Taylor, Ian (2017). China's Aid to Africa: Does Friendship Really Matter?. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781138630390.
Calabrese, Linda (2017). Chinese investment and knowledge transfer in Africa London: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme.
Calabrese, Linda and Weng, Xiaoxue (2018). Chinese investment and small-scale commodity producers in Africa London: DFID-ESRC Growth Research Programme.

Pranala luar

Riset akademik

The Balancing Act of China's Africa Policy - (Wenping, He) Institute of West-Asian and African Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. China Security Vol. 3 No. 3 Summer 2007
The Forest for the Trees: Trade, Investment and the China-in-Africa Discourse - (Sautman, Barry) Hong Kong University of Science & Technology / (Hairong, Yan) University of Hong Kong 28 May 2007
Zhiqun Zhu (2007). "China's New Diplomacy in Africa (post 1990)" (PDF). Pr. of International Political Economy and Diplomacy of Bridgeport, USA. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2016-03-04. Diakses tanggal 2019-07-06.

Laporang khusus media

Africa-China Trade - Financial Times
Africa-China - Pambazuka.org, an African social justice watchdog

Artikel media

The summit in Beijing, Stephen Marks for Pambazuka.org - 14 December 2006
China in Africa: Developing ties, BBC News - 29 November 2007

Pranala institusional

China's role in development in Africa: Challenging the EU approach, Gisela Grieger, Library Briefing, Library of the European Parliament, 8 May 2013
Africa's Burgeoning Ties with China - Finance & Development, a quarterly magazine of the International Monetary Fund, March 2008, Volume 45, Number 1
The Rise of China and India - What's in it for Africa, Goldstein et al., for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, May 2006

Pranala luar

China-Africa Cooperation Forum
China's African Policy - Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China
"China-Africa Relations", Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, 25 April 2002
Fairly looking upon Sino-African relations, People's Daily - 16 May 2006
"Chinese FM calls for strengthening of new Sino-African strategic partnership", Xinhua, 11 January 2010
Assessing China's Role and Influence in Africa: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, and Human Rights of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, March 29, 2012

[Ooi-1] Gin Ooi, Keat (2004) [2004]. Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 626. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.

[2] Between the Middle Ages and modernity: individual and community in the early By Charles H. Parker, Jerry H. Bentley pg 160

[CCTV-3] CCTV (2002-12-24). "Zheng He's Voyages". Diakses tanggal 2006-08-13.

[What_a_borderless_Africa_could_mean_for_China-4] Mutanga, Innocent (2016). "What a borderless Africa could mean for China". Hong Kong Free Press. Diakses tanggal July 14, 2016.

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