Purdah

Purdah atau pardah (dari bahasa Persia: پرده, artinya "tirai") adalah praktik keagamaan dan sosial yang mengharuskan pemisahan perempuan dari laki-laki di tempat umum yang dilakukan oleh beberapa komunitas Muslim dan Hindu di Asia Selatan.^[1] Ada dua manifestasi purdah: pemisahan secara fisik dari lawan jenis dan keharusan agar perempuan menutupi tubuhnya dari kepala hingga kaki. Perempuan yang mempraktikkan purdah disebut pardanashin atau purdahnishan.

Pemisahan secara fisik perempuan dari laki-laki dalam pertemuan atau perhelatan di tempat umum dilakukan dengan menggunakan tembok, tirai, dan layar pemisah. Perempuan yang menolak menjalankan purdah biasanya mengalami penolakan ketika melakukan kegiatan pribadi, sosial dan ekonomi di luar rumah. Busana purdah yang lazim dipakai adalah burkak, yang biasanya meliputi atau tidak meliputi yashmak, yaitu cadar yang menutupi wajah dengan bagian terbuka di bagian mata atau tidak.

Purdah diwajibkan di Afghanistan pada saat Taliban berkuasa, di mana kaum perempuan diharuskan mematuhi ketentuan purdah sepanjang waktu pada saat mereka sedang berada di tempat umum. Hanya anggota keluarga laki-laki dekat saja dan perempuan lain yang diperbolehkan melihat perempuan di luar purdah. Dalam masyarakat lainnya, purdah sering kali hanya dipraktikkan saat berlangsungnya kegiatan keagamaan tertentu.

Wanita Hindu yang menikah di sebagian India Utara melakukan purdah, dengan beberapa wanita mengenakan penutup wajah untuk menghindari hubungan dengan pria yang lebih tua di pihak suaminya;^[2] beberapa wanita Muslim melakukan purdah melalui pemakaian burkak.^[3] Dupatta adalah cadar yang dipakai baik oleh wanita Muslim maupun Hindu, sering kali saat memasuki tempat ibadah. Kebiasaan ini tak diikuti oleh wanita Hindi di tempat lainnya di India.

Referensi

^ Wilkinson-Weber, Clare M. (25 March 1999). Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry (dalam bahasa English). SUNY Press. hlm. 74. ISBN 9780791440889. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2017. Purdah regulates the interactions of women with certain kinds of men. Typically, Hindu women must avoid specific male affines (in-laws) and Muslim women are restricted from contact with men outside the family, or at least their contact with these men is highly circumscribed (Papanek 1982:3). In practice, many elements of both "Hindu" and "Muslim" purdah are shared by women of both groups in South Asia (Vatuk 1982; Jeffery 1979), and Hindu and Muslim women both adopt similar strategies of self-effacement, like covering the face, keeping silent, and looking down, when in the company of persons to be avoided.
^ Gupta, Kamala (1 January 2003). Women In Hindu Social System (1206-1707 A.D.) (dalam bahasa English). Inter-India Publications. ISBN 9788121004145. Hindu ladies covered their head with a kind of veil known as Ghoonghat.
^ Sengupta, Jayita (1 January 2006). Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai (dalam bahasa English). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. hlm. 25. ISBN 9788126906291.

Bacaan tambahan

Bauman, Chad M. "Redeeming Indian" Christian" Womanhood?: Missionaries, Dalits, and Agency in Colonial India." Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 24.2 (2008): 5-27.
Chowdhry, Prem. The veiled women: Shifting gender equations in rural Haryana, 1880-1990 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994)
Lamb, Sarah. White saris and sweet mangoes: Aging, gender, and body in North India (Univ of California Press, 2000)
Minturn, Leigh. Sita's daughters: Coming out of purdah: The Rajput women of Khalapur revisited (Oxford University Press, 1993)
Nanda, Bal Ram, ed. Indian Women: From Purdah to Modernity (Stosius Incorporated/Advent Books Division, 1990.)
Vyas, Sugandha Rawat, and Pradeep Kumar. "From Sultanate Period Till Date: An Estimate Of Role and Status of Muslim Women in India." Journal of Indian Research (2014) 2#3 pp: 9-14.

Historiografi

Johnson, Helen. "Purdah" in Eleanor B. Amico, ed., Readers Guide to Women's Studies (1998) pp 484–5

[Wilkinson-Weber1999-1] Wilkinson-Weber, Clare M. (25 March 1999). Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry (dalam bahasa English). SUNY Press. hlm. 74. ISBN 9780791440889. Diakses tanggal 25 April 2017. Purdah regulates the interactions of women with certain kinds of men. Typically, Hindu women must avoid specific male affines (in-laws) and Muslim women are restricted from contact with men outside the family, or at least their contact with these men is highly circumscribed (Papanek 1982:3). In practice, many elements of both "Hindu" and "Muslim" purdah are shared by women of both groups in South Asia (Vatuk 1982; Jeffery 1979), and Hindu and Muslim women both adopt similar strategies of self-effacement, like covering the face, keeping silent, and looking down, when in the company of persons to be avoided.

[Gupta2003-2] Gupta, Kamala (1 January 2003). Women In Hindu Social System (1206-1707 A.D.) (dalam bahasa English). Inter-India Publications. ISBN 9788121004145. Hindu ladies covered their head with a kind of veil known as Ghoonghat.

[Sengupta2006-3] Sengupta, Jayita (1 January 2006). Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai (dalam bahasa English). Atlantic Publishers & Dist. hlm. 25. ISBN 9788126906291.

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