Honghuzi

Honghuzi (Hanzi: 红胡子; harfiah: 'Janggut Merah') adalah perampok Tionghoa yang pernah beroperasi di wilayah perbatasan timur Tiongkok-Rusia, tepatnya di perbatasan antara wilayah Timur Jauh Rusia dengan Manchuria. Honghuzi menyerang para pemukim Rusia di wilayah Timur Jauh pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20. Menjelang akhir abad ke-19, honghuzi juga mengganggu upaya Rusia untuk membangun jalur kereta api Manchuria.^[1] Honghuzi turut serta dalam Pemberontakan Boxer melawan Aliansi Delapan Negara, dan setelah terjadinya invasi Rusia ke Manchuria mereka melancarkan gerilya melawan pendudukan Rusia.

Kebanyakan anggota honghuzi berasal dari wilayah Tiongkok sebenarnya.^[2] Banyak di antara mereka yang sebelumnya merupakan seorang tentara atau pengangguran.^[3]

Referensi

^ Xiang, Lanxin (2003). The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Routledge. hlm. 156. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.
^ Felix Patrikeeff, Harold Shukman (2007). Railways and the Russo-Japanese War: transporting war. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 53. ISBN 0-7146-5721-2. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2012. Another hazard faced by the Russian soldiers when they reached Manchuria was that of the Hunghutze, nomadic bandits, many of whom had migrated to Manchuria from China proper, but had done so as outlaws and criminals.
^ Ferdinand Ossendowski, Lewis Stanton Palen (2005). Man and Mystery in Asia (edisi ke-reprint). Kessinger Publishing. hlm. 156. ISBN 1-4179-1071-2. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2012. though the tiger men are for the most part themselves Chinese. They are separate, well-organized gangs of hunghutzes recruited from among the millions of the constantly hungry sons of the State of Heaven, the coolies out of work or the deserters from the undisciplined Chinese army.

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[1] Xiang, Lanxin (2003). The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study. Routledge. hlm. 156. ISBN 0-7007-1563-0.

[2] Felix Patrikeeff, Harold Shukman (2007). Railways and the Russo-Japanese War: transporting war. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 53. ISBN 0-7146-5721-2. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2012. Another hazard faced by the Russian soldiers when they reached Manchuria was that of the Hunghutze, nomadic bandits, many of whom had migrated to Manchuria from China proper, but had done so as outlaws and criminals.

[3] Ferdinand Ossendowski, Lewis Stanton Palen (2005). Man and Mystery in Asia (edisi ke-reprint). Kessinger Publishing. hlm. 156. ISBN 1-4179-1071-2. Diakses tanggal 18 March 2012. though the tiger men are for the most part themselves Chinese. They are separate, well-organized gangs of hunghutzes recruited from among the millions of the constantly hungry sons of the State of Heaven, the coolies out of work or the deserters from the undisciplined Chinese army.

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