George Wishart
| The Reverend George Wishart | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lahir | c. 1513 Kincardineshire, Skotlandia |
| Meninggal | 1 March 1546 (umur 32–33) St Andrews, Skotlandia |
| Almamater | Universitas Aberdeen Universitas Leuven Corpus Christi College, Cambridge |
| Pekerjaan | Pengkhotbah |
George Wishart (juga Wisehart; c. 1513 – 1 Maret 1546) adalah seorang reformator Protestan Skotlandia dan salah satu martir Protestan awal yang dibakar di tiang pancang sebagai seorang bidat.
George Wishart adalah anak dari James dan saudara laki-laki dari Sir John dari Pitarrow, keduanya menempatkan diri mereka di pihak para Reformator. Dia menempuh pendidikan di Universitas Aberdeen, yang baru saja didirikan, dan setelah itu melakukan perjalanan ke Benua Eropa.[1] Diperkirakan ketika ia berada di luar negeri, ia pertama kali memperhatikan studi tentang doktrin-doktrin Reformed. Ia terlibat selama beberapa waktu dalam mengajar bahasa Yunani di Montrose. Wishart kemudian melanjutkan ke Cambridge dan tinggal di sana selama sekitar enam tahun, dari tahun 1538 hingga 1543. Dia kembali ke Skotlandia mengikuti para Komisaris yang telah ditunjuk untuk mengatur pernikahan dengan Pangeran Edward dan Ratu Skotlandia. Dia berkhotbah kepada orang-orang yang disambut dengan baik di Montrose, Dundee, dan di seluruh Ayrshire. Ketika melintas ke timur menuju Lothian, Wishart ditangkap oleh Bothwell di rumah Cockburn, di Ormiston. Dia dibawa ke St Andrews, di mana dia diadili oleh majelis klerus, dinyatakan bersalah, dan dikutuk sebagai seorang bidat yang keras kepala. Keesokan harinya ia dieksekusi di tiang pancang di Kastil Hijau, penganiayanya, Kardinal David Beaton atau Bethune, melihat kejadian itu dari jendela kastil, di mana ia sendiri akan dibunuh dalam waktu tiga bulan berikutnya.[2]
Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Irving 1881, hlm. 559.
- ^ Irving 1881, hlm. 560.
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Anderson, William (1877). "Wishart, George". The Scottish nation: or, The surnames, families, literature, honours, and biographical history of the people of Scotland. 3. A. Fullarton & co. hlm. 661–665.
Artikel ini memuat teks dari sumber tersebut, yang berada dalam ranah publik.
- Barnett, T. Ratcliffe (1915). The makers of the kirk. London, Edinburgh, Boston: T. N. Foulis. hlm. 69–76. Diakses tanggal 31 July 2019.
- Blaikie, W. G. (1890). "George Wishart". Short biographies for the people. Vol. 7. London: Religious Tract Society. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Carslaw, William Henderson (1907). "George Wishart". Six martyrs of the Scottish reformation. Paisley: A. Gardner, publisher by appointment to the late Queen Victoria. hlm. 33–67. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas (1857). A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. New ed., rev. under the care of the publishers. With a supplementary volume, continuing the biographies to the present time. 5. Glasgow: Blackie. hlm. 480–484. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2019.
- Fleming, David Hay (1887). The Martyrs and Confessors of St. Andrews. Cupar: "Fife Herald" Office. hlm. 133–171. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Fleming, David Hay (1910). The Reformation in Scotland : causes, characteristics, consequences. London: Hodder and Stoughton. hlm. 198–206. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Foxe, John (1837). "The Condemnation of Master George Wisehart". Dalam Cattley, Stephen Reed. The acts and monuments of John Foxe: a new and complete edition. 8. London: R. B. Seeley and W. Burnside. hlm. 625–636. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Gittings, B.M. (11 May 2016). Wishart Arch (Cowgate, East Port). Gazetteer for Scotland. Diakses tanggal 2 January 2017.
- Grub, George (1861). An ecclesiastical history of Scotland : from the introduction of Christianity to the present time. 2. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. hlm. 22–26. Diakses tanggal 8 July 2019.
- Howie, John; Carslaw, W. H. (1870). "George Wishart". The Scots worthies. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier. hlm. 18–32.
- Irving, Joseph, ed. (1881). The book of Scotsmen eminent for achievements in arms and arts, church and state, law, legislation, and literature, commerce, science, travel, and philanthropy. Paisley: A. Gardner. hlm. 559–560. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2019.
- Kidd, James (1885). "Patrick Hamilton and George Wishart". The Reformers: lectures delivered in St. James' Church, Paisley. Glasgow: J. Maclehose & Sons. hlm. 380–411. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Knox, John (1949a). Dickinson, William Croft, ed. History of the Reformation in Scotland. 1. London: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Knox, John (1949b). Dickinson, William Croft, ed. History of the Reformation in Scotland. 2. London: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Mackay, Aeneas James George (1900). "Wishart, George (1513?-1546)". Dalam Lee, Sidney. Dictionary of National Biography. 62. London: Smith, Elder & Co. hlm. 248–251.
- McCraw, Ian (2000). The Kirks of Dundee Presbytery 1558-1999. Dundee: Friends of Dundee City Archives. hlm. 76–77. ISBN 0-9536553-2-6.
- M'Crie, Thomas (1850). Sketches of Scottish church history : embracing the period from the Reformation to the Revolution. Edinburgh: Johnstone & Hunter. hlm. 32–42. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Merle d'Aubigné, J. H.; Bulkley, Charles Henry Augustus (1882). D'Aubigné's Martyrs of the reformation. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. hlm. 418–449.
- Merle d'Aubigné, J. H. (1877). History of the reformation in Europe in the time of Calvin. 6. Diterjemahkan oleh Cates, William L. B. New York: Robert Carter & brothers. hlm. 185–207.
Artikel ini menyertakan teks dari suatu terbitan yang sekarang berada pada ranah publik: Pollard, Albert Frederick (1911). "Wishart, George". Dalam Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press. hlm. 753.
- Rogers, Charles (1876). Life of George Wishart, the Scottish martyr, with his translation of the Helvetian Confession and a genealogical history of the family of Wishart. London: William Paterson. Diakses tanggal 28 July 2019.
- Scott, James Moffat (1885). Martyrs of Angus and Mearns : sketches in the history of the Scottish Reformation. Paisley; London: Alexander Gardner. Diakses tanggal 29 July 2019.
- Thomson, J. H.; Hutchison, Matthew (1903). The martyr graves of Scotland. Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier. hlm. 210–211. Diakses tanggal 30 July 2019.
- Wishart, George (1844). "The Confession of Faith of the churches of Switzerland; translated from the Latin, by George Wishart, 1536". Dalam Laing, David. The miscellany of the Wodrow Society : containing tracts and original letters, chiefly relating to the ecclesiastical affairs of Scotland during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . 1. Edinburgh: Printed for the Wodrow Society. hlm. 1-23.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Dotterweich, Martin Holt. "Wishart, George (c. 1513?–1546)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (edisi ke-online). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29793. berlangganan atau keanggotan Perpustakaan Umum Britania Raya diperlukan
- Lady, By a, 'Memorials of the life of George Wishart the Martyr' (St. Andrews: J. Cook & Sons, Printers, 1869)
- Cramond's Truth about Wishart (1898).
- Cameron M, et al. (eds), Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993).
- Ryrie, Alec, The Origins of the Scottish Reformation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006)