Benteng Cổ Loa

Kuil Ngự Triều Di Quy di dalam benteng, dibangun abad ke-XVI

Benteng Cổ Loa (bahasa Vietnam: Cổ Loa thành) merupakan pemukiman berbenteng penting dan situs arkeologi di distrik Đông Anh, Hanoi saat ini, kira-kira 17 kilometer di utara Hanoi, di dataran atas utara sungai Hong.^[1] Berbagai peninggalan kebudayaan Phùng Nguyên dari Zaman Perunggu dan Dongson telah ditemukan di Cổ Loa, meskipun kemudian didirikan sebagai ibu kota Kerajaan Âu Lạc selama abad ke-III SM (sekitar 257 SM).^[2] Tempat ini mungkin adalah pusat politik pertama dari peradaban Vietnam.^[3] Dinding konsentris pemukiman penyerupai cangkang siput; memiliki tanggul luar seluas 600 hektare.^[4]

Nama "Cổ Loa" berasal dari Sino-Vietnam 古螺 (< Bahasa Tionghoa Pertengahan (ZS) kuo^X-luɑ > Bahasa Tionghoa Baku: Gǔ Luó), arti harfiah "Keong kuno". Menurut Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, benteng ini berbentuk seperti keong,^[5] mencerminkan struktur berlapis-lapis dengan kubu pertahanan dan parit konsentris.^[6]

Galeria

Mata bajak perunggu dan kepala kapak
Ubin atap keramik
Nekara Cổ Loa

Lihat pula

Referensi

^ Nam C. Kim 2015, hlm. 18.
^ Higham 1996, hlm. 122.
^ Miksic & Yian 2016, hlm. 111.
^ Miksic & Yian 2016, hlm. 156.
^ Ngô Sĩ Liên et al., Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư "An Dương Vương" quote: "王於是築城于越裳，廣千丈，盤旋如螺形故號螺城。" tr: "The King then built a citadel at Việt Thường, one-thousand-zhàng wide, whirling and swirling like the shape of a conch. Therefore, it was called Conch Citadel (Loa Thành)."
^ Kiernan, Ben (2017). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. p. 34

21°06′48″N 105°52′24″E / 21.113408°N 105.873206°E / 21.113408; 105.873206

Daftar pustaka

Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-44055-1.
Brindley, Erica (2015). Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, C.400 BCE-50 CE. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-110-70847-8-0.
Buttinger, Joseph (1958). The Smaller Dragon: A Political History of Vietnam. Praeger Publishers.
Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Press. ISBN 03132-9-622-7.
Demattè, Paola (June 2015). "Travel and landscape: the Zuo River Valley rock art of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China". Antiquity. 89 (345): 613 – 628. doi:10.15184/aqy.2014.49.
De Vos, George A.; Slote, Walter H., ed. (1998). Confucianism and the Family. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-791-43735-3.
George E. Dutton (2006). The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-82482-984-1.
Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., ed. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Introduction to Asian Civilizations. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13862-8.
Đào Duy Anh (2016). Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời: nghiên cứu địa lý học lịch sử Việt Nam (dalam bahasa Vietnam). Nha Nam. ISBN 978-604-94-8700-2.
Đào Duy Anh (2020). Lịch sử Việt Nam: Từ nguồn gốc đến cuối thế kỷ XIX (dalam bahasa Vietnam). Hanoi Publishing House. ISBN 978-604-556-114-0.
Ferlus, Michael (2009). "A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 1: 95–108.
Hoàng, Anh Tuấn (2007). Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Rerlations ; 1637 - 1700. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-15601-2.
Higham, Charles (1989). The archaeology of mainland Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press.
Higham, Charles (1996). The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56505-7.
Kelley, Liam C. (2014), "Constructing Local Narratives: Spirits, Dreams, and Prophecies in the Medieval Red River Delta", dalam Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K., China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia, United States: Brills, hlm. 78–106
Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.
Kim, Nam C.; Lai, Van Toi; Trinh, Hoang Hiep (2010). "Co Loa: an investigation of Vietnam's ancient capital". Antiquity. 84 (326): 1011–1027. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067041.
Kim, Nam C. (2015). The Origins of Ancient Vietnam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-98089-5.
Kim, Nam C. (2020), "A Pathway to Emergent Social Complexity and State Power: A View from Southeast Asia", dalam Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Kowalewski, Stephen A.; Small, David B., The Evolution of Social Institutions. World-Systems Evolution and Global Futures, Springer Publishing, hlm. 225–253, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51437-2_10, ISBN 978-3-030-51436-5
Leeming, David (2001). A Dictionary of Asian Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195120523.
Li, Tana (2011), "A Geopolitical Overview", dalam Li, Tana; Anderson, James A., The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, hlm. 1–25
Li, Tana (2011), "Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han Period Tongking Gulf", dalam Li, Tana; Anderson, James A., The Tongking Gulf Through History, Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, hlm. 39–53, ISBN 978-0-812-20502-2
Loewe, Michael (1986), "The Former Han dynasty", dalam Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King, The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 110–128
McLeod, Mark; Nguyen, Thi Dieu (2001). Culture and Customs of Vietnam. Greenwood (dipublikasikan tanggal June 30, 2001). ISBN 978-0-313-36113-5.
Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Go Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-27903-7.
Milburn, Olivia (2010). The Glory of Yue: An Annotated Translation of the Yuejue shu. Sinica Leidensia. 93. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90474-4-399-5.
O’Harrow, Stephen (1979). "From Co-loa to the Trung Sisters' Revolt: VIET-NAM AS THE CHINESE FOUND IT". Asian Perspectives. 22 (2): 140–164. JSTOR 42928006 – via JSTOR.
Jamieson, Neil L (1995). Understanding Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520201576.
SarDesai, D. R. (2005). Vietnam, Past and Present. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-813-34308-2.
Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967), The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South, Los Angeles: University of California Press
Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of the Vietnam. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0.
Taylor, Keith Weller (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
Terry F. Kleeman (1998). Ta Chʻeng, Great Perfection – Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1800-8.
Watson, Burton (1961). Records Of The Grand Historian Of China. Columbia University Press.
Wu, Chunming; Rolett, Barry Vladimir (2019). Prehistoric Maritime Cultures and Seafaring in East Asia. Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-9813292567.
Yu, Ying-shih (1986), "Han foreign relations", dalam Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King, The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, hlm. 377–463

Bacaan selanjutnya

[FOOTNOTENam_C._Kim201518-1] Nam C. Kim 2015, hlm. 18.

[FOOTNOTEHigham1996122-2] Higham 1996, hlm. 122.

[FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016111-3] Miksic & Yian 2016, hlm. 111.

[FOOTNOTEMiksicYian2016156-4] Miksic & Yian 2016, hlm. 156.

[5] Ngô Sĩ Liên et al., Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư "An Dương Vương" quote: "王於是築城于越裳，廣千丈，盤旋如螺形故號螺城。" tr: "The King then built a citadel at Việt Thường, one-thousand-zhàng wide, whirling and swirling like the shape of a conch. Therefore, it was called Conch Citadel (Loa Thành)."

[6] Kiernan, Ben (2017). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. p. 34

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]