Senegalese Tirailleurs

Senegalese Tirailleurs
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	military branch (en)
Farawa	1857
Suna saboda	Senegal
Ƙasa	Faransa

'Yan Senegalese Tirailleurs (French: Tirailleurs Sénégalais) sun kasance rukuni ne na sojojin mulkin mallaka a cikin Sojan Faransa. Da farko an ɗauke su aiki daga Senegal, Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa sannan daga baya a ko'ina cikin Yammaci, Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka: manyan yankuna kudu da Sahara na mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Sunan tirailleur, wanda ke fassara daban-daban a matsayin "mai jajircewa", "rifleman", ko "sharpshooter", wani suna ne da Sojojin Faransa suka ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka ɗauka a cikin yankuna daban-daban da kuma mallakar ƙasashen ƙetare na Daular Faransa a cikin ƙarni na sha tara 19 da ashirin 20.

Duk da daukar ma'aikata ba a iyakance shi a Senegal ba, wadannan rukunin dakaru sun dauki taken "sénégalais" tunda a nan ne aka fara kirkirar bakaken fata na Afirka Tirailleur. An kirkiro Tirailleurs na Senegal na farko a cikin Shekara ta 1857 kuma sun yi aiki a Faransa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (wanda ya ba da kusan sojoji 200,000, fiye da 135,000 daga cikinsu sun yi yaƙi a Turai kuma an kashe 30,000 daga cikinsu) ^[1] da Yaƙin Duniya na II (daukar sojoji 179,000, an tura 40,000 zuwa Yammacin Turai). Sauran tirailleur regiments an tashe su a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa daga larabawa da Berber na aljeriya, Tunisia da Morocco,^[2] ɗaya ana kiransu tirailleurs nord-africains ko Turcos. Hakanan an tayar da tsarin mulkin Tirailleur a cikin Indochina, ana kiransu Vietnamese, Tonkinese ko Annamites Tirailleurs.

An kirkiro 'yan Senegal din ne a cikin shekara ta 1857 daga Louis Faidherbe, janar janar na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa, saboda ba shi da isassun sojojin Faransa da za su iya sarrafa yankin da kuma biyan wasu bukatun na farkon mulkin mallaka. An kuma sanya doka ta yau da kullun don kafa wannan rundinar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1857 a cikin Plombières-les-Bains ta Napoleon III. Daga baya aka faɗaɗa daukar ma'aikata zuwa sauran yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cikin shekarun ta na farko sojojin sun hada da wasu tsoffin bayi da aka siya daga masu mallakar bayi a Afirka ta Yamma da fursunonin yaki. Recruitaukar aiki na gaba ya kasance ta hanyar yin rajista na son rai ko wani lokaci ta hanyar yin rajista ba da izini ba.

Bayan yakin Franco-Prussian, 'yan kasar Senegal sun ci gaba da samar da yawancin sojojin Faransa a Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Lambobin su gaba ɗaya sun kasance iyakance. Koyaya, a cikin tsammanin yakin duniya na farko, Kanar Charles Mangin ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa na shekara ta 1910 mai suna La force ya faɗi ra'ayinsa game da rundunar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da ya faɗaɗa sosai, yayin da Jean Jaurès, a cikin littafinsa na L'armée nouvelle, ya ba da shawarar cewa Sojojin Faransa su nemi wani wuri don tara dakarunta saboda faduwar haihuwa a cikin kasar Faransa.

Wani rukuni mai girman kamfani na tirailleurs sénégalais ya shiga cikin mamayar Madagascar a shekara ta (1895), kodayake yawancin sojojin da ba na Turai ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan kamfen sun kasance 'yan Algeria da na Hausa. ^[3] An sake shigar da jerin gwano na tirailleurs malgache a Madagascar, ta yin amfani da sassan Senegal a matsayin abin koyi.

A cikin shekara ta 1896, ƙaramin balaguron da ya ƙunshi yawanci tirailleurs sénégalais 200 aka haɗu a Loango (Kongo ta Faransa) ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Jean-Baptiste Marchand. Wannan "Marchand Mission" ya dauki shekaru biyu kafin ya ratsa daruruwan mil na daji da ba a bincika ba har sai da suka isa Fashoda akan Kogin Nilu. Anan suka ci karo da sojojin Burtaniya da na Masar a karkashin Manjo-Janar Kitchener, wanda bai jima da fatattakar sojojin Mahadi na Dervish kusa da Khartoum ba. Yayin da "Faruwar Fashoda" ta tayar da yiwuwar yaƙi tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniyya, an biya haraji ga ƙarfin hali da juriya na Marchand da na Senegal wanda ya ke ɗinilleurs daga ɓangarorin biyu.

A wata doka da ta gabata a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1900, Tirailleurs Sénégalais, da Tirailleurs indochinas, malgach na Tirailleurs da "marsouins" ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Navy da na lonungiyoyin Mulkin Mallaka, amma an sake sanya su a matsayin rukunin rukunin Troupes, ya bambanta da abubuwan yankin Sojojin birni kuma sun banbanta da Armée d'Afrique na Maghreb. An sanya alamar anga na coloniales na Troupes a kan abin wuya daga shekara ta 1914, kuma lokacin da aka karɓi hular Adrian a WW1, Tirailleurs Sénégalais ne ya sa alama tare da anga a bayan gurnati mai walƙiya.

A farko farkon shekara ta 1900s, tirailleurs sénégalais sun ga sabis na aiki a cikin Kwango ta Faransa da Chadi yayin ci gaba da samar da rundunoni don abubuwan mallakar Faransa a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. A cikin shekara ta 1908, bataliyoyi biyu na tirailleurs sénégalais suka sauka a Casablanca don fara kusan shekaru ashirin na aiki a Marokko ta ɓangarorin Senegal. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1913, 1e regiment de tirailleurs sénégalais suka gabatar da matsayinsu a Longchamp, karo na farko da aka ga sojojin Senegal a cikin babban birnin Faransa. An gabatar da sabbin tutoci ga 2e, 3e da 4e RTS a layi daya. ^[3]

Akwai bataliyoyi 21 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais (BTS) a cikin Sojan Faransa a watan Agusta shekarar 1914, duk suna aiki a cikin Yammacin Afirka ko kuma suna aiki a Maroko.

Tare da ɓarkewar yaƙi bataliya 37 ta Faransa, Arewacin Afirka da ta Senegal ta tura su daga Maroko zuwa Faransa. Bataliyan batutuwan Senegal biyar ba da daɗewa ba suna aiki a Western Front, yayin da wasu suka zama wani ɓangare na ragin sojojin Faransa a Maroko. BTS na 5 ya zama wani ɓangare na rukunin Faransanci wanda aka goge kusa da Khenifra, yayin Yaƙin El Herri a ranar 13 Nuwamba Nuwamba 1914, tare da 646 da suka mutu. Na 10, 13, 16 da 21 BTS daga baya sun ga fada mai ƙarfi a Maroko, wanda aka ƙarfafa da 9,000 ƙarin San asalin Senegal waɗanda aka kawo daga Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka. ^[3]

A Yammacin Yammacin Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Ypres da Dixmude yayin Yaƙin Flanders a ƙarshen shekarar 1914, a lokacin kame Fort de Douaumont a watan Oktoba shekarar 1916, yayin yaƙin Chemin des Dames a watan Afrilu shekarar 1917 da kuma a Yaƙin Reims a cikin shekarar 1918. Asara ta yi nauyi musamman a Flanders (wanda aka kiyasta daga 3,200 zuwa 4,800) da Chemin des Mains (7,000 daga 15,00 da aka kashe a cikin tirailleurs).

A cikin shekarar 1915 bataliya bakwai na Tirailleurs Sénégalais suna cikin bataliyar sojoji 24 da Faransawa suka aika zuwa Dardanelles a matsayin Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient . Adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Faransa a cikin wannan kamfen sun kai 27,000 amma 'yan Senegal da na yau da kullun na mulkin mallaka an lura da su saboda babban halin ɗabi'a da suka kiyaye duk da asarar da ta kai biyu cikin uku a wasu sassan. ^[3] Yan tiragenurs na Senegal sun bambanta kansu a cikin harin a lokacin saukar Faransa ta farko a gefen kudu na Dardanelles. ^[3]

Manufofin sojan Faransa game da amfani da sojojin Afirka a Turai sun canza a cikin shekara ta 1915. Babban kwamandan Faransa ya fahimci cewa yakin zai daɗe fiye da yadda suke tsammani. Don haka suka ba da izini ga babbar hanyar daukar ma'aikata a Afirka ta Yamma. Sakamakon haka, an kara ƙarin bataliyan Senegal 73 tsakanin shekara ta 1915 da shekara ta 1918, wanda 42 daga cikinsu sun ga sabis a Faransa kanta. Abunda aka saba yi shine hada bataliyan fararen mulkin mallaka ("les marsouins") da Tirailleurs na Afirka a cikin jerin gwanon coloniaux . ^[4] (Irin wadannan rundunonin guda hudu an kirkiresu ne daga tirailleurs guda bakwai da bataliyoyi biyar na Infanterie Coloniale da aka tura a Gallipoli . ) Yanayin mummunan yanayin yakin ramuka ya kasance tushen musabbabin wahalar ga sojojin Afirka da ba su dace ba kuma, bayan shekara ta 1914 / 15, an zartar da aikin cire su zuwa kudancin Faransa don horo da sake ba su kayan aiki kowane lokacin hunturu. Duk da asarar da suka yi a kusan duk manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na Yammacin Yamma, da'a da ɗabi'ar "Coan mulkin mallaka" sun kasance masu ƙarfi yayin Yaƙin. ^[3]

A yayin bikin tunawa da cika shekaru 90 da yakin Verdun, shugaban kasar na lokacin Jacques Chirac ya gabatar da wani jawabi da ke nuna tsoffin mayaka 72,000 na mulkin mallaka da aka kashe a lokacin yakin, inda ya ambaci 'sojojin Moroccan, da tirailleurs daga Senegal, Indochina (Annam da Cochinchina), da kuma " marsouins "na rukunin de marine . '

Armungiyar makamai ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1918 tana da tanadi don mamaye Oungiyar Rhineland da Faransa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan. Tsakanin sojoji dubu 25 zuwa dubu 40,000 na mulkin mallaka suna cikin wannan rundunar. An yi ƙoƙari na Jamusanci don bata sunan amfani da sojojin da ba Turawa ba daga Turawan Faransa yayin wannan mamayar, kamar yadda ya faru a baya lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Althoughaya.Kodayake ba a samar da kwararan hujjoji ba, yawancin masu fafutuka sun ce sojojin mulkin mallaka - da kuma Senegal a musamman - sune ke da alhakin yawan fyade da cin zarafin mata. Yaran da suka samo asali daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kwadagon an wulakanta su a matsayin " Bastards na Rhineland " kuma daga baya sun wahala a ƙarƙashin dokokin tseren Nazi.

A lokacin Yaƙin rundunar sojojin Faransa da ta ragu sosai a Maroko ta ƙunshi yawancin bataliyar Tirailleurs Sénégalais, waɗanda ba sa shafar fannoni masu biyayya na sojojin da aka tattara a cikin gida kuma waɗanda za a iya samun sauƙin tsira daga aiki a Yammacin Yammacin fiye da sojojin Faransa. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 yakin Rif ya bazu zuwa Maroko ta Faransa lokacin da mayaka Berber dubu takwas suka kai hari kan layin wasu sansanonin Faransawa da aka kafa kwanan nan a yankin da ake rikici a kansa a arewacin Kogin Ouerghala. Mafi yawan waɗannan mukamai sun kasance 'yan Senegal da tirailleurs na Arewacin Afirka. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 39 daga cikin mukamai 66 sun faɗi kuma an karkashe kayan aikinsu, ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Fuskantar abin da ya zama babban yaƙi Faransawa suka haɓaka rundunoninsu a Maroko kusan maza dubu Dari 100,000. Yan Afirka na Yammacin Afirka sun ci gaba da taka rawa a ayyukan da suka biyo baya a cikin Kare Mutanen Espanya (har zuwa shekara ta1926) da Kudancin Maroko (zuwa shekara ta 1934). A daya daga cikin alkawurra da yawa, Bataliya ta 2 ta Runduna ta 1 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais ta ci ayoyi 91 na jaruntaka yayin fada a kusa da Ain-Gatar a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1926.

A jajibirin yakin duniya na biyu, rundunoni biyar na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun kasance a Faransa ban da wata brigade da ke Algeria. An tura turawan mulkin mallaka na 2e yanki na dindindin a kudancin Faransa saboda barazanar Italiya. Hakanan an yi dalilin cewa yanayin ya fi dacewa da sojojin Afirka. ^[5] Wannan tura Tirailleurs, a waje da yankunansu na daukar ma'aikata da kuma zaman lafiya na gargajiya, ya tashi ne saboda mummunan asarar rayukan yakin duniya na farko. Wannan ya shafi adadin Faransawan birni masu girma a cikin rukunin matasa masu shekaru ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar da fiye da rabi. Har zuwa tirailleurs 200,000 suna aiki yayin yaƙin, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi tara na sojojin Faransa.

Yayin Yaƙin Faransa, Senegalese da sauran sassan tirailleur na Afirka sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Gien, Bourges, da Buzancais. Sojojin Jamusawa, waɗanda aka cusa musu koyarwar wariyar launin fata ta 'yan Nazi, sun nuna fushinsu da yaƙin da suka yi da' yan adawa "marasa ƙima". A Montluzin, waɗanda suka kame Jamusawa sun kashe fursunonin Senegal. ^[3]

Senegalese Tirailleurs sun ga sabis mai yawa a Afirka ta Yamma, Italiya, da Corsica. A lokacin shekara ta 1944, sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da kudancin Faransa. 9th DIC (Divisionungiyoyin Infan Mulkin mallaka) sun haɗa da runduna ta 4, ta 6, da ta 13 na Senegalese Tirailleurs, kuma sun yi yaƙi daga Toulon zuwa iyakar Switzerland tsakanin watan Agusta da watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1944.

Bayan ' Yancin Faransa ,' yan Tirailleurs sun kammala hidimarsu a Turai. An maye gurbinsu da sabbin ersan aikin sa kai na Faransa, ^[3] bisa umarnin Charles de Gaulle . Wannan tsari ya zama sananne da "blanchiment." Ganin ƙuntatawa na Amurka akan girman sojojin Faransa, de Gaulle ya zaɓi haɗa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin tsarin rundunar sojan. Tsarin rikitarwa na fitarwa da dawo da Tirailleurs, haɗe da ƙin Faransa ta biya bashin albashi saboda fursunonin yaƙi da aka saki, ya haifar da tashin hankali da dama. Mafi shaharar wadannan shine kisan kiyashin Thiaroye, a cikin 1944, lokacin da Faransawa suka kashe tsakanin 35 zuwa 300 (kafofin sun bambanta) Tirailleurs. An yi wa Tirailleurs Sénégalais alƙawarin cewa don amincewa da aikin su za su zama 'yan ƙasa ɗaya na Faransa, ba a kiyaye wannan alƙawarin ba bayan ƙarshen tashe-tashen hankula.

8724e Regiment de Marche de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, wanda ya ƙunshi bataliyoyi biyu, sun yi aiki a cikin Indochina War tsakanin shekara ta 1946 da shekara ta 1954. Alungiyoyin sojoji masu zaman kansu da yawa na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi faɗa a cikin gidan wasan yaƙi ɗaya. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun hada da kashi 16 na sojojin Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Indochina. Har ila yau a cikin danniyar boren da aka yi a Madagascar game da mulkin mallaka na Faransa Tirailleurs sun shiga ciki. A cikin shekara ta 1949 har yanzu akwai ragowar tara na Tirailleurs Sénégalais a cikin Sojan Faransa, suna aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia da Indochina.

A lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya, Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ga sabis mai fa'ida sosai daga shekarar 1954 zuwa shekara ta 1962, akasari a matsayin ɓangare na adan tawayen - grid na ƙungiyoyin mamaye waɗanda aka yi niyya don kare gonaki da hanyoyi a yankunan karkara. Kimanin rukuni 12 na Senegal (ko dai runduna bataliya uku ko bataliya ɗaya) sun yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa tsakanin shekara ta 1954 da shekara ta 1967, lokacin da aka janye sojojin Faransa na ƙarshe. A shekara ta 1958-1959 aka rarraba sassan Tirailleur a wani bangare, yayin da aka sauya ma'aikatan Afirka zuwa sabbin rundunonin sojojin kasa lokacin da turawan Faransa suka mallaki Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Adadin tsoffin tirailleurs sun ci gaba da aiki a cikin Sojan Faransa amma a matsayin ɗayan masu sa kai a cikin rukunin lonian Mulkin mallaka (daga baya Marine) Infantry ko Artillery. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun rasa asalin tarihin su na musamman yayin wannan aikin. A matsayin misali, 1er RTS, wanda aka tashe shi a shekara ta 1857, ya zama runduna ta 61 ta rundunar soja a watan Disambar shekarar 1958. ^[3]

Rabaren Senegal na karshe a cikin Sojan Faransa ya wargaje a cikin shekara ta 1964.

Mutumin Senegal na karshe da yayi aiki a yakin duniya na farko Abdoulaye Ndiaye, ya mutu yana da shekaru 104 a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1998. An yi masa rauni a cikin Dardanelles .

Daga shekara ta 1857 zuwa shekara ta 1889 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun sa rigar zouave mai shuɗi mai duhu mai launin shuɗi mai ɗorawa (duba hoto na farko a sama). Wannan aka maye gurbinsu da wani sako-sako da cancantar duhu blue zilaikar, da wando sawa tare da wani ja sash da chechia Fez. An saka farin wando a cikin yanayin zafi kuma an ɗauki rigar filin wasan motsa jiki mai haske a cikin shekara ta 1898.^[6] Rakunan Senegal da aka tura zuwa Faransa a cikin shekara ta 1914 sun sanya sabon tufa mai launin shuɗi wanda aka gabatar a watan Yuni na waccan shekarar a ƙarƙashin manyan jakunkunan matsakaitan-shuɗi na sojojin Faransa. Wannan ya canza zuwa shuɗi-shuɗi a cikin shekara ta 1915 sannan kuma duhun kaki na duniya na sojojin ƙetare na Faransa a shekara mai zuwa. Duk tsawon waɗannan canje-canjen an riƙe madaurin rawaya mai banbanci da abin ɗora abin wuya, tare da fez (sawa tare da murfin katako don rage ganuwa).

Har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ci gaba da sanya tufafin khaki da aka bayyana a sama, a cikin ko dai kyalle mai nauyi ko rawar motsa jiki gwargwadon yanayi. A m kamfen da suka sa wannan filin kayan kamar yadda sauran Faransa raka'a, yawanci tare da duhu blue forage hula na infanterie coloniale. Jan fes ya tsira a matsayin abun fareti har zuwa shekara ta 1950s.

Emitaï (1971) yana nuna illar tilasta mutane a ƙauyen Diola.

Baƙi da fari a Launi (1976), daga darektan Faransa Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1hr 30mins

Camp de Thiaroye, ta darektan Senegal Ousmane Sembene, 1987, mintuna 153.

Le Tata, payages de pierres, na darektan Faransa Patrice Robin da Marubuciya Eveline Berruezo, 1992, mintuna 60.

• Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce : Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay : mémoires du 25 ° RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 ', 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.

A Dare Duk Jinin Baƙi ne (French: Frère d'âme ' Ruhi ɗan'uwana ') labari ne daga marubucin Faransa David Diop. Da farko aka buga shi cikin Faransanci a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, daga Éditions du Seuil, ya lashe Prix Goncourt des Lycéens a waccan shekarar. Littafin yana zagaye da Alfa Ndiaye, dan asalin Senegal wanda ya rasa babban amininsa Mademba Diop yayin yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. Fassarar Ingilishi da Anna Moschovakis ya yi ta lashe kyautar Littattafan Duniya ta shekara ta 2021. An buga shi a Burtaniya ta Pushkin Press kuma a Amurka ta Farrar, Straus da Giroux.

• Tirailleurs: tarihin asalin faransawa masu wannan gwagwarmaya tare da mulkin mallaka (misali: Algeria, Senegal da sauransu) rakailleur
• Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
• Pierre Messmer
• Tutocin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
• Mulkin mallaka na Faransa
• Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransa da mulkin mallaka

 

•  2-7025-0142-7
•  978-1-47-282619-0
• Myron Echenberg, "Bala'i a Thiaroye: Yunkurin Sojojin Senegal a 1944", a cikin Peter Gutkind, Robin Cohen da Jean Copans (eds), Tarihin Kwadago na Afirka, Beverly Hills, 1978, p. 109-128
• Myron Echenberg, Kundin Tsarin Mulki: The Tirailleurs Senegalais a Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka, 1857-1960. Heinemann (1990), 
• Kirista Koller : »Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt«. Die Diskussion um die Verwendung von Kolonialtruppen in Europa zwischen Rassismus, Kolonial- und Militärpolitik (1914-1930) (= Beiträge zur Kolonial- und Überseegeschichte, Bd. 82). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001,  .
• Nancy Ellen Lawler. Sojoji na Bala'i: Ivoirien Tirailleurs na Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ohio Univ Latsa (1992) 
•  978-1-85-532516-6

• Eveline Berruezo da Patrice Robin : Le Tata - biya mai yawa. Takaddun fim, 60 ', 1992. Espace Mémoire, Faransa.
• Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce : Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay : mémoires du 25 ° RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 ', 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.

• 'Yan Senegal na Tirailleurs a cikin WWI
• Mai Gida ko Bauta? Tunani game da wakilcin jikin ɗan adam na 'yan'illeilleurs (1880-1918) na Nicolas Bancel da Pascal Blanchard
• Shafuka kan Yaƙin Flandres, mai da hankali ga Tirailleurs Sénégalais Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
• Kirista Koller: Kasancewar Sojan Mulkin Mallaka a Turai (Afirka), a cikin: 1914-1918-kan layi. Encyclopedia na kasa da kasa na yakin duniya na farko .

1. ↑ (in French) Marc Michel, "Les Africains et la Grande Guerre. L'appel à l'Afrique (1914–1918)", Ed : Karthala, 24 October 2003
2. ↑ Marc Michel,
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8} Crocé 1986. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCrocé1986 (help)
4. ↑ Sumner 1995. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSumner1995 (help)
5. ↑ page 36, Militaria No. 358 Mai 2015
6. ↑ Argout-Editions,Les Armees de L'Histoire – Uniformes, September–October 1984