[go: up one dir, main page]
Rcpp

Introducing RcppArrayFire

Ralf Stubner — written Mar 7, 2018 — source

Introduction

The RcppArrayFire package provides an interface from R to and from the ArrayFire library, an open source library that can make use of GPUs and other hardware accelerators via CUDA or OpenCL.

The official R bindings expose ArrayFire data structures as S4 objects in R, which would require a large amount of code to support all the methods defined in ArrayFire’s C/C++ API. RcppArrayFire instead, which is derived from RcppFire by Kazuki Fukui, follows the lead of packages like RcppArmadillo or RcppEigen to provide seamless communication between R and ArrayFire at the C++ level.

Installation

Please note that RcppArrayFire is developed and tested on Linux systems. There is preliminary support for Mac OS X.

In order to use RcppArrayFire you will need the ArrayFire library and header files. While ArrayFire has been packaged for Debian, I currently prefer using upstream’s binary installer or building from source.

RcppArrayFire is not on CRAN, but you can install the current version via drat:

#install.packages("drat")
drat::addRepo("daqana")
install.packages("RcppArrayFire")

If you have installed ArrayFire in a non-standard directory, you have to use the configure argument --with-arrayfire, e.g.:

install.packages("RcppArrayFire", configure.args = "--with-arrayfire=/opt/arrayfire-3")

A first example

Let’s look at the classical example of calculating \(\pi\) via simulation. The basic idea is to generate a large number of random points within the unit square. An approximation for \(\pi\) can then be calculated from the ratio of points within the unit circle to the total number of points. A vectorized implementation in R might look like this:

piR <- function(N) {
    x <- runif(N)
    y <- runif(N)
    4 * sum(sqrt(x^2 + y^2) < 1.0) / N
}

set.seed(42)
system.time(cat("pi ~= ", piR(10^6), "\n"))
pi ~=  3.13999 

   user  system elapsed 
  0.047   0.008   0.055

A simple way to use C++ code in R is to use the inline package or cppFunction() from Rcpp, which are both possible with RcppArrayFire. An implementation in C++ using ArrayFire might look like this:

src <- '
double piAF (const int N) {
    array x = randu(N, f32);
    array y = randu(N, f32);
    return 4.0 * sum<float>(sqrt(x*x + y*y) < 1.0) / N;
}'
Rcpp::cppFunction(code = src, depends = "RcppArrayFire", includes = "using namespace af;")

RcppArrayFire::arrayfire_set_seed(42)
cat("pi ~= ", piAF(10^6), "\n") # also used for warm-up 
pi ~=  3.1451 

system.time(piAF(10^6))
   user  system elapsed 
  0.001   0.000   0.001

Several things are worth noting:

  1. The syntax is almost identical. Besides the need for using types and a different function name when generating random numbers, the argument f32 to randu as well as the float type catches the eye. These instruct ArrayFire to use single precision floats, since not all devices support double precision floating point numbers. If you want and can to use double precision, you have to specify f64 and double.

  2. The results are not the same since ArrayFire uses a different random number generator.

  3. The speed-up can be quite impressive. However, the first invocation of a function is often not as fast as expected due to the just-in-time compilation used by ArrayFire. This can be circumvented by using a warm-up call with (normally) fewer computations.

Arrays as parameters

Up to now we have only considered simple types like double or int as function parameters and return values. However, we can also use arrays. Consider the case of an European put option that was recently handled with R, Rcpp and RcppArmadillo. The Armadillo based function from this post reads:

#include <RcppArmadillo.h>

// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArmadillo)]]
// [[Rcpp::plugins(cpp11)]]

using arma::colvec;
using arma::log;
using arma::normcdf;
using std::sqrt;
using std::exp;


// [[Rcpp::export]]
colvec put_option_pricer_arma(colvec s, double k, double r, double y, double t, double sigma) {
  
  colvec d1 = (log(s / k) + (r - y + sigma * sigma / 2.0) * t) / (sigma * sqrt(t));
  colvec d2 = d1 - sigma * sqrt(t);
  
  // Notice the use of % to represent element wise multiplication
  colvec V = normcdf(-d2) * k * exp(-r * t) - s * exp(-y * t) % normcdf(-d1); 
  
  return V;
}

This function can be applied to a range of spot prices:

put_option_pricer_arma(s = 55:60, 60, .01, .02, 1, .05)
        [,1]
[1,] 5.52021
[2,] 4.58142
[3,] 3.68485
[4,] 2.85517
[5,] 2.11883
[6,] 1.49793

Porting this code to RcppArrayFire is straight forward:

#include <RcppArrayFire.h>

// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArrayFire)]]

using af::array;
using af::log;
using af::erfc;
using std::sqrt;
using std::exp;

array normcdf(array x) {
  return erfc(-x / sqrt(2.0)) / 2.0;
}

// [[Rcpp::export]]
array put_option_pricer_af(RcppArrayFire::typed_array<f32> s, double k, double r,
                           double y, double t, double sigma) {
  
  array d1 = (log(s / k) + (r - y + sigma * sigma / 2.0) * t) / (sigma * sqrt(t));
  array d2 = d1 - sigma * sqrt(t);
  
  return normcdf(-d2) * k * exp(-r * t) - s * exp(-y * t) * normcdf(-d1); 
}

Compared with the implementations in R, Rcpp and RcppArmadillo the syntax is again almost the same. One exception is that ArrayFire does not contain a function for the cumulative normal distribution function. However, the closely related error function is available.

Since an object of type af::array can contain different data types, the templated wrapper class RcppArrayFire::typed_array<> is used to indicate the desired data type when converting from R to C++. Again single precision floats are used with ArrayFire, which leads to differences of the order \(10^{-6}\) compared to the results from R, Rcpp and RcppArmadillo:

put_option_pricer_af(s = 55:60, 60, .01, .02, 1, .05)
[1] 5.52021 4.58142 3.68485 2.85517 2.11883 1.49793

Performance

The reason to use hardware accelerators is of course the quest for increased performance. How does ArrayFire fare in this respect? Using the same benchmark as in the R, Rcpp and RcppArmadillo comparison:

s <- matrix(seq(0, 100, by = .0001), ncol = 1)
rbenchmark::benchmark(Arma = put_option_pricer_arma(s, 60, .01, .02, 1, .05),
                      AF = put_option_pricer_af(s, 60, .01, .02, 1, .05),
                      order = "relative", 
                      replications = 100)[,1:4]
  test replications elapsed relative
2   AF          100   0.489    1.000
1 Arma          100   1.928    3.943

Here a Nvidia GeForce GT 1030 is used together with ArrayFire’s CUDA backend. With a build-in Intel HD Graphics 520 using the OpenCL backend the ArrayFire solution is about 6 times faster. Even without a high performance GPU the performance boost from using ArrayFire can be quite impressive. However, the results change dramatically, if fewer options are evaluated:

s <- matrix(seq(0, 100, by = 1), ncol = 1)
# use more replications to get run times of more than 10 ms
rbenchmark::benchmark(Arma = put_option_pricer_arma(s, 60, .01, .02, 1, .05),
                      AF = put_option_pricer_af(s, 60, .01, .02, 1, .05),
                      order = "relative", 
                      replications = 1000)[,1:4]
  test replications elapsed relative
1 Arma         1000   0.007    1.000
2   AF         1000   0.088   12.571

But is it realistic to process \(10^6\) options at once? Probably not in the way used in the benchmark where only the spot price is allowed to vary. However, one can alter the function to process not only arrays of spot prices but also arrays of strikes, risk free rates etc.:

#include <RcppArrayFire.h>

// [[Rcpp::depends(RcppArrayFire)]]

using af::array;
using af::log;
using af::erfc;
using af::sqrt; // arrayfire function instead of standard function
using af::exp;  // arrayfire function instead of standard function

array normcdf(array x) {
  return erfc(-x / sqrt(2.0)) / 2.0;
}

// [[Rcpp::export]]
array put_option_pricer_af(RcppArrayFire::typed_array<f32> s,
                           RcppArrayFire::typed_array<f32> k, 
                           RcppArrayFire::typed_array<f32> r, 
                           RcppArrayFire::typed_array<f32> y, 
                           RcppArrayFire::typed_array<f32> t, 
                           RcppArrayFire::typed_array<f32> sigma) {
  
  array d1 = (log(s / k) + (r - y + sigma * sigma / 2.0) * t) / (sigma * sqrt(t));
  array d2 = d1 - sigma * sqrt(t);
  
  return normcdf(-d2) * k * exp(-r * t) - s * exp(-y * t) * normcdf(-d1); 
}

Note that ArrayFire does not recycle elements if arrays with non-matching dimensions are combined. In this particular case this means that all arrays must have the same length. One can ensure that by using a data frame for the values:

set.seed(42)
# 1000 * 21 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 = 1,701,000 different options
options <- expand.grid(
  s = rnorm(1000, mean = 60, sd = 20),
  k = 50:70,
  r = c(0.01, 0.005, 0.02),
  y = c(0.02, 0.01, 0.04),
  t = c(1, 0.5, 2),
  sigma = c(0.05, 0.025, 0.1)
)
head(within(options,
            p <- put_option_pricer_af(s, k, r, y, t, sigma)))
        s  k    r    y t sigma           p
1 87.4192 50 0.01 0.02 1  0.05 7.45937e-29
2 48.7060 50 0.01 0.02 1  0.05 2.09402e+00
3 67.2626 50 0.01 0.02 1  0.05 2.34672e-09
4 72.6573 50 0.01 0.02 1  0.05 6.84430e-14
5 68.0854 50 0.01 0.02 1  0.05 5.26394e-10
6 57.8775 50 0.01 0.02 1  0.05 2.57756e-03

Conclusion

The ArrayFire library provides a convenient way to use hardware accelerators without the need to write low-level OpenCL or CUDA code. The C++ syntax is actually quite similar to properly vectorized R code. The RcppArrayFire package makes this available to useRs. However, one still has to be careful: using hardware accelerators is not a “silver bullet” due to the inherent memory transfer overhead.

tags: basics  gpu 

Related Articles
Rcpp Gallery     About     License (GPLv2)     Contributing