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Zebroparulio

La Zebroparulio, Mniotilta varia, estas malgranda paserina birdo de la familio de Paruliedoj de Ameriko kaj malgranda genro de Mniotilta, kie ĝi estas la ununura specio. Ĝi estas malgranda birdo kiu reproduktiĝas en norda kaj orienta Nordameriko el suda Kanado al Florido.

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Zebroparulio
Zebroparulio
Zebroparulio
Biologia klasado
Regno: Animaloj Animalia
Filumo: Ĥorduloj Chordata
Klaso: Birdoj Aves
Ordo: Paseroformaj Passeriformes
Familio: Paruliedoj Parulidae
Genro: Mniotilta
Specio: 'M. varia'
Mniotilta varia
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Konserva statuso
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Konserva statuso: Malplej zorgiga
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Komunejo pri Zebroparulio
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Tiu nearktisa specio estas migranta, kiu vintrumas en Florido, Centrameriko kaj Karibio suben al Peruo. Tiu specio estas tre rara vaganto al okcidenta Eŭropo, precipe al Irlando kaj Britio.

Tiu specio estas 13 cm longa kaj pezas 11 g. Somera masklo de Zebroparulio estas tre strieca blankanigra. La kapobildo estas rimarkinda: nome estas larĝa blanka superokula strio kaj super ili ambaŭflankaj nigraj kronaj strizonoj kiuj enfermas centre tre mallarĝan blankan kronostrion; la vizaĝo estas nigra (griza ĉe inoj) kaj tie videblas blanka suba duona okulringo. Estas du blankaj flugilstrioj. Inoj kaj junuloj estas similaj, sed pli senkoloraj aŭ malpli striecaj.

La puertorika endemio Angela parulio estas ofte konfuzata kun la simila nesamgenra Zebroparulio (Mniotilta varia), nereproduktanta specio en Karibio sed videbla en Puerto-Riko el mezo de septembro al komenco de majo. La ĉefa fizika distingilo estas ĉe okuloj. La Angela parulio havas duonigitan blankan okulringon dum la Zebroparulio havas blankan strion superokulan kaj blankan suban duonon de la okulringo. Alia distingilo troviĝas en la krono, ĉar tiu de la Angela parulio estas tute nigra kaj tiu de la Zebroparulio havas blankan vertican strion.

La reprodukta habitato estas arbaro larĝfolia aŭ miksita, prefere en pli humidaj areoj. La Zebroparulio nestumas surgrunde; la ino demetas 4-5 ovojn en tasforma nesto.

Tiuj birdoj manĝas insektojn kaj araneojn, kaj malkiel aliaj paruliedoj, la Zebroparulio manĝas kiel sito, moviĝante supren kaj suben laŭ arbotrunkoj kaj laŭlonge de branĉoj, sed ne uzas la voston kiel apogilo. La kanto estas altatona sii ŭii-sii ŭii-sii ŭii-sii ŭii-sii ŭii-sii, kaj la alvoko estas akra tik.

Referencoj

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Eksteraj ligiloj

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Plia legado

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Libro

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  • Kricher, J. C. 1995. Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia). In The Birds of North America, No. 158 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

Tezoj

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  • Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States -- New York.
  • Collins ML. M.Sc. (2003). Area utilization, evidence of cooperative breeding, sex ratio bias and nest-site selection in black and white warblers (Mniotilta varia). Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.
  • Marcum HA. Ph.D. (2005). The effects of human disturbance on birds in Bastrop State Park. Texas A&M University, United States -- Texas.
  • Stratford JA. Ph.D. (2005). Avian species richness and abundance in a rapidly urbanizing landscape in the Southern Piedmont region of Georgia, United States of America. Auburn University, United States -- Alabama.
  • Villard M-A. Ph.D. (1991). Spatio-temporal dynamics of forest bird patch populations in agricultural landscapes. Carleton University (Canada), Canada.
  • Wallace GE. Ph.D. (1998). Demography of Cuban bird communities in the nonbreeding season: Effects of forest type, resources, and hurricane. University of Missouri - Columbia, United States -- Missouri.

Artikoloj

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  • Bennett GF, Caines JR & Bishop MA. (1988). Influence of Blood Parasites on the Body Mass of Passeriform Birds. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. vol 24, no 2. p. 339-343.
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  • Conner RN, Dickson JG, Locke BA & Segelquist CA. (1983). Vegetation Characteristics Important to Common Song Birds in East Texas USA. Wilson Bulletin. vol 95, no 3. p. 349-361.
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  • Dugger KM, Faaborg J, Arendt WJ & Hobson KA. (2004). Understanding survival and abundance of overwintering Warblers: Does rainfall matter?. Condor. vol 106, no 4. p. 744-760.
  • Ewert DN & Askins RA. (1991). Flocking Behavior of Migratory Warblers in Winter in the Virgin Islands. Condor. vol 93, no 4. p. 864-868.
  • Golet FC, Wang Y, Merrow JS & DeRagon WR. (2001). Relationship between habitat and landscape features and the avian community of red maple swamps in southern Rhode Island. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 2. p. 217-227.
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  • Parkes KC. (1978). Still Another Parulid Inter Generic Hybrid Mniotilta-X-Dendroica Sexual Hybrid and Its Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications. Auk. vol 95, no 4. p. 682-690.
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