per-

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Borrowed from Latin per and per-.

per-

2. (non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense "through", as in perforate.
4. (non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense "thoroughly", as in perfect.
6. (non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense "to destruction", as in pervert.
8. (non-productive) In adjectives and adverbs: denoting the sense "extremely", as in perfervid.
10. (chemistry) Forming nouns and adjectives denoting the maximum proportion of one element in a compound, as in peroxide.
12. (chemistry) Added to the name of an element in a polyatomic ion to denote the number of atoms of that element (usually four).

• (through): trans-, para-, dia-
• (thoroughly): para-

• (extremely): pellucid, perfervid

Borrowed from Old French per (modern French par).

per-

2. (non-productive) Denoting the sense "by" or "per", as in perchance or perhaps.

• EPR, ERP, RPE, Rep, Rep., pre, pre-, rep

From Latin per-.

per-

1. used to make superlatives of adjectives and adverbs

   perguapu

   very beautiful

   perblancu

   very white

   perbién

   very well

   perlloñe

   very far

• -ísimu

Back-formation from per.

• IPA^(key): [per]
• Hyphenation: per

per-

1. denotes that the action expressed by the root becomes a means to attain a goal

   ‎per- + ‎labori (“to work”) → ‎perlabori (“to earn”)

   ‎per- + ‎ludi (“to play”) → ‎perludi (“to win”)

   ‎per- + ‎flati (“to flatter”) → ‎perflati (“to coax”)

From Latin per-.

• IPA^(key): /pɛʁ/

per-

1. per-

• “per-”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

From Latin per (“through”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]
• Hyphenation: per
• Rhymes: -ɛr

per-

1. (chemistry) per-

Inherited from Malay per-, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *paʀ. Cognate with Tagalog pag-.

• comparable to Proto-Austroasiatic *p-, *pC- (“causative prefix”).

• IPA^(key): /pər-/
• Hyphenation: pêr

pêr (non-active/imperative/basic per-, active memper-, passive diper-)

1. causative voice imperative mood intransitive verb prefix of a transitive verb

   ‎per- + ‎buat (“to do [something]”) → ‎perbuat (“do [something]”)

2. causative voice imperative mood intransitive verb prefix of an adjective

   ‎per- + ‎besar (“big”) → ‎perbesar (“make bigger something big”)

3. imperative mood transitive verb of a noun: treat the object as [base], take the object as [base]

   ‎per- + ‎istri (“wife”) → ‎peristri (“take as wife, marry”)

4. nominal patient used to form nouns from verbs conjugated with ber-

   ‎per- + ‎ajar (“to teach”) → ‎pelajar (“learner”)

   ‎per- + ‎kerja (“to work”) → ‎pekerja (“worker”)

5. denominator of a fraction

   ‎per- + ‎dua (“two”) → ‎perdua

• When this prefix is combined with the prefixes meng-, di-, ter-, and ke-, the imperative aspect is lost
• pe- is used in word with initial /r/ or word with final /-ər.C-/ in first syllable
  • However, some words that don't have /-ər.C-/ used this suffix inconsistently (per- + desa + -an > pedesaan).
• pel- is only used in the words ajar and unjur together with their derivatives.

• “per-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

From Proto-Italic *peri-. Related to per (“through”).

per-

1. Used to make adjectives or verbs that are "very" something.

   magnus (“great, large”) → permagnus (“very great, very large”)

   multī (“many”) → permultī (“very many”)

2. Used to form verbs that are intensive or completive, conveying the idea of doing something all the way through or entirely.

• -ior
• -issimus

From Proto-Austronesian *paR- (“divide into x (x = numeral)”).

• IPA^(key): /pər/
• Rhymes: -ər

per- (Jawi spelling ڤر)

1. abstraction, place, goal, result

   Perlawanan ― Match (game)

2. divided by X numeral

   Satu perdua ― One divided by two

3. each, per

   Synonyms: tiap-tiap, se-

   40 km per jam ― 40 km per hour

• Indonesian: per-

• “per” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*paR-₂”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

per-

1. per-

• “per-”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28