jaki
Hausa
editEtymology
editUnknown.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editjā̀kī m (feminine jā̀kā, plural jā̀kai or jākunā̀, possessed form jā̀kin)
References
editIcelandic
editEtymology
editFrom Old Norse jaki, from Proto-Germanic *jekô, perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁yeg- or of later Finnic origin (compare Uralic *jäŋe 'ice').
Pronunciation
editNoun
editjaki m (genitive singular jaka, nominative plural jakar)
Declension
editIdo
editNoun
editjaki
Japanese
editRomanization
editjaki
Javanese
editNoun
editjaki
Synonyms
editLatvian
editNoun
editjaki m
Mangas
editPronunciation
editNoun
editjaki
References
edit- Blench, Robert; Bulkaam, Michael (2021) An Introduction to Mantsi, a South Bauchi language of Central Nigeria. University of Cambridge.
Marshallese
editPronunciation
editNoun
editjaki
- mat.
References
editOld Norse
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Germanic *jekô.
Noun
editjaki m (genitive jaka)
Declension
editRelated terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- “jaki”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Old Polish
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *jakъ. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editjaki
- introduces a question about a trait; what, what... like
- 1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[1], section 11,7:
- Abiszczye wyedzely, yakym dzywem rozdzely pan Egipskye od Israhelskich (ut sciatis, quanto miraculo dividat dominus Aegyptios et Israel)
- [Abyście wiedzieli, jakim dziwem rozdzieli Pan Ejipskie od Israhelskich (ut sciatis, quanto miraculo dividat dominus Aegyptios et Israel)]
- 1930 [c. 1455], “I Reg”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[2], 28, 14:
- Saul rzecze: Iaka twarz gego (qualis est forma eius)?
- [Saul rzecze: Jaka twarz jego (qualis est forma eius)?]
- used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis; what a! how!
- Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[3], page 521:
- A myly Iesucriste, yakye tve vbostvo!
- [A miły Jesukryste, jakie twe ubostwo!]
- introduces a sentence of degree how
- 1462-1463, Wiersz o zabiciu Andrzeja Tęczyńskiego[4], line 1:
- A yaczy tho szly ludze myeszczanye cracovianye!
- [A jacy to źli ludzie mieszczanie krakowianie!]
- (attested in Lesser Poland, Masovia) introduces a relative clause; that
- 1930 [c. 1455], “Ex”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[5], section 11,6:
- Bødze krzyk wyelyky we wszey szemy egipskyey, yaky gest nye bil drzewyey (clamor magnus..., qualis nec ante fuit)
- [Będzie krzyk wieliki we wszej ziemi ejipskiej, jaki jest nie był drzewiej (clamor magnus..., qualis nec ante fuit)]
- Beginning of the 15th century, Łukasz z Wielkiego Koźmina, Kazania gnieźnieńskie[6], Krakow, page 178b:
- Vczeczmi szø k ne szauitagøcz gø thø to modlithfø, gakøcz gest gø szauital byl... Gabriel angol
- [Ucieczmy się k nie zawitając ją tą to modlitwą, jakąć jest ją zawitał był... Gabryjeł anjoł]
- 1950 [1439], Władysław Kuraszkiewicz, Adam Wolff, editors, Zapiski i roty polskie XV-XVI wieku z ksiąg sądowych ziemi warszawskiej, number 877, Warsaw:
- Mycolay nye ranczil Ianovy takego lysta viprawicz oth op[t]ata, yaky Mychal myal
- [Mikołaj nie ręczył Janowi takiego lista wyprawić ot op[t]ata, jaki Michał miał]
- 1928 [End of the fifteenth century], Jan Janów, editor, Zespół ewangelijny Biblioteki Ordynacji Zamoyskich nr 1116, Warsaw, page 307:
- Iakye slyszelysmy vczynky v Kapharnavm, czyn y thv w oyczysnye thvogyey (quanta audivimus facta in Capharnaum, fac et hic in patria tua Luc 4, 23)
- [Jakie słyszelismy uczynki w Kafarnaum, czyń i tu w ojczyźnie twojej (quanta audivimus facta in Capharnaum, fac et hic in patria tua Luc 4, 23)]
- (attested in Lesser Poland) introduces a predicate sentence; like
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter][7], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], page Ath 7:
- Yaky oczecz, taky syn (qualis pater, talis filius)
- [Jaki Ociec, taki Syn (qualis Pater, talis Filius)]
- indeterminate pronoun; some
- 1882 [Fifteenth century], Emil Kałużniacki, editor, Kleinere altpolnische Texte aus Handschriften des XV. und des Anfangs des XVI. Jahrhunderts[8], page 274:
- Bvnthowanye yakye machinatio aliqua
- [Buntowanie jakie machinatio aliqua]
Descendants
editReferences
edit- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “jaki”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “jaki”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “jaki”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “jaki”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish jaki.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editjaki
- introduces a question about a trait; what, what... like
- Jaka jest pogoda? ― What is the weather like?
- introduces a question asking which something is of a series; what
- Synonym: który
- Jaki film obejrzałaś? ― What movie did you watch?
- introduces a relative clause where the relative clause shares the same traits and qualities as the previously mentioned noun; that
- Książka, jaką czytał, była o potworach. ― The book that he was reading was about monsters.
- (colloquial) used to give an approximation of amount; about; some
- used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis; what a! how!
- Synonym: ale
- Jaki piękny ogród! ― What a beautiful garden!
- (colloquial, usually in collocation with znowu) expresses surprise; what
- Pieróg? Jaki (znowu) pieróg? ― Pierogi? What pierogi?
Adjective
editjaki (not comparable, no derived adverb)
- (colloquial) some (indetermined)
- Synonym: jakiś
Declension
editsingular | plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine animate | masculine inanimate | feminine | neuter | virile (= masculine personal) | non-virile | |
nominative | jaki | jaka | jakie | jacy | jakie | |
genitive | jakiego | jakiej | jakiego | jakich | ||
dative | jakiemu | jakiej | jakiemu | jakim | ||
accusative | jakiego | jaki | jaką | jakie | jakich | jakie |
instrumental | jakim | jaką | jakim | jakimi | ||
locative | jakim | jakiej | jakim | jakich |
Trivia
editAccording to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), jaki is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 121 times in scientific texts, 72 times in news, 141 times in essays, 119 times in fiction, and 172 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 625 times, making it the 73rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
editFurther reading
edit- jaki in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- jaki in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “jaki”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “JAKI”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2010 February 17
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “jaki”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “jaki”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “jaki”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 127
- jaki in Narodowy Fotokorpus Języka Polskiego
Silesian
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish jaki.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editjaki
- introduces a question about a trait; what, what... like
- introduces a question asking which something is of a series; what
- introduces a relative clause where the relative clause shares the same traits and qualities as the previously mentioned noun; that
- used at the beginning of a sentence for emphasis; what a! how!
- used to give an approximation of amount; about; some
- Synonym: jakiś
Further reading
edit- Hausa terms with unknown etymologies
- Hausa terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hausa lemmas
- Hausa nouns
- Hausa masculine nouns
- ha:Equids
- Icelandic terms derived from Old Norse
- Icelandic terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Icelandic terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Icelandic 2-syllable words
- Icelandic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Icelandic/aːcɪ
- Rhymes:Icelandic/aːcɪ/2 syllables
- Icelandic lemmas
- Icelandic nouns
- Icelandic masculine nouns
- Ido non-lemma forms
- Ido noun forms
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Javanese lemmas
- Javanese nouns
- Javanese polite terms
- Javanese dialectal terms
- Latvian non-lemma forms
- Latvian noun forms
- Mangas terms with IPA pronunciation
- Mangas lemmas
- Mangas nouns
- zns:Mammals
- Marshallese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Marshallese lemmas
- Marshallese nouns
- Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse nouns
- Old Norse masculine nouns
- Old Norse masculine an-stem nouns
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish pronouns
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- Lesser Poland Old Polish
- Masovia Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish 2-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/aki
- Rhymes:Polish/aki/2 syllables
- Polish terms with homophones
- Polish lemmas
- Polish pronouns
- Polish terms with usage examples
- Polish colloquialisms
- Polish adjectives
- Polish uncomparable adjectives
- Polish velar adjectives
- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Silesian terms derived from Old Polish
- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/aki
- Rhymes:Silesian/aki/2 syllables
- Silesian lemmas
- Silesian pronouns