PIr
|
PWIr
|
Bal
|
PMP
|
OWIr
|
MWIr
|
WIr
|
Examples
|
OM |
OP |
MM |
Pth |
EMP |
LMP |
Krd |
Med |
Prs |
PIr |
Bal |
PWIr |
WOIr |
WMIr |
WIr
|
*b
|
*b
|
b
|
*b
|
b
|
*b
|
b
|
*bráHtā (“brother”)
|
barát
|
*brātā
|
OP brā́tā
|
Pth. brād, MP brād
|
Krd. bra, Med. barā, barāt
|
|
|
*β ‹b›[C 1] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*β[C 2]
|
|
|
w
|
|
|
|
*naybah (“blessed”)
|
|
*naiβah
|
OP naibaʰ |
Pth nēw, MP nēw
|
|
*č /tš/
|
*č
|
č
|
*č
|
*č ‹c›
|
*č
|
č ‹c›
|
č ‹ç› |
č |
|
*čárma (“skin”)
|
čarm
|
*čarma
|
OM *čarma, OP čarma
|
MM *čarm, Pth čarm, MP čarm
|
Krd. çerm, Krm. čarm
|
*ǰ[C 3]
|
*ǰ ‹c›
|
*ž
|
*ǰ > *ž ‹ž, c›
|
*ǰ ‹c›
|
*ž > z ‹z›
|
ž ‹j› |
|
|
*ráwčah (“day”)
|
rōč
|
*rauǰah
|
OM *rauǰah, OP raucaʰ
|
MM *rōǰ, Pth rōž, MP rōz
|
Krd. roj, Med. rū, rūj
|
*ǰ /dž/
|
*ǰ
|
ǰ ‹j›
|
*ž
|
*ž ‹j› |
*ž |
*ž ‹j›
|
z
|
|
|
*ǰánHs (“woman”)
|
|
*žanih
|
OM *žanih, OP *janih
|
MM *žan, Pth. žan, MP zan
|
|
*ć /ts/
|
*s
|
s
|
*s
|
θ
|
|
h
|
|
|
|
*ćuxráh (“red”)
|
suhr
|
*suxrah
|
OM *suxrah, OP *θuxrah
|
MM *suhr, Pth suxr, MP suxr
|
Krd. sûr, Krm. sūr
|
*s
|
s
|
*s
|
θ
|
h
|
|
|
|
*Hrāθáh (“road”)
|
|
*rāθah
|
OP *rāθah
|
Pth rāh, MP rāh
|
|
*tʰ
|
*tʰ
|
tʰ
|
*θ
|
|
|
s[C 4]
|
|
|
|
*catám (“hundred”)
|
|
*catam
|
OP *θatam
|
Pth sad, MP sad
|
|
š[C 5] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*dáHθnah (“gift”)
|
|
*dāšnah
|
OM *dāšnah, OP *dāšnah
|
Pth dāšn, MP dāšn
|
|
š[C 6] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*d
|
*d
|
d
|
*d
|
d |
*d
|
d
|
d
|
|
*dā́ru (“wood”)
|
|
*dāru
|
OM *dāru, OP dāru
|
MM *dār, MP dār
|
Krd. dār
|
*δ[C 2]
|
*δ ‹d›
|
*y |
*δ ‹d›
|
y
|
|
*pā́dah (“foot”)
|
pád
|
*pāδah
|
OM *pāδah, OP pādaʰ
|
MM *pāδ, Pth. pāδ, MP pāy
|
Krd. pē, Krm. pā
|
*g
|
*g
|
g
|
*g
|
g
|
*g
|
g
|
|
|
|
*gā́wš (“cow”)
|
|
*gāwš
|
OM *gāwš, OP *gāuš
|
MM *gāw, Pth. gāw, MP gāw
|
|
*ǧ[C 2]
|
*ǧ ‹g›
|
*ǧ
|
*ǧ ‹ǧ, g›
|
*ǧ ‹g›
|
k |
|
|
*yugám (“yoke”)
|
ji
|
*yuǧam
|
OM *ǰugam, OP ǰugam
|
MM *ǰuǧ, Pth. yuǧ, MP ǰuǧ
|
|
*ǧ ‹g›
|
*y > ∅
|
y
|
|
*dr̥Hgáh (“long”)
|
|
*darǧah
|
OM *darǧah, OP dargaʰ
|
MM *dēr, Pth. darǧ, EMP daǧr, LMP dēr
|
|
*y > ∅ > h
|
y
|
|
*taygáh (“sharp”)
|
|
*taiǧah
|
OP *taigah
|
EMP tēy, LMP tēh
|
|
*ǧʷ > w[C 7]
|
|
|
|
*mr̥gáh (“hen”)
|
|
*mr̥ʷǧah
|
OM *mr̥ǧah, OP *mr̥gah
|
MM *murǧ, Pth. murǧ, MP murw
|
|
*h
|
*h
|
h
|
*h
|
*h
|
h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*h
|
*h
|
∅[C 8] |
*∅
|
∅
|
|
|
|
|
*hráwtah (“stream”)
|
|
*rautah
|
OM *rauδah, OP rautaʰ
|
MM *rōy, Pth. rōd, MP rōd
|
|
*j /dz/
|
*j
|
z
|
*j
|
*δ ‹d› |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*δ > d[C 9]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
š[C 5] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*k
|
*k
|
k
|
*k
|
k |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*káHmah (“wish”)
|
|
*kāmah
|
OM *kāmah, OP kāmaʰ
|
MP kām
|
|
*m
|
*m
|
m
|
*m
|
m |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*n
|
*n
|
n
|
*n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*p
|
*p
|
p
|
*p
|
p
|
|
|
p |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
b[C 3] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*pʰ
|
*pʰ
|
pʰ
|
*f
|
f |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*r
|
*r
|
r
|
*r
|
r |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
∅[C 10]
|
|
|
|
|
*tŕ̥šnah (“thirst”)
|
tunnag
|
*tr̥šnah
|
|
Pth. tišnag, MP tišn
|
|
*s
|
*s
|
s
|
*s
|
s |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*š
|
*š
|
š
|
*š
|
š |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*t
|
*t
|
t
|
*t
|
t
|
|
|
t |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
d[C 3] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*w
|
*w
|
w
|
*w
|
*w ‹v›
|
|
|
w |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*gʷ ‹g›[C 11]
|
|
|
|
|
|
*wŕ̥kah (“wolf”)
|
|
*wr̥ʷkah
|
OM *wr̥kah, OP vr̥kaʰ
|
MM *warg, Pth. gurg, MP gurg
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*wiHanHáh (“life, soul”)
|
|
*wyānah
|
OM *wyānah, OP *vyānah
|
MM [Term?], Pth. gyān, MP gyān
|
|
*w
|
w
|
*uw[C 12]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*kʰ
|
*kʰ
|
kʰ
|
*x
|
x |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*taxmáh (“strong”)
|
|
*taxmah
|
OM *taxmah, OP *tahmah
|
MM *tahm, Pth. tahm, MP tahm
|
|
∅ |
h |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*táwxmā (“seed”)
|
tūm
|
*tauxmā
|
OM *tauxmā, OP tauʰmā
|
MM *tōxm, Pth. tōxm, EMP tōhm, LMP tōm
|
|
*y
|
*y
|
y
|
*y
|
y
|
|
|
y |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ǰ ‹j›
|
*j[C 13]
|
y
|
*ǰ ‹y›[C 13]
|
ǰ ‹c› |
|
|
*HyúHā (“young”)
|
|
*yūwā
|
OM *ǰuwā, OP *ǰuwā
|
MM *ǰúwān, Pth. yuwān, MP ǰuwān
|
Prs. javân
|
ǰ ‹j›
|
*h
|
h
|
*jráyah (“sea”)
|
|
*jrayah
|
OM *zrayəh, OP *draiiaʰ
|
MM *zrēh, Pth. zrēh
|
|
y
|
*iy[C 12]
|
iy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*z
|
*z
|
z
|
*z
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
*ž
|
*ž
|
ž
|
*ž
|
ž |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|