Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the Bureau régional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique.

• PVA: “le système de graphie”

Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the Groupe de Conflans.^{[note 1]}

Partly etymological and partly diaphonemic orthography proposed by Dominique Stich as a written standard for FP. This is used for lemmatization on Wiktionary for lack of another option.

Sometimes a FP lemma on Wiktionary corresponds to an alternative form in Stich that has been judged a better overall fit for the regional realizations. For instance ârbro (as opposed to Stich's preferred âbro) has been chosen as a compromise between the regional types [-rb(V)r-], [-br-], and [-rb-].

• Stich 2001
• Stich 2003
• ORB 4.9.18 (latest update)

FP pronunciations on Wiktionary are given in phonetic form, not phonemic. Due to the language's high degree of regional variation, it is inadvisable to add any phonemic transcription without first determining the specific phonology of the (micro-)dialect in question.

All transcriptions are either taken from a linguistic atlas or carefully made by an editor on the basis of a cited audio recording. Most of the atlases use pre-modern phonetic notations, an overview of which is provided below.

Devised in the late nineteenth century by Jean-Pierre Rousselot and Jules Gilliéron. Its use in the monumental Atlas linguistique de la France made it the predominant notation in French dialectology for most of the twentieth century.

 

The “core” vowels are ⟨i u e œ a ė o ꭒ⟩, which stand for [i̞ y̞ e̞ ø̞ ä ə o̞ u̞] respectively. These form the basis for all other vowel notations.

• ◌̀ indicates a relatively open vowel; ◌́ a relatively close vowel.
  • Example: ⟨è⟩ stands for [ɛ], the vowel one degree lower than ⟨e⟩ [e̞].
  • Exceptions: ⟨à⟩ and ⟨á⟩ stand for front [a] and back [ɑ] respectively (not *[ä̞], *[ä̝]).
• Vowel superpositions indicate intermediate qualities.
  • Example: ⟨eͥ⟩ stands for [e̝], the vowel between ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.^{[note 2]}
• ◌̇ indicates mid-centralization (only in the TPh).
  • Exception: since ⟨ė⟩ is reserved for schwa, the mid-centralized counterpart to ⟨e⟩ is instead written ⟨ë⟩.

• ◌̆ indicates a relatively short duration; ◌̄ a relatively long duration.
  • Example: ⟨ū́⟩ stands for [yː].
  • Duration is rarely specified for ⟨ė⟩ (schwa) and never for weakly articulated vowels.
• ◌̃ indicates nasalization.
  • Example: ⟨è̃⟩ stands for [ɛ̃].
  • A somewhat wavier tilde, for which there is no unicode symbol, indicates partial nasalization.^{[note 3]}
• Subscript is used to indicate weak articulation.
  • Example: ⟨ₑ̇⟩ stands for [ə͉].
• ◌̩ indicates stress.
  • Example: ⟨á̩⟩ stands for [ˈɑ] or [ˌɑ].
  • It is commonly omitted in oxytones, i.e. where French speakers would naturally expect it.

• Shows a strong bias towards the “classical” French vowels ⟨é è á à ò ó⟩. Intermediate or indeterminate ⟨e a o⟩ are uncommon, except in the context of weak articulation.
• Shows a strong tendency to mark vowels as either short or long, leaving few with intermediate or indeterminate duration.

• Shows much the same bias towards “classical” French vowels as the ALF.
• Vowel duration is rarely marked.

• The top two vowel heights are not distinguished: ⟨í⟩ is transcribed as ⟨i⟩, etc.^{[note 4]}

• ALF: Notice servant à l'intelligence des cartes, p 18
• ALLy: volume IV, pp 59–60
• RPGR: volume I, pp 3–17
• TPh: pp VII–X, 1

Faute de mieux, a series of arbitrary groupings has been adapted here from Stich 2003.

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
  • Les Ponts
• TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Boudry, Cerneux-Pêquignot, Chaux-du-Milieu, Corcelles, Côte-aux-Fées, Landeron, Montalchez, Noiraigue, Savagnier

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Neuchâtel.

• DLG: chNCh
• MHN

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Vaud.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Échallens, Gingins, Le Brassus, Le Pont, L'Étivaz, Vevey, Vuitebœuf
• TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Arnex, Charnex, Château-d'Œx, Chevroux, Commugny, L'Auberson, Le Sentier, Longirod, Montpreveyres, Ormont-Dessus, Prahins, Roche, Vallorbe, Vaugondry, Villars-le-Terroir, Vullierens

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the Vaud.

• DLG: docVaud

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Fribourg.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Belfaux, Billens, Estavayer, Gruyères
• DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
  • Allières, Treyvaux
• TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Arconciel, Avry, Courtepin, Dompierre, Montbovon, Murist, Semsales, Sugiez

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Fribourg.

• DLG: DocFrib

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Valais.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Bourg-St-Pierre, Évolène, Le Châble, Lens, Nendaz, St-Maurice, Vissoie
• ALV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
  • Arbaz, Chalais, Chamoson, Conthey, Évolène, Fully, Hérémence, Isérables, Lens, Les Marécottes, Liddes, Lourtier, Miège, Montana, Nendaz, Orsières, St-Jean, Savièse, Troistorrents, Val-d'Illiez, Vouvry
• APV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Évolène, Liddes
• DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following location:
  • Savièse
• TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Ayent, Champéry, Collombey, Conthey, Évolène, Fully, Grimentz, Grône, Lourtier, Martigny, Miège, Nendaz, Orsières, Savièse, St-Gingolph

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Valais.

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Aosta Valley.

• AIS: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Brusson, Rhêmes-St-Georges, St-Marcel
• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Aosta, Ayas, Champorcher, Châtillon, Courmayeur
• ALV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Bionaz, Torgnon
• APV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Arnad, Ayas, Champorcher, Cogne, Émarèse, Fénis, Gaby, La Salle, La Thuile, Oyace, Quart, Rhêmes-St-Georges, St-Oyen, Sarre, Valsavarenche, Valtournenche
• PVA: orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
  • Allein, Antey-St-André, Aosta, Arnad, Arvier, Avise, Ayas, Aymavilles, Bard, Bionaz, Brissogne, Brusson, Challand-St-Anselme, Challand-St-Victor, Chambave, Chamois, Champdepraz, Champorcher, Charvensod, Châtillon, Cogne, Courmayeur, Donnas, Doues, Émarèse, Étroubles, Fénis, Fontainemore, Gaby, Gignod, Gressan, Hône, Introd, Issogne, Jovençan, La Magdeleine, La Salle, La Thuile, Lillianes, Montjovet, Morgex, Nus, Ollomont, Oyace, Perloz, Pollein, Pontboset, Pontey, Pont-St-Martin, Pré-St-Didier, Quart, Rhêmes-St-Georges, Roisan, St-Christophe, St-Denis, St-Marcel, St-Nicolas, St-Oyen, St-Pierre, St-Rhémy-en-Bosses, St-Vincent, Sarre, Torgnon, Valgrisenche, Valpelline, Valsavarenche, Valtournenche, Verrayes, Verrès, Villeneuve
• VIV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
  • Brusson, Cogne, Courmayeur, Fénis, Rhêmes-St-Georges, St-Nicolas, St-Rhémy, Valtournenche, St-Marcel

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Piedmont.

• AIS: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Ala di Stura, Bruzolo, Giaveno, Noasca, Ronco Canavese
• ALP: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Balme, Chialamberto, Chianocco, Coazze, Giaglione, Ingria, Lemie, Mattie, Novalesa, Prato Botrile, Ribordone, San Giuliano
• DGL: orthographic forms from the following location:
  • Giaglione
• VFC: orthographic forms from the following location:
  • Ceres
• VIV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following locations:
  • Ala di Stura, Coazze, Ronco Canavese

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Apulia.

• AIS: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
  • Faeto
• VIV: phonetic transcriptions and recordings from the following location:
  • Celle di San Vito, Faeto

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Bons, Bozel, Chamonix, Chignin, Épierre, Hauteluce, La Biolle, Lanslebourg, Le Biot, Meillerie, Pringy, St-Martin-de-la-Porte, St-Pierre-de-Rumilly, Séez, Sixt, Thônes, Verrens-Arvey
• ALV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Abondance, Sixt
• APV: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Les Contamines-Montjoie, Tignes
• LPT: orthographic forms from the following locations:
  • Tignes

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Chambéry.

• SSV

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Geneva.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
  • Bernex
• TPh: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Collex, Hermance, Laconnex, Vernier, Veyrier

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the former French province of Franche-Comté.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • La Rivière, Montain, Morbier, Ney, Plaisia, St-Amour, Vaux-lès-St-Claude

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bugey.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Brion, Surjoux, Torcieu
• DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following location:
  • Sonthonnax^{[note 5]}

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Dauphiné.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Charavines, Clonas, Le Grand-Serre, Morestel, Oisans, Sassenage, St-Jean-de-Bournay, Theys
• ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Clonas, Jardin, Pommier

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Grenoble.

• DLG: Codi, docGren

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Dombes.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
  • Villars-les-Dombes
• ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Mogneneins, St-Euphémie

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bresse.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Lent, Replonges
• ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Grièges, Replonges
• DFF: orthographic forms and recordings from the following locations:
  • Attignat, Boissey, Condal, Cras, Curciat, Coligny, Confrançon, Domsure, La Genête, Lescheroux, Mantenay-Montlin, Montrevel, Marsonnas, Pirajoux, Polliat, St-Cyr, St-Jean-sur-Reyssouze, St-Martin-le-Châtel, St-Rémy, St-Trivier, Romenay, St-Étienne, Ste-Croix-en-Bresse, Savigny, Vandeins, Varennes, Viriat

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Bresse.

• DLG

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French arrondissement of Mâcon.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following location:
  • Davayé
• ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Clessé, Davayé, St-Pierre-le-Vieux

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Beaujolais.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Cours, St-Lager
• ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Huissel, Chambost-Allières, Chénas, Chénelette, La Ville, Marchampt, Pommiers, St-Clément, St-Igny, Ste-Paule
• DPB: orthographic transcriptions from the following location:
  • Belleroche

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Beaujolais.

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Lyonnais.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Bully, St-Priest, St-Symphorien
• ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Affoux, Courzieu, Feyzin, Haute-Rivoire, Larajasse, Marennes, Poleymieux, Soucieu, Ste-Consorce, St-Germain, St-Jean-de-Touslas

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Lyon.

• DLG: docLyon
• PhL

Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Forez.

• ALF: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
  • Ambierle, Néronde, Sail-sous-Couzan
• ALLy: phonetic transcriptions from the following locations:
• Arcon, Arthun, Coutouvre, Essertines, Jas, La Valla, Poncins, Roisey, Sail-les-Bains, St-Bonnet-des-Quarts, St-Bonnet-les-Oules, St-Denis-de-Cabane, Ste-Colombe, Ste-Croix-en-Jarez, St-Georges, St-Jodard, St-Marcel-d'Urfé, St-Maurice-sur-Loire , Sury

Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from region of Forez.

• DLG

Jaberg, Karl & Jud, Jakob. 1928‒40. Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz. Zofingen: Ringier.

1919‒28

• Böhmer‒Ascoli

• <https://navigais-web.pd.istc.cnr.it> for the original maps
• <https://www.ais-reloaded.uzh.ch> for a modernized version

Gilliéron, Jules & Edmont, Edmond. 1902‒10. Atlas linguistique de la France. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.

1897‒1901

• Rousselot‒Gilliéron

• <http://lig-tdcge.imag.fr/steamer/eclats/cartesALF/TIFF> for all of the maps (as individual files)
• <https://archive.org/details/atlaslinguistnot00gilluoft> for the Notice servant à l'intelligence des cartes

Gardette, Pierre. 1950‒76. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Lyonnais. Paris: CNRS.

1945‒8

• Rousselot‒Gilliéron

• <https://www.ortolang.fr/market/corpora/ally?path=%2FAlly>

(shortened from ALEPO)

Vv.Aa. 2003‒. Atlante Linguistico ed Etnografico del Piemonte Occidentale - ALEPO.

1980‒91

• International Phonetic Alphabet

• <https://www.alepo.unito.it/il-progetto/i-risultati-pubblicazioni/pubblicazioni-dellalepo> for volume V

(shortened from ALAVAL)

Diémoz, Federica & Kristol, Andres (eds). 2019. Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du francoprovençal valaisan. Neuchâtel: University of Neuchâtel.

1994‒2001

• International Phonetic Alphabet

• <https://alaval.unine.ch/>

Fave, Saverio & Raimondi, Gianmario (eds.) 2020. Atlas des patois valdôtains. APV/1 – Le lait et les activités laitières. Arvier: Le Château.

1973‒2001

• International Phonetic Alphabet

• <https://www.patoisvda.org/atlas-patois-valdotains>

University of Montréal. Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal. <https://dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca>

• ORB
• Graphie de Conflans for the Bressan varieties
• Other semi-phonetic orthographies for the Fribourgeois and Valaisan varieties

Kolly, Albert & Monnard, Jean-Marie & Thorimbert, Jean-Louis. 2013. Dictionnaire français-patois. Société cantonale des patoisants fribourgeois.

<https://apps.apple.com/za/app/dikchen%C3%A9ro/id710440993> for a free application featuring much of its content

Vv.Aa. 2011. Dizionario Giaglionese. Borgone: Edizione del Graffio.

An esoteric semi-phonetic orthography.^{[note 6]}

• <https://www.dizionariogiaglionese.it/>

University of Zurich. Documents linguistiques galloromans. <https://www.rose.uzh.ch/docling/>

Comby, Auguste. 1994. Dictionnaire du patois de Belleroche (Loire). Dijon: Association bourguinonne de Dialectologie et d'Onomastique / Institut Pierre Gardette.

• Graphie de Conflans

Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph. 1902. Dictionnaire savoyard. Paris: Librairie Émile Bouillon / Annecy : Imprimerie Abry.

Esoteric; see pages XXV–XLII.

• <https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6540091b>

Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1924‒33. Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande. Neuchâtel: Attinger.

<https://www.unine.ch/isla/en/home/presentation/gpsr.html>

Célestin, Duch. Béjean, Henri. 1998. Le patois de Tignes (Savoie). Grenoble: ELLUG.

• Graphie de Conflans

Matile, George-Auguste. 1844–8. Monuments de l'histoire de Neuchâtel. 2 vols. Neuchâtel: Attinger.

• <https://doc.rero.ch/record/18242>

Philipon, Édouard. 1884. “Phonétique lyonnaise au XIV^e siècle”. Romania. 13: 542–90.

<https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1884_num_13_52_6326>

Autonomous region of Aosta Valley. PatoisVdA. <https://www.patoisvda.org/>

Graphie BREL

Gilliéron, Jules & Rousselot, Jean-Pierre. 1887–92. Revue des patois gallo-romans. 5 vols. Paris/Neuchâtel: Champion/Attinger (1887–8), Paris: Welter (1890–2).

<https://archive.org/search?query=Revue+des+patois+gallo-romans>

Vv.Aa. Mémoires et documents. Chambéry: Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie.

• <https://www.ssha.fr/parutions>

Stich, Dominique. 2001. Francoprovençal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisée. Thesis. University of Paris.

• ORB

<http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/These_Stich_2001.pdf>

Stich, Dominique. 2003. Dictionnaire francoprovençal/français, français/francoprovençal: Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal: Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée. Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré.

• ORB

Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1925. Tableaux phonétiques des patois suisses romands: relevés comparatifs d’environ 500 mots dans 62 patois-types. Neuchâtel: Attinger.

1904‒7

• Rousselot‒Gilliéron

• <https://www.patoisneuchatelois.net/patoisneuchatelois.net/Bibliografia.html> for the original
• <https://tppsr.clld.org> for a modernized version

Genta, Diego Toumazìna & Santacroce, Claudio. 2013. Vocabolario del patois francoprovenzale di Ceres (Valli di Lanzo). Turin: Il Punto.

• Graphie BREL

(shortened from VIVALDI)

Kattenbusch, Dieter et al. (1998‒), Vivaio acustico delle lingue e dei dialetti d’Italia. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Romanistik.

1992‒present

• Böhmer‒Ascoli

• <https://www2.hu-berlin.de/vivaldi/index.php>