Appendix:Assamese Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Assamese, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
edit- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
edit| № | English | Assamese অসমীয়া (oxomia) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | মই (moi) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | তই (toi) (familiar), তুমি (tumi) (casual), আপুনি (apuni) (polite) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | সি (xi), ই (i) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | আমি (ami) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | তহঁত (tohõt) (familiar), তোমালোক (tümalük) (casual), আপোনালোক (apünalük) (polite) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | সিহঁত (xihõt), ইহঁত (ihõt) |
| 7 | this | এই (ei) |
| 8 | that | সেই (xei) |
| 9 | here | ইয়াত (iat) |
| 10 | there | তাত (tat) |
| 11 | who | কোন (kün) |
| 12 | what | কি (ki) |
| 13 | where | ক’ত (köt) |
| 14 | when | কেতিয়া (ketia) |
| 15 | how | কেনে (kene) |
| 16 | not | নাই (nai) |
| 17 | all | আটাই (atai), সকলো (xokolü) |
| 18 | many | বহুত (bohut) |
| 19 | some | অলপ (olop) |
| 20 | few | অলপ (olop) |
| 21 | other | আন (an) |
| 22 | one | এক (ek) |
| 23 | two | দুই (dui) |
| 24 | three | তিনি (tini) |
| 25 | four | চাৰি (sari) |
| 26 | five | পাঁচ (pãs) |
| 27 | big | ডাঙৰ (daṅor) |
| 28 | long | দীঘল (dighol) |
| 29 | wide | বহল (bohol) |
| 30 | thick | ডাঠ (dath), মোটা (müta) |
| 31 | heavy | ভাৰী (bhari) |
| 32 | small | সৰু (xoru) |
| 33 | short | চুটি (suti), চাপৰ (sapor) |
| 34 | narrow | ঠেক (thek) |
| 35 | thin | পাতল (patol), খীণ (khin) |
| 36 | woman | মাইকী মানুহ (maiki manuh) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | মতা মানুহ (mota manuh) |
| 38 | man (human being) | মানুহ (manuh) |
| 39 | child | ল’ৰা-ছোৱালী (löra-süali), ছলি (soli) |
| 40 | wife | ঘৈণী (ghoini) |
| 41 | husband | গিৰি (giri), পৈ (poi) |
| 42 | mother | মা (ma), আই (ai), আম্মা (amma) |
| 43 | father | দেউতা (deuta), বাপ (bap), আব্বা (abba) |
| 44 | animal | জীৱ-জন্তু (ziw-zontu) |
| 45 | fish | মাছ (mas) |
| 46 | bird | চৰাই (sorai) |
| 47 | dog | কুকুৰ (kukur) |
| 48 | louse | ওকণি (ükoni) |
| 49 | snake | সাপ (xap) |
| 50 | worm | পেলু (pelu) |
| 51 | tree | গছ (gos) |
| 52 | forest | হাবি (habi), জংঘল (zoṅghol), বন (bon) |
| 53 | stick | বাৰি (bari), কাঠি (kathi) |
| 54 | fruit | ফল (phol) |
| 55 | seed | গুটি (guti) |
| 56 | leaf | পাত (pat) |
| 57 | root | শিপা (xipa) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | বাকলি (bakoli) |
| 59 | flower | ফুল (phul) |
| 60 | grass | ঘাঁহ (ghãh) |
| 61 | rope | ৰছী (rosi) |
| 62 | skin | ছাল (sal), চামৰা (samra) |
| 63 | meat | মঙহ (moṅoh), মাংস (maṅxo) |
| 64 | blood | তেজ (tez) |
| 65 | bone | হাড় (har) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | চৰ্বি (sorri), তেল (tel) |
| 67 | egg | কণী (koni) |
| 68 | horn | শিং (xiṅ) |
| 69 | tail | নেজ (nez) |
| 70 | feather | পাখি (pakhi) |
| 71 | hair | চুলি (suli) |
| 72 | head | মূৰ (mur), মাথা (matha) |
| 73 | ear | কান (kan) |
| 74 | eye | চকু (soku) |
| 75 | nose | নাক (nak) |
| 76 | mouth | মুখ (mukh) |
| 77 | tooth | দাঁত (dãt) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | জিভা (zibha) |
| 79 | fingernail | নখ (nokh) |
| 80 | foot | ভৰি (bhori) |
| 81 | leg | ভৰি (bhori), ঠেং (theṅ) |
| 82 | knee | আঁঠু (ãthu) |
| 83 | hand | হাত (hat) |
| 84 | wing | ডেউকা (deuka), পাখি (pakhi) |
| 85 | belly | পেট (pet) |
| 86 | guts | নাড়ী (nari) |
| 87 | neck | ডিঙি (diṅi) |
| 88 | back | পিঠি (pithi) |
| 89 | breast | বুকু (buku) |
| 90 | heart | হিয়া (hia), কলিজা (koliza), আমঠু (amothu) |
| 91 | liver | যকৃত (zokrit), কলিজা (koliza) (also 'heart') |
| 92 | to drink | খোৱা (khüa), পি খা (pi kha), পি (pi) |
| 93 | to eat | খা (kha) |
| 94 | to bite | কামোৰ (kamür) |
| 95 | to suck | চুহ (suh), চুপ (sup), শোহ (xüh) |
| 96 | to spit | থু পেলা (thu pela) |
| 97 | to vomit | বমি কৰ (bomi kor) |
| 98 | to blow | ফু দে (phu de) |
| 99 | to breathe | উশাহ ল (uxah lo) |
| 100 | to laugh | হাঁহ (hãh) |
| 101 | to see | দেখ (dekh) |
| 102 | to hear | শুন (xun) |
| 103 | to know | জান (zan) |
| 104 | to think | ভাব (bhabo) |
| 105 | to smell | শুং (xuṅ) |
| 106 | to fear | ভয় খা (bhoy kha) |
| 107 | to sleep | শু (xu) |
| 108 | to live | জীয়াই থাক (ziai thak) |
| 109 | to die | মৰ (mor) |
| 110 | to kill | মাৰ (mar), মাৰি পেলা (mari pela) |
| 111 | to fight | যুঁজ (zũz) |
| 112 | to hunt | চিকাৰ কৰ (sikar kor) |
| 113 | to hit | পিট (pit) |
| 114 | to cut | কাট (kat) |
| 115 | to split | ভগা (bhoga) |
| 116 | to stab | খোঁচ (khü̃s) |
| 117 | to scratch | আঁচোৰ (ãsür) |
| 118 | to dig | খান্দ (khando) |
| 119 | to swim | সাঁতোৰ (xãtür) |
| 120 | to fly | উৰ (ur) |
| 121 | to walk | খোজ কাঢ় (khüz karh) |
| 122 | to come | আহ (ah) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | বাগৰ (bagor) |
| 124 | to sit | বহ (boh) |
| 125 | to stand | থিয় হ (thi ho) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | পাক মাৰ (pak mar) |
| 127 | to fall | পাৰ (par) |
| 128 | to give | দে (de) |
| 129 | to hold | ধৰ (dhor) |
| 130 | to squeeze | চেপ (sep), হেঁচ (hẽs) |
| 131 | to rub | ঘঁহ (ghõh) |
| 132 | to wash | ধো (dhü) |
| 133 | to wipe | মোছ (müs) |
| 134 | to pull | টান (tan) |
| 135 | to push | ঠেল (thel) |
| 136 | to throw | দলিয়া (dolia) |
| 137 | to tie | বান্ধ (bandho) |
| 138 | to sew | চিলা (sila) |
| 139 | to count | গণ (gon) |
| 140 | to say | ক (ko) |
| 141 | to sing | গা (ga) |
| 142 | to play | খেল (khel) |
| 143 | to float | ওপং (üpoṅ), ভাহ (bhah) |
| 144 | to flow | ব (bo) |
| 145 | to freeze | ফ্ৰিজ কৰ (phriz kor) |
| 146 | to swell | ফুল (phul) |
| 147 | sun | বেলি (beli) |
| 148 | moon | জোন (zün) |
| 149 | star | তৰা (tora) |
| 150 | water | পানী (pani) |
| 151 | rain | বৰষুণ (boroxun) |
| 152 | river | নৈ (noi), নদী (nodi) |
| 153 | lake | বিল (bil) |
| 154 | sea | সাগৰ (xagor) |
| 155 | salt | নিমখ (nimokh), নুন (nun) |
| 156 | stone | শিল (xil), পাথৰ (pathor) |
| 157 | sand | বালি (bali) |
| 158 | dust | ধূলি (dhuli) |
| 159 | earth | পৃথিৱী (prithiwi) |
| 160 | cloud | মেঘ (megh) |
| 161 | fog | কুঁৱলী (kũwoli), নিয়ৰ (nir) |
| 162 | sky | আকাশ (akax) |
| 163 | wind | বতাহ (botah) |
| 164 | snow | বৰফ (boroph) |
| 165 | ice | বৰফ (boroph) |
| 166 | smoke | ধোঁৱা (dhü̃a) |
| 167 | fire | জুই (zui) |
| 168 | ash | ছাই (sai) |
| 169 | to burn | জলা (zola) |
| 170 | road | আলি (ali), বাট (bat) |
| 171 | mountain | পাহাৰ (pahar) |
| 172 | red | ৰঙা (roṅa) |
| 173 | green | সেউজীয়া (xeuzia) |
| 174 | yellow | হালধীয়া (halodhia) |
| 175 | white | বগা (boga) |
| 176 | black | ক’লা (köla) |
| 177 | night | ৰাতি (rati) |
| 178 | day | দিন (din) |
| 179 | year | বছৰ (bosor) |
| 180 | warm | তপত (topot), গৰম (gorom) |
| 181 | cold | চেঁচা (sẽsa), ঠাণ্ডা (thanda) |
| 182 | full | ভৰা (bhora), পুৰা (pura) |
| 183 | new | নতুন (notun) |
| 184 | old | পুৰণা (purona) |
| 185 | good | ভাল (bhal) |
| 186 | bad | বেয়া (bea) |
| 187 | rotten | গেলা (gela) |
| 188 | dirty | লেতেৰা (letera) |
| 189 | straight | পোন (pün) |
| 190 | round | গোল (gül) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | চোকা (süka) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ভোটা (bhüta) |
| 193 | smooth | মিহি (mihi), চিকুণ (sikun) |
| 194 | wet | তিতা (tita), ভিজা (bhiza) |
| 195 | dry | শুকান (xukan) |
| 196 | correct | শুদ্ধ (xuddho) |
| 197 | near | ওচৰ (üsor), কাষ (kax) |
| 198 | far | দূৰ (dur) |
| 199 | right | সোঁ (xü̃) |
| 200 | left | বাওঁ (baü̃) |
| 201 | at | -ত (-t) |
| 202 | in | -ত (-t) |
| 203 | with | (-ৰ) সৈতে ((-r) xoite) |
| 204 | and | আৰু (aru) |
| 205 | if | যদি (zodi) |
| 206 | because | কাৰণ (karon) |
| 207 | name | নাম (nam) |