-ja

-ja

1. (colloquial, used only after a /d/ sound) You, ya.

• couldja
• didja
• wouldja

• -cha

• AJ

• IPA^(key): /jɐ/

-ja (personal, nominative case)

1. (enclitic) Alternative form of a

From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.

-ja (genitive -ja, partitive -jat)

1. -er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

-ja

1. derives various adverbs

   sala "secretly" → salaja "secretly"

From Proto-Finnic *-ja (agent noun suffix), from Proto-Uralic *-ja (present participle ending).

• IPA^(key): [jɑ]
• IPA^(key): [(j)ɑ] (after -i-)

-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä, linguistic notation -jA)

1. Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er

   ‎katsoa (“to watch”) + ‎-ja → ‎katsoja (“a watcher, spectator”)

   ‎tehdä (“to do”) + ‎-ja → ‎tekijä (“a doer; a writer, author, playwright; a factor”)

   ‎syyttää (“to blame”) + ‎-ja → ‎syyttäjä (“prosecutor”)

• If the stem ends in -e-, this changes to -i- before adding -ja.

  ‎juokse- + ‎-ja → ‎juoksija

  ‎näyttele- + ‎-ja → ‎näyttelijä

The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.

If the -ja ending is preceded by -i-, the noun is declined as type 12 (kulkija) (derivatives of type 62 verbs (voida) are an exception, however).

Otherwise, the noun is declined as type 10 (koira).

-ja

1. Used on a verb before the case marker to indicate negation.

-ja

1. Romanization of -𐌾𐌰

• IPA^(key): [jɒ]
• Rhymes: -jɒ

-ja

2. Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
   1. (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …

      ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)

   2. (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)

      Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)

   3. (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)

      a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)

   4. (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.

      Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt, e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt

   5. (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.

      Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)

   6. (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)

      Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül

      jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)

      legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.

  -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.

  • This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).

-ja

2. (personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below):
   2. in indicative mood

      ‎tud (“to know”) + ‎-ja → ‎tudja (“he/she knows”)

      Tudja, hogy mit akar. ― He/she knows what he/she wants.

      ‎tartalmaz (“to contain”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartalmazza (“it contains [that]”)

      ‎tart (“to hold, keep”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartja (“[formal] you are holding/keeping [him/her/it] or s/he is holding/keeping [him/her/it]”)

   4. in subjunctive (imperative) mood

      megtud (“to find out”) → tudja meg! (“[formal] Find it out! or Let him/her find it out!”)

      ‎tartalmaz (“to contain”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartalmazza! (“it should contain [that] or let it contain [that]”)

      ‎tart (“to hold, keep”) + ‎-ja → ‎tartsa! (“[formal] hold/keep him/her/it! or s/he should hold/keep him/her/it! or let him/her hold/keep him/her/it!”)

• (personal suffix) The j assimilates to the final s, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below.

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]

-ja (front vowel variant -jä)

1. Used to form agent nouns from verbs: -er

   ‎kirjuttaa (“to write”) + ‎-ja → ‎kirjuttaja (“writer”)

• In the Soikkola dialect, bisyllabic verb stems followed by -ja do not get CVCVCV > CVCCVVCV gemination.

After the vowel -i-:

From Proto-Finnic *-dak. Cognate with Finnish -da.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-jɑ/, [-jɑ]

-ja (front vowel variant -jä)

1. First infinitive marker.

   ‎nai- + ‎-ja → ‎naija

   ‎vee- + ‎-ja → ‎veejä

• Used after monosyllabic stems ending in -e- or -i-.

• IPA^(key): /ja/

See the lemma.

-ja

1. Alternative form of -a (feminine, plural, or singulative ending), used with stems ending in -i, -j.

From Arabic يَ (ya), alternative form of ي (-ī).

-ja

1. Alternative form of -i (1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix), used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs.

• IPA^(key): [ha]

-ja

1. Alternative form of -a

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎^[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 134

-ja (Cyrillic spelling -ја)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.

• -džija
• -edžija
• -ija

• IPA^(key): [-ha]

-ja

1. forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?

This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.

-ja

1. expresses complaint about the term it attaches to

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon
• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[3], Lyon