-er
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English
editPronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /ə/
- (General American) enPR: ər, IPA(key): /ɚ/
Audio (US): (file) - Homophones: -or; -a (non-rhotic)
Etymology 1
editInherited from Middle English -ere, -er, from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, usually thought to have been borrowed from Latin -ārius. However, Gąsiorowski suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching *-ós.
Compare the synonymous but unrelated Old French -or, -eor (Anglo-Norman variant -our), from Latin -(ā)tor, from Proto-Indo-European *-tōr.
Alternative forms
edit- -'er (following an abbreviation, or sometimes following a number)
Suffix
edit-er
- (added to verbs) A person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb; used to form an agent noun.
- (added to verbs, informal) A person or thing to which the root verb is done or can be done satisfactorily.
- (added to nouns, chiefly denoting occupations) A person whose occupation is the root noun; (more broadly, occasionally with adjectives) a person characterized by the root.
- (added to numbers, measurements or nouns denoting quantified sets) A person or thing to which a certain number or measurement applies.
- six + -er → sixer
- six foot + -er → six-footer
- three-wheel + -er → three-wheeler
- first grade + -er → first grader
- (slang, chiefly entertainment, with few limitations) Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms.
- (added to nouns) A person who is associated with, or supports a particular theory, doctrine, or political movement.
- (added to nouns or occasionally adjectives, generally) A thing that is related in some way to the root, such as by location or purpose.
- bacon + -er → baconer (“pig raised for bacon”)
- chocolate chip + -er → chocolate chipper (“cookie containing chocolate chips”)
- sternwheel + -er → sternwheeler (“vessel driven by a sternwheel”)
Usage notes
edit- The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as in passerby and runner-up) but is sometimes added at the end, irrespective of the position of the verb component (do-gooder) or is added to both components, often with humorous effect (washer-upper). Rarely, it may even appear three times, as in picker-upperer.
- The occupational sense is often applied generally to members of a group, as in crewer (“a member of a crew”) and Z-lister (“one on the Z-list”); fans and hobbyists, as in K-popper (“a fan of K-pop”), and those who use a particular tool or instrument, as in JavaScripter (“a programmer who uses JavaScript”).
- The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as the Variety -er.
Derived terms
editTranslations
editThe translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix.
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See also
editEtymology 2
editFrom Middle English -ere, from Old English -ware (suffix denoting residency or meaning "inhabitant of"), from Proto-West Germanic *-wari, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“defender, inhabitant”), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to close, cover, protect, save, defend”).
Suffix
edit-er
- (added to a proper noun) Suffix denoting a resident or inhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun); used to form a demonym.
- New York + -er → New Yorker
- London + -er → Londoner
- Dublin + -er → Dubliner
- New England + -er → New Englander
- Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.
Derived terms
editTranslations
edit
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Etymology 3
editFrom Middle English -re, -er, from Old English -ru (plural suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-izō (plural suffix). Cognate with Dutch -er (plural ending), German -er (plural ending). See also -ren.
Suffix
edit-er
- (obsolete, no longer productive) Suffix used to form the plural of a small number of English nouns.
Derived terms
editEtymology 4
editFrom Middle English -er, representing various noun-suffixes in Old French and Anglo-Norman, variously -er, -ier and -ieur, from Latin -aris, -arius, -atorium. As a productive suffix, now merged with the occupational sense of Etymology 1.
Suffix
edit-er
See also
editEtymology 5
editFrom Middle English -ere, from Old English -ra, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀō, *-ōʀō, from Proto-Germanic *-izô or Proto-Germanic *-ōzô (a derivative of Etymology 6, below); related to superlative -est.
Suffix
edit-er
- (added to certain adjectives and adverbs, now especially short ones) More; used to form the comparative.
Usage notes
edit- (more; used to form the comparative): Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix -er also form their superlatives using the suffix -est.
- Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.
- easy → easier → easiest; gray → grayer → grayest
- When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.
- dim → dimmer → dimmest
- The suffixes -er and -est may be used to form the comparative and superlative of most adjectives and adverbs that have one syllable and some that have two or more syllables.
- hot → hotter → hottest; fast → faster → fastest; funny → funnier → funniest; sugary → sugarier → sugariest
- Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:
- good → better → best; far → farther → farthest, or far → further → furthest, depending on the meaning
- The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed with more and most.
- rigid → more rigid → most rigid; enormous → more enormous → most enormous; burnt → more burnt → most burnt; freezing → more freezing → most freezing
- If in doubt, use more to form the comparative and most to form the superlative; for example, thirsty may become thirstier and thirstiest, but more thirsty and most thirsty are also acceptable.
- Final -y preceded by a consonant becomes -i- when the suffix -er or -est is added.
- Words ending with -ng are pronounced /ŋ/ by most dialects instead of /ŋɡ/. However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the /ɡ/ appears (in most dialects).
- long (/lɒŋ/) → longer (/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/); young (/jʌŋ/) → youngest (/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/)
Translations
edit
|
Etymology 6
editFrom Middle English -er, from Old English -or, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōʀ, Proto-Germanic *-ōz.
Suffix
edit-er
Translations
edit
|
Etymology 7
editFrom Middle English -eren, -ren, -rien, from Old English -erian, -rian, from Proto-West Germanic *-rōn, *-iʀōn, from Proto-Germanic *-rōną or *-izōną. Cognate with West Frisian -erje, Dutch -eren, German -eren, -ern, Danish -re, Swedish -ra.
Suffix
edit-er
- (added to a verb or imitative sound) Frequently; used to form frequentative verbs.
Synonyms
edit- (used to form frequentative): -le
Translations
edit
|
See also
edit- Frequentative on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
Etymology 8
editFrom Middle English -er, from Anglo-Norman -er, Old French -er, the infinitive verbal ending.
Suffix
edit-er
Derived terms
editEtymology 9
editFrom Middle English -er, -ere (diminutive suffix). Compare -el.
Suffix
edit-er
- (added to a verb or noun) Used to form diminutives.
Etymology 10
editAttested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.
Suffix
edit-er
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editTranslations
editEtymology 11
editFrom Middle English -er, from Old English -er, -or, from Proto-Germanic *-raz. Compare -le.
Suffix
edit-er
- (now chiefly dialectal) A suffix creating adjectives from verbs, indicating aptitude, proneness, or tendency toward a specified action:
Synonyms
editEtymology 12
editSuffix
edit-er
- (Chinese literature) Junior, child, younger person. (Attached to a name, usually one syllable of the given name.)
- Li’er said hello to his father.
- 1979, Women of China[1], page 44:
- Yue’er began to laugh again and her tears shimmered like dew on a lotus leaf disturbed by a breeze. Then we heard a sound. It was Man’er.
- 2002 [1934], Xiao Hong, “The Field of Life and Death”, in Howard Goldblatt, transl., The Field of Life and Death & Tales of Hulan River, →ISBN, page 32:
- The fish was laid out on the table, but Ping’er had not come back, nor had his father.
- 2014 [1959], Zhong Lihe, “The Little Ridge”, in T. M. McClellan, transl., From the Old Country: Stories and Sketches of China and Taiwan, →ISBN, page 202:
- Ying’er was not yet three years old. Li’er had always been the one to play with her or to carry her places on his back.
Usage notes
edit- Especially in Mandarin Chinese literature that has been translated into English, the suffix is often left untranslated in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to the use of -kun / -chan / -san or sensei in English-language Japanese fiction.
- Often, an apostrophe (used to mark syllable boundaries in pinyin) is inserted before the hyphen (as in Li'er), though it can also be omitted (Yinger).
Coordinate terms
editSee also
editReferences
edit- “-er”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.
- Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “-er”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
Anagrams
editAfrikaans
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Suffix
edit-er
Bavarian
editEtymology
editFrom Middle High German -er, from Old High German -ari, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī. Cognates include German -er and Luxembourgish -er.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
Derived terms
editBreton
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- person or thing that (does the action indicated by the root); used to form an agent noun.
Derived terms
editCatalan
editEtymology
editInherited from Latin -ārius. Compare the borrowed doublet -ari.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ers)
- forms nouns meaning the location or object where something is usually found
- forms nouns meaning a plant which is cultivated to produce something
- forms nouns meaning the purpose of something or an object used for that purpose
- tovallola (“towel”) + -er → tovalloler (“towel rail”)
Usage notes
edit- The equivalent suffix -era can be used to form feminine nouns with these meanings, but usually only the masculine or feminine form will be found in Catalan.
Suffix
edit-er (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -era, masculine plural -ers, feminine plural -eres)
- forms nouns and adjectives referring to an inhabitant of somewhere
- forms nouns and adjectives referring to engaging in a profession
- forms nouns and adjectives referring to being prone to some activity or characteristic
- forms relational adjectives
- llet (“milk”) + -er → lleter (“milk [relational adjective], dairy”)
- pel·lícula (“film”) + -er → pel·liculer (“film [relational adjective], filmic, cinematic”)
Usage notes
edit- Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form.
See also
editDerived terms
editReferences
edit- “-er”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “-er” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
Chuukese
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
Related terms
editSmall objects, concepts | Large objects, living things | Suffix | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First person | ai | nei | -ei |
Second person | omw, om | noum | -om | |
Third person | an | noun | -an | |
Plural | First person | äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive) |
nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive) |
-em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive) |
Second person | ämi, ami | noumi | -emi | |
Third person | ar | nour | -er |
Danish
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-er
- Forms agent nouns from verbs, with the sense "someone or something that [verb]s".
- Forms plural forms of many nouns.
- Forms the present tense of many verbs.
- Forms demonyms.
- Forms informal action nouns from verbs.
- (especially definite) Forms informal abbreviations of nouns, with elision.
- Forms a piece of currency from numbers.
- Forms a die throw result from numbers.
- Du skal slå mindst en treer for at komme videre.
- You must throw at least a three to move on.
Usage notes
editSenses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, from løbe (“run”) [ˈløːb̥ə] comes løber (“runs”) [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) and løber (“runner”) [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished by stød.
Derived terms
editDutch
editAlternative forms
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, borrowed from Latin -ārius. Cognate with Dutch -aar.[1]
Suffix
edit-er m (plural -ers, feminine -ster)
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
- Forms nouns for a person associated with something.
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- Afrikaans: -er
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Dutch *-āri, -ere, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz.
Suffix
edit-er
- Forms nouns denoting male inhabitants or residents of a place.
- Een Amsterdammer
- A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam
- Synonym: -aar
- Een Amsterdammer
- Formings adjectives denoting something originating from a place.
- Het Groninger museum
- The museum of Groningen
- Synonym: -s
- Het Groninger museum
Antonyms
edit- (antonym(s) of “male inhabitant”): -se (“female inhabitant”)
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editFrom Old Dutch -iro, -oro, from Proto-Germanic *-izô, *-ōzô.
Suffix
edit-er
- Forms the comparative form of adjectives.
Derived terms
editEtymology 4
editFrom Middle Dutch -er, from Old Dutch -ro, from Proto-West Germanic *-eʀā, from Proto-Germanic *-aizōz.
Suffix
edit-er
- (archaic, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the (strong) feminine singular genitive.
- onverrichter zake ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- de schoonheid ener vrouw ― the beauty of a woman
- (archaic, except in fixed expressions) Used to form the (strong) feminine singular dative.
- te goeder trouw ― in good faith
Usage notes
edit- Mostly encountered vestigially, such as in fixed expressions; see for example the descendants at -wijs.
References
editFrench
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Middle French -er, from Old French -ier, from Latin -āre, from Proto-Italic *-āzi.
Suffix
edit-er
- forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs
- aimer ― to love
Usage notes
edit- In newly formed verbs, this suffix may be preceded by a euphonic consonant /t/ after a base ending in an oral vowel to avoid hiatus. In verbs formed from bases ending in nasal vowels, /n/ is inserted and the nasal vowel is denasalized:
Conjugation
editinfinitive | simple | -er | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
present participle or gerund1 | simple | -ant /ɑ̃/ | |||||
compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
past participle | -é /e/ | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | -e /ə/2 |
-es /ə/ |
-e /ə/ |
-ons /ɔ̃/ |
-ez /e/ |
-ent /ə/ |
imperfect | -ais /ɛ/ |
-ais /ɛ/ |
-ait /ɛ/ |
-ions /jɔ̃/ |
-iez /je/ |
-aient /ɛ/ | |
past historic3 | -ai /e/ |
-as /a/ |
-a /a/ |
-âmes /am/ |
-âtes /at/ |
-èrent /ɛʁ/ | |
future | -erai /ə.ʁe/ |
-eras /ə.ʁa/ |
-era /ə.ʁa/ |
-erons /ə.ʁɔ̃/ |
-erez /ə.ʁe/ |
-eront /ə.ʁɔ̃/ | |
conditional | -erais /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erais /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erait /ə.ʁɛ/ |
-erions /ə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
-eriez /ə.ʁje/ |
-eraient /ə.ʁɛ/ | |
(compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
past anterior3 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
(simple tenses) |
present | -e /ə/2 |
-es /ə/ |
-e /ə/ |
-ions /jɔ̃/ |
-iez /je/ |
-ent /ə/ |
imperfect3 | -asse /as/ |
-asses /as/ |
-ât /a/ |
-assions /a.sjɔ̃/ |
-assiez /a.sje/ |
-assent /as/ | |
(compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
pluperfect3 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
imperative | – | – | – | ||||
simple | — | -e /ə/ |
— | -ons /ɔ̃/ |
-ez /e/ |
— | |
compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 -é when inverted. | |||||||
3 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). |
Etymology 2
editInherited from Middle French -er, from Old French -ier, from Latin -ārius.
Suffix
edit-er m (plural -ers)
- forms nouns indicating the person who exercises a particular activity
- Synonym: (female equivalent) -ère
- boulanger ― baker
Derived terms
editGerman
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Middle High German -ære, -er, from Old High German -āri, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, further etymology unknown but possibly from Latin -ārius.[1]
Suffix
edit-er m (strong, genitive -ers, plural -er)
- Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem.
- Forms instance nouns from verbs.
- Indicates something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits
Declension
editDerived terms
editRelated terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom Middle High German -er, a plural ending for some neuter nouns.
Suffix
edit-er
- Used to form the plurals of some nouns.
Usage notes
edit- The plural ending -er is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in -tum) and a small number of masculines.
Etymology 3
editFrom Middle High German -ære, -er, from Old High German -āri, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz.
Suffix
edit-er m (strong, genitive -ers, plural -er)
- Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place, or a person originating from a place.
Declension
editDerived terms
editEtymology 4
editProbably originated from the prepositioned genitive plural of etymology 3 above, e.g.: der Berliner Pfannkuchen = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in the nominative singular (due to the ambiguity of the definite article der, which is both masculine nominative and plural genitive).[2][3]
Suffix
edit-er
- Forms invariable adjectives from place names, with a genitival meaning, indicating origin from or association with that place.
Usage notes
edit- In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix -er are written with a capital letter (§ 61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2018), e.g. ein Berliner Pfannkuchen. In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g. ein berliner Pfannkuchen.[4]
- In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§ 49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g. Bad Schandau → Bad Schandauer or Bad-Schandauer.
- Since adjectives in -er are undeclined, they cannot normally support genitives by themselves. However, in the feminine and plural the ending -er happens to be same as that of a declined (strong) adjective and according pseudo-genitives may be encountered, such as Meldungen Berliner Zeitungen (“reports of Berlin newspapers”) instead of more proper Meldungen von Berliner Zeitungen. Such usage has been discouraged, but is no longer considered an error.
Derived terms
editEtymology 5
editFrom Middle High German -er.
Suffix
edit-er
- Forms the comparative form of adjectives.
References
edit- ^ A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970, →ISBN; § 175
- ^ Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1793), pages 1848-1852, sub verbo 4. -Er
- ^ Hermann Möller, Ahd. frôno (nhd. fron-) als elliptischer Plural, in the Zeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung, volume 4 (editor Friedrich Kluge; Straßburg, 1903), page 95
- ^ The current official spelling rules prescribe the capital letter without further explanation and without indicating the part of speech of the words formed with the suffix (compare -isch/-sch, derivatives of which are labelled adjectives in § 62).
Hungarian
editEtymology
editPossibly from English -er, by analogy of word pairs like blog and blogger (whose doubled final consonant is consistently pronounced long in Hungarian, as opposed to English) and/or perhaps earlier borrowed word pairs like stop and stoppol. Other existing slang terms ending in -er, like vaker, haver, sóder, might have played some role. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- (slang, slightly derogatory) Added to a shortened form of a noun, lengthening the first consonant following its first vowel, to derive a noun.
Derived terms
editSee also
edit- -esz (as in alkesz, pálesz; slang terms)
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
Further reading
edit- A szavak megoszlása az élő nyelvhasználathoz viszonyítva. Section: Formai neologizmusok (Judit Szépe, linguist)
Latin
editPronunciation
edit- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /er/, [ɛr]
Suffix
edit-er
- first-person singular present passive subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Luxembourgish
editEtymology
editFrom a Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -ārius.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- -er (suffix used to form agent nouns from verbs)
Derived terms
editMiddle Dutch
editEtymology
editFrom Old Dutch -iro, -oro, from Proto-Germanic *-izô, *-ōzô.
Suffix
edit-er
- -er. Forms the comparative of adjectives.
Alternative forms
editDerived terms
editSee Category:Middle Dutch comparative adjectives.
Related terms
editDescendants
edit- Dutch: -er
Middle English
editAlternative forms
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Old English -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī, from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz.
Suffix
edit-er
Derived terms
editDescendants
editEtymology 2
editInherited from Old English -ware, from Proto-Germanic *warjaz (“dwellers of”). Cognate with Old High German -āri (“inhabitants of”).
Suffix
edit-er
Descendants
editReferences
edit- “-ē̆r(e, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Middle French
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Old French -ier/-er, from Latin -āre.
Alternative forms
edit- -ier (typically early Middle French)
Suffix
edit-er
- Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs
Usage notes
edit- Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix
Derived terms
editDescendants
edit- French: -er
Etymology 2
editFrom Old French -ier, from Latin -ārius.
Alternative forms
edit- -ier (typically early Middle French)
Suffix
edit-er
Derived terms
editDescendants
editNorman
editSuffix
edit-er
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Derived terms
editNorthern Kurdish
editEtymology
editMost probably not a cognate of English -er or Latin -ōr or -tōr, and instead a back-formation from -ker (a variant of -ger (“-ist”)) understood as "k-" (present stem of kirin) + "-er". Natively only exists with the most basic verbs such as kirin (-ker), birin (-ber), xistin (-xer or -xîner or -êxer), dan (-der), anîn/înan (-îner)... Later also conflated with -kar (“suffix indicating a job or duty”) and -dar (“suffix indicating a possessor”). Popularized in the 20th century under the influence of similar suffixes in European languages. Before that (and now natively) diminutives such as -ok, -oke, -ek, -ik was used to form agent nouns; which are also present participle suffixes.
Despite being less likely, can still be from Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr, but the -r- is lost in Northwestern Iranic and that would have given *-it, *-id or lost entirely depending on the position, compare Persian برادر and Northern Kurdish bira
- Used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something.
- bû (“to be”) + -er → bûyer (“event”)
- destpêkirin (“to start”) + -er → destpêker (“starter”)
Suffix
edit-er
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Derived terms
editNorwegian Bokmål
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-er
Etymology 2
editFrom Danish -er, from Old Norse -ari, from Medieval Latin and Middle Low German words, both from Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz, from Latin -ārius.
Suffix
edit-er
- (added to verbs) person or thing that does an action indicated by the root verb
- (added to place names) person or thing that originates in the place indicated by the place name
Etymology 3
editSuffix
edit-er
- suffix added to most of indefinite plural nouns, usually identical to Danish, but unlike Nynorsk and Swedish
Derived terms
editReferences
edit- “-er” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Norwegian Nynorsk
editSuffix
edit-er
- Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns.
- Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns.
- Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs.
- (obsolete) Used to form present tense for strong verbs.
Old English
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- Alternative form of -or
Old French
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-er
- Alternative form of -ier, verbal suffix
Usage notes
edit- All varieties of Old French use -er but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such as c and g.
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-er
- (chiefly Anglo-Norman) Alternative form of -ier, suffix indicating a profession
- falconer, fauconer
- falconer
Old Frisian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz, from Proto-Indo-European *ís. Cognates include Old High German er, Old Norse er and Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is).
Pronunciation
editPronoun
edit-er
- enclitic nominative of hī
Descendants
editOld Swedish
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-er
- denotes the nominative singular of adjectives, masculine a-stem, i-stem, u-stem, and an-stem, as well as feminine ijo-stem nouns
- denotes the nominative and accusative plurals of r- and consonant stem nouns
- fisker
- fish
- dø̄ver
- deaf
Polish
editEtymology
editInternationalism; compare English -er.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er m
- -er, creates an agent noun
Declension
editAnimate:
Animal:
Inanimate:
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- -er in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese -er, from Latin -ēre. The short -ere of some Latin verbs was reinterpreted as either -er or -ir.
Pronunciation
edit
Suffix
edit-er (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -i, past participle -ido)
- forms the infinitive of the second-conjugation verbs
Conjugation
editSingular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
Infinitive | ||||||
Impersonal | -er | |||||
Personal | -er | -eres | -er | -ermos | -erdes | -erem |
Gerund | ||||||
-endo | ||||||
Past participle | ||||||
Masculine | -ido | -idos | ||||
Feminine | -ida | -idas | ||||
Indicative | ||||||
Present | -o | -es | -e | -emos | -eis | -em |
Imperfect | -ia | -ias | -ia | -íamos | -íeis | -iam |
Preterite | -i | -este | -eu | -emos | -estes | -eram |
Pluperfect | -era | -eras | -era | -êramos | -êreis | -eram |
Future | -erei | -erás | -erá | -eremos | -ereis | -erão |
Conditional | -eria | -erias | -eria | -eríamos | -eríeis | -eriam |
Subjunctive | ||||||
Present | -a | -as | -a | -amos | -ais | -am |
Imperfect | -esse | -esses | -esse | -êssemos | -êsseis | -essem |
Future | -er | -eres | -er | -ermos | -erdes | -erem |
Imperative | ||||||
Affirmative | -e | -a | -amos | -ei | -am | |
Negative (não) | não -as | não -a | não -amos | não -ais | não -am |
Saterland Frisian
editEtymology
editFrom Old Frisian -ere, from Proto-West Germanic *-ārī. Cognates include West Frisian -er and German -er.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er
Declension
editScots
editEtymology
editFrom Middle English -ere, from Old English -ere.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- Forms agent nouns from verbs; -er
Spanish
editEtymology
editSuffix
edit-er (verb-forming suffix, first-person singular present -o, first-person singular preterite -í, past participle -ido)
- the infinitive suffix for many verbs
Conjugation
editinfinitive | -er | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | -iendo | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | -ido | -ida | |||||
plural | -idos | -idas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | -o | -estú -ésvos |
-e | -emos | -éis | -en | |
imperfect | -ía | -ías | -ía | -íamos | -íais | -ían | |
preterite | -í | -iste | -ió | -imos | -isteis | -ieron | |
future | -eré | -erás | -erá | -eremos | -eréis | -erán | |
conditional | -ería | -erías | -ería | -eríamos | -eríais | -erían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | -a | -astú -ásvos2 |
-a | -amos | -áis | -an | |
imperfect (ra) |
-iera | -ieras | -iera | -iéramos | -ierais | -ieran | |
imperfect (se) |
-iese | -ieses | -iese | -iésemos | -ieseis | -iesen | |
future1 | -iere | -ieres | -iere | -iéremos | -iereis | -ieren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | -etú -évos |
-a | -amos | -ed | -an | ||
negative | no -as | no -a | no -amos | no -áis | no -an |
See also
editSwedish
editSuffix
edit-er
- One of two suffixes for indefinite plural for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is -r
- Suffix for present tense, active voice, indicative mood for one of the groups of Swedish verbs
- Agent noun suffix, often for loan words ending with -ik.
Usage notes
editSee the usage notes for -r.
See also
edit- plural suffix
- present tense suffix
- agent noun suffix
Anagrams
editTurkish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Ottoman Turkish ـر (-r, -er), from Proto-Turkic *-ür. Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰼 (r² /-(e)r/). Negative -mez are from Proto-Turkic *-meŕ, from Proto-Turkic *-me + *-er or *-ür (Azerbaijani -ər (“indefinite future suffix”) — -məz, but -ir (“simple present suffix”) — -mir).
Suffix
edit-er
- Simple present and aorist tense marker
Suffix
edit-er -mez
- as soon as
- Eve gelir gelmez duş alırım.
- As soon as I get home, I take a shower.
Usage notes
edit- Can change to -ir (almak → alır, but içmek → içer). There are some rules governing the usage of -er/ir, the former is used in case of monosyllabic stems, while the latter is used elsewhere; with the exceptions of 14 verbs below which uses -ir on the aorist
- almak — alır
- bilmek — bilir
- bulmak — bulur
- denmek — denir
- durmak — durur
- gelmek — gelir
- görmek — görür
- kalmak — kalır
- olmak — olur
- ölmek — ölür
- sanmak — sanır
- varmak — varır
- vermek — verir
- vurmak — vurur
The suffix -r is used after verb stems ending in a vowel. Unlike most negations of tense suffixes which regularly uses the suffix -me, negative aorist suffix is -mez instead of *-mer.
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editEtymology 2
editSuffix
edit-er
- Makes adjectives out of verbs
- Makes nouns out of verbs
Etymology 3
editInherited from Ottoman Turkish ـر (-er), from Proto-Turkic [Term?].
Suffix
editpreceding vowel | ||
---|---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / İ / Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -ar | -er |
postvocalic | -şar | -şer |
-er
- suffix for distributive numbers
Derived terms
editWalloon
editPronunciation
editSuffix
edit-er
- A verb ending for infinitives.
Welsh
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editSuffix
edit-er
- (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal present subjunctive
- (literary) verb suffix for the impersonal imperative
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit-er m
- suffix forming nouns
References
edit- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- English terms with homophones
- English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- English terms inherited from Middle English
- English terms derived from Old English
- English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- English terms derived from Middle English
- English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- English terms inherited from Old English
- English terms derived from Latin
- English terms derived from Old French
- English terms derived from Anglo-Norman
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English lemmas
- English suffixes
- English noun-forming suffixes
- English productive suffixes
- English informal terms
- English slang
- English inflectional suffixes
- English terms with obsolete senses
- en:Law
- English school slang
- English dialectal terms
- English terms borrowed from Mandarin
- English terms derived from Mandarin
- en:Literature
- English terms with usage examples
- English terms with quotations
- Oxford University slang
- Afrikaans terms inherited from Dutch
- Afrikaans terms derived from Dutch
- Afrikaans terms with audio pronunciation
- Afrikaans lemmas
- Afrikaans suffixes
- Bavarian terms inherited from Middle High German
- Bavarian terms derived from Middle High German
- Bavarian terms inherited from Old High German
- Bavarian terms derived from Old High German
- Bavarian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Bavarian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Bavarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Bavarian lemmas
- Bavarian suffixes
- Breton terms with IPA pronunciation
- Breton lemmas
- Breton suffixes
- Catalan terms inherited from Latin
- Catalan terms derived from Latin
- Catalan doublets
- Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan suffixes
- Catalan noun-forming suffixes
- Catalan countable suffixes
- Catalan masculine suffixes
- Catalan adjective-forming suffixes
- Chuukese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chuukese lemmas
- Chuukese suffixes
- Danish terms inherited from Old Norse
- Danish terms derived from Old Norse
- Danish lemmas
- Danish suffixes
- Danish terms with usage examples
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
- Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Latin
- Dutch lemmas
- Dutch suffixes
- Dutch noun-forming suffixes
- Dutch masculine suffixes
- Dutch adjective-forming suffixes
- Dutch inflectional suffixes
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Dutch terms with archaic senses
- Dutch terms with usage examples
- French 1-syllable words
- French terms with IPA pronunciation
- French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- French terms derived from Latin
- French terms derived from Old French
- French terms derived from Middle French
- French terms inherited from Latin
- French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- French terms inherited from Middle French
- French terms inherited from Old French
- French lemmas
- French suffixes
- French verb-forming suffixes
- French terms with usage examples
- French verbs with conjugation -er
- French first group verbs
- French noun-forming suffixes
- French countable nouns
- French masculine suffixes
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms inherited from Middle High German
- German terms derived from Middle High German
- German terms inherited from Old High German
- German terms derived from Old High German
- German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- German terms derived from Latin
- German lemmas
- German suffixes
- German noun-forming suffixes
- German masculine suffixes
- German inflectional suffixes
- Hungarian terms borrowed from English
- Hungarian terms derived from English
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian slang
- Hungarian derogatory terms
- Latin 1-syllable words
- Latin terms with IPA pronunciation
- Latin non-lemma forms
- Latin suffix forms
- Luxembourgish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Luxembourgish terms derived from Latin
- Luxembourgish 1-syllable words
- Luxembourgish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Luxembourgish lemmas
- Luxembourgish suffixes
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch lemmas
- Middle Dutch suffixes
- Middle Dutch adjective-forming suffixes
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms derived from Old English
- Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle English terms inherited from Old English
- Middle English lemmas
- Middle English suffixes
- Middle English noun-forming suffixes
- Middle French terms inherited from Latin
- Middle French terms derived from Latin
- Middle French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Middle French terms derived from Old French
- Middle French terms inherited from Old French
- Middle French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Middle French lemmas
- Middle French suffixes
- Norman lemmas
- Norman suffixes
- Northern Kurdish terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Northern Kurdish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Northern Kurdish lemmas
- Northern Kurdish suffixes
- Northern Kurdish noun-forming suffixes
- Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Danish
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Danish
- Norwegian Bokmål lemmas
- Norwegian Bokmål suffixes
- Norwegian Bokmål terms inherited from Old Norse
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Old Norse
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Medieval Latin
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Middle Low German
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Norwegian Bokmål terms derived from Latin
- Norwegian Bokmål noun-forming suffixes
- Norwegian Nynorsk lemmas
- Norwegian Nynorsk suffixes
- Norwegian Nynorsk terms with obsolete senses
- Old English terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old English lemmas
- Old English suffixes
- Old French terms inherited from Latin
- Old French terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Old French terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Old French terms derived from Latin
- Old French lemmas
- Old French suffixes
- Anglo-Norman
- Old French terms with usage examples
- Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Frisian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Frisian lemmas
- Old Frisian pronouns
- Old Frisian enclitics
- Old Swedish terms inherited from Old Norse
- Old Swedish terms derived from Old Norse
- Old Swedish lemmas
- Old Swedish suffixes
- Old Swedish terms with usage examples
- Polish internationalisms
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛr
- Rhymes:Polish/ɛr/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish masculine suffixes
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese 1-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Portuguese 2-syllable words
- Rhymes:Portuguese/eɾ
- Rhymes:Portuguese/eɾ/1 syllable
- Rhymes:Portuguese/eʁ
- Rhymes:Portuguese/eʁ/1 syllable
- Rhymes:Portuguese/e
- Rhymes:Portuguese/e/1 syllable
- Portuguese lemmas
- Portuguese suffixes
- Portuguese verb-forming suffixes
- Portuguese verbs ending in -er
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Saterland Frisian lemmas
- Saterland Frisian suffixes
- Scots terms inherited from Middle English
- Scots terms derived from Middle English
- Scots terms inherited from Old English
- Scots terms derived from Old English
- Scots terms with IPA pronunciation
- Scots lemmas
- Scots suffixes
- Spanish terms inherited from Latin
- Spanish terms derived from Latin
- Spanish lemmas
- Spanish suffixes
- Spanish verb-forming suffixes
- Spanish verbs ending in -er
- Swedish lemmas
- Swedish suffixes
- Turkish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Turkish terms inherited from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms derived from Ottoman Turkish
- Turkish terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish terms derived from Proto-Turkic
- Turkish lemmas
- Turkish suffixes
- Turkish terms with usage examples
- Walloon terms with IPA pronunciation
- Walloon lemmas
- Walloon suffixes
- Welsh terms with IPA pronunciation
- Welsh lemmas
- Welsh suffixes
- Welsh literary terms
- Welsh terms borrowed from English
- Welsh terms derived from English
- Welsh masculine suffixes