ẻm

Word formation with distal denotation by adding hỏi tone to the root em in Southern Vietnamese and certain dialects of Thanh Hoá.

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [ʔɛm˧˩]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [ʔɛm˧˨]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [ʔɛm˨˩˦]

ẻm

1. (Southern Vietnam, in the singular, polite) they/them, that person who's a little younger than me
2. (Southern Vietnam, in the singular, polite) they/them, that student who's younger than me as a teacher

• em ấy