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Hindi

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Etymology

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Inherited from Sanskrit सम (sama), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (same). Doublet of हम (ham), a Persian borrowing. Cognate of English same.

Pronunciation

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  • (Delhi) IPA(key): /səm/, [sɐ̃m]

Adjective

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सम (sam) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling سم)

  1. same
  2. even, equal
    समकोणsamkoṇright angle
  3. homogeneous
  4. (arithmetic) even (divisible by two)
    Antonym: विषम (viṣam)

Derived terms

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Pali

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Alternative forms

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Adjective

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सम

  1. Devanagari script form of sama

Declension

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Sanskrit

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Alternative scripts

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Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás (same), from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (same).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama), Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /⁠hama⁠/) (whence Persian هم (ham)), Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, same), Latin similis, Old English sama (whence English same).

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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सम (samá) stem

  1. same, equal, alike
  2. (with instrumental or genitive) equivalent to, like, identical to
  3. even, smooth, flat, plain, level

Declension

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Masculine a-stem declension of सम (samá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative समः
samáḥ
समौ / समा¹
samaú / samā́¹
समाः / समासः¹
samā́ḥ / samā́saḥ¹
Vocative सम
sáma
समौ / समा¹
sámau / sámā¹
समाः / समासः¹
sámāḥ / sámāsaḥ¹
Accusative समम्
samám
समौ / समा¹
samaú / samā́¹
समान्
samā́n
Instrumental समेन
saména
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समैः / समेभिः¹
samaíḥ / samébhiḥ¹
Dative समाय
samā́ya
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Ablative समात्
samā́t
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Genitive समस्य
samásya
समयोः
samáyoḥ
समानाम्
samā́nām
Locative समे
samé
समयोः
samáyoḥ
समेषु
saméṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of समा (samā́)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative समा
samā́
समे
samé
समाः
samā́ḥ
Vocative समे
sáme
समे
sáme
समाः
sámāḥ
Accusative समाम्
samā́m
समे
samé
समाः
samā́ḥ
Instrumental समया / समा¹
samáyā / samā́¹
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समाभिः
samā́bhiḥ
Dative समायै
samā́yai
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समाभ्यः
samā́bhyaḥ
Ablative समायाः / समायै²
samā́yāḥ / samā́yai²
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समाभ्यः
samā́bhyaḥ
Genitive समायाः / समायै²
samā́yāḥ / samā́yai²
समयोः
samáyoḥ
समानाम्
samā́nām
Locative समायाम्
samā́yām
समयोः
samáyoḥ
समासु
samā́su
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of सम (samá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative समम्
samám
समे
samé
समानि / समा¹
samā́ni / samā́¹
Vocative सम
sáma
समे
sáme
समानि / समा¹
sámāni / sámā¹
Accusative समम्
samám
समे
samé
समानि / समा¹
samā́ni / samā́¹
Instrumental समेन
saména
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समैः / समेभिः¹
samaíḥ / samébhiḥ¹
Dative समाय
samā́ya
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Ablative समात्
samā́t
समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām
समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Genitive समस्य
samásya
समयोः
samáyoḥ
समानाम्
samā́nām
Locative समे
samé
समयोः
samáyoḥ
समेषु
saméṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

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  • Assamese: সোঁ (xü̃, right)
  • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀫 (sama)
  • Pali: sama
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀫 (sama)
  • Punjabi: ਸਮ (sam)

Borrowed terms

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  • Indonesian: sama (same, equal)
  • Malay: sama (same, equal)

References

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  • Monier Williams (1899) “सम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, [], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1152/1.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 703