骨肉

Chinese

	bone	meat; flesh
trad. (骨肉)	骨	肉
simp. ^#(骨肉)	骨	肉
anagram	肉骨

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gǔròu

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat¹ juk⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kut-ngiuk
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goh⁶ zoeh⁷ / guoh⁶ zyeh⁷
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kut-jio̍k / kut-lio̍k / kut-bah / kut-hia̍k / kut-he̍k

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǔròu → gǔrou (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ → ㄍㄨˇ ˙ㄖㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǔro̊u
  - Wade–Giles: ku³-jou⁵
  - Yale: gǔ-rou
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu.row
  - Palladius: гужоу (gužou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/ → /ku²¹⁴ ʐoʊ̯⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gwat¹ juk⁶
  - Yale: gwāt yuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gwat⁷ juk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gued¹ yug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐt̚⁵ jʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kut-ngiuk
  - Hakka Romanization System: gud^ˋ ngiug^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gud⁵ ngiug⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /kut̚² ŋi̯uk̚²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: goh⁶ zoeh⁷ [Phonetic: goh⁷ zoeh⁷]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sœʔ⁴/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: guoh⁶ zyeh⁷ [Phonetic: guoh⁷ zyeh⁷]
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuoʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡syøʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-jio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-jio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kutjiok
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ ziɔk̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-lio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-lio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kutliok
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ liɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-bah
  - Tâi-lô: kut-bah
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kutbaq
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ baʔ³²/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ baʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-hia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-hia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kuthiak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-he̍k
  - Tâi-lô: kut-hi̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kuthek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚⁴/

Note:

kut-jio̍k/kut-lio̍k - literary (“flesh and blood; kindred”);
kut-bah/kut-hia̍k/kut-he̍k - vernacular (“meat and bones”).

Middle Chinese: kwot nyuwk

Rime
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古忽切	如六切
Baxter	kwot	nyuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuət̚/	/ȵɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuot̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑiuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwət̚/	/ȵuwk̚/
Li Rong	/kuət̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Wang Li	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑĭuk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gu	rù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwat¹	juk⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤut k.nuk/

(Zhengzhang): /*kuːd njuɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǔ	ròu
Middle Chinese	‹ kwot ›	‹ nyuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁut/	/*k.nuk/
English	bone	meat, flesh
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4321	10866
Phonetic component	骨	肉
Rime group	物	覺
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	骨	肉
Old Chinese	/*kuːd/	/*njuɡ/
Notes	冎亦聲

Noun

骨肉

(literally) bones and flesh
(figurative) flesh and blood; blood relative; kindred; kin
(figurative) close relations; kinship

Synonyms

(close relative): 至親／至亲 (zhìqīn), 親骨肉／亲骨肉 (qīngǔròu)

Derived terms

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (骨肉):

→ Japanese: 骨肉(こつにく) (kotsuniku)
→ Korean: 골육(骨肉) (goryuk)
→ Vietnamese: cốt nhục (骨肉)

References

莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “骨肉”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 228.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
骨	肉
こつ Grade: 6	にく Grade: 2
on'yomi

Noun

骨(こつ)肉(にく) • (kotsuniku)

one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
骨	肉

Noun

骨肉

(literary) chữ Hán form of cốt nhục (“one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative”).