驗

See also: 验

驗	U+9A57, 驗 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A57

← 驖
[U+9A56]

CJK Unified Ideographs

驘 →
[U+9A58]

Translingual

Traditional	驗
Shinjitai	験
Simplified	验

Han character

驗 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+13, 23 strokes, cangjie input 尸火人一人 (SFOMO), four-corner 7833₆, composition ⿰馬僉)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1445, character 40
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 45024
Dae Jaweon: page 1970, character 13
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4580, character 8
Unihan data for U+9A57

Chinese

trad.		驗
simp.		验
alternative forms		𩥾騐／验

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 驗
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (僉) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
厱	raːm, kʰreːm, *kʰlam
歛	*qʰlaːm
臉	ɡ·reːmʔ, skʰlam, *kramʔ
醶	ɡr·reːmʔ, skʰraːmʔ
鹼	kreːmʔ, skʰlam
薟	ɡ·ram, ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram
匳	*ɡ·ram
獫	ɡ·ram, ɡ·ramʔ, ɡ·rams, qʰramʔ
蘞	ɡ·ram, ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam
籢	*ɡ·ram
斂	ɡ·ramʔ, ɡ·rams
瀲	ɡ·ramʔ, ɡ·rams
撿	ɡ·ramʔ, kramʔ
羷	*ɡ·ramʔ
殮	*ɡ·rams
簽	*skʰlam
僉	*skʰlam
憸	skʰlam, skʰlamʔ, sqʰlam, qʰramʔ
譣	skʰlam, qʰramʔ
檢	*kramʔ
瞼	*kramʔ
儉	*ɡramʔ
顩	ŋramʔ, rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ
嬐	*ŋramʔ
嶮	ŋramʔ, hŋramʔ
噞	ŋramʔ, ŋrams
驗	*ŋrams
險	*qʰramʔ
劒	*kams
劍	*kams
𩏩	*qʰam

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrams) : semantic 馬 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yàn (yan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nyian⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiam⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): nyien⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiam

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngiam⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ie³
Northern Min (KCR): ngīng
Eastern Min (BUC): ngiêng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngieng⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): giām

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngiam⁷ / ngiang⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gni
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
  - Wade–Giles: yen⁴
  - Yale: yàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: nyian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nʲiɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jim⁶
  - Yale: yihm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jim⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: yim⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːm²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngiam⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡiam³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyien⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲiɛn¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngiam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋiam⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ie³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngīng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛŋ²⁴²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ngieng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giām
  - Tâi-lô: giām
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giam
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡiam²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡiam⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡiam³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngiam⁷ / ngiang⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiām / ngiāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiam¹¹/, /ŋiaŋ¹¹/

Note:

ngiam7 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang;
ngiang7 - Chenghai.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nyienn⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲi̯ẽ⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 驗
Mandarin	Beijing	/ian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ian⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ian⁵³/
	Jinan	/iã²¹/
	Qingdao	/iã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/iã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/iã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/iɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/niɛn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ȵian¹³/
	Guiyang	/nian²¹³/ /ian²¹³/ 新
	Kunming	/iɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/iĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ie⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ne²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵiẽ⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵiẽ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiɛn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiam⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋiɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jim²²/
	Nanning	/jim²²/
	Hong Kong	/jim²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/giam²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋiɛŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋiŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋiam³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ŋiam³³/

Middle Chinese: ngjemH

Rime
Character	驗
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	鹽 (154)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚窆切
Baxter	ngjemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiᴇm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚiɛm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiæm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjiam^H/
Li Rong	/ŋjɛm^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭɛm^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ɛm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jim⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-qʰr[a]m-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋrams/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	驗
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjem^H ›
Old Chinese	/*m-qʰr[a]m-s/
English	verify
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	驗
Reading #	1/1
No.	10218
Phonetic component	僉
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	驗
Old Chinese	/*ŋrams/

Definitions

驗

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai	験
Kyūjitai	驗

Kanji

驗

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 験)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

On (unclassified): けん (ken)、げん (gen)
Kun: あかし (akashi, 驗)、ためす (tamesu, 驗す)、しるし (shirushi, 驗)

Korean

Etymology

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is 엄 (eom) based on Middle Chinese 驗 (MC ngjemH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅌᅥᆷ〮 (Yale: ngem)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [hʌ̹m]
Phonetic hangul: [험]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

驗

Wikisource

驗 (eum 험 (heom))

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

驗: Hán Nôm readings: nghiệm

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.