苦痛

See also: 痛苦

Chinese

		bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful	ache; pain; sorrow
trad. (苦痛)		苦	痛
simp. ^#(苦痛)		苦	痛
anagram		痛苦

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kǔtòng

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fu² tung³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khú-thung
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khó͘-thàng / khó͘-thòng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǔtòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˇ ㄊㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǔtòng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻu³-tʻung⁴
  - Yale: kǔ-tùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuutonq
  - Palladius: кутун (kutun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: fu² tung³
  - Yale: fú tung
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fu² tung³
  - Guangdong Romanization: fu² tung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fuː³⁵ tʰʊŋ³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khú-thung
  - Hakka Romanization System: ku^ˋ tung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ku³ tung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰu³¹ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khó͘-thàng / khó͘-thòng
  - Tâi-lô: khóo-thàng / khóo-thòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoftaxng, qoftoxng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰaŋ⁴¹/, /kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ tʰɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ¹¹/, /kʰɔ⁵³⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰaŋ²¹/, /kʰɔ⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ tʰɔŋ²¹/

Middle Chinese: khuX|khuH thuwngH

Rime
Character	苦	苦	痛
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	模 (23)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I	I
Fanqie	康杜切	苦故切	他貢切
Baxter	khuX	khuH	thuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuo^X/	/kʰuo^H/	/tʰuŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuo^X/	/kʰuo^H/	/tʰuŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰo^X/	/kʰo^H/	/tʰuŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɔ^X/	/kʰɔ^H/	/tʰəwŋ^H/
Li Rong	/kʰo^X/	/kʰo^H/	/tʰuŋ^H/
Wang Li	/kʰu^X/	/kʰu^H/	/tʰuŋ^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kʰuo^X/	/kʰuo^H/	/tʰuŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǔ	kù	tòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fu²	fu³	tung³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤaʔ l̥ˤoŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰaːʔ|kʰaːs l̥ʰoːŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	苦	痛
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǔ	tòng
Middle Chinese	‹ khu^X ›	‹ thuwng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁaʔ/	/*l̥ˁoŋ-s/
English	bitter	to be pained
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	苦	苦	痛
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
No.	4242	4243	15433
Phonetic component	古	古	用
Rime group	魚	魚	東
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	苦	絝	痛
Old Chinese	/*kʰaːʔ/	/*kʰaːs/	/*l̥ʰoːŋs/

Noun

苦痛

agony; pain; suffering
Synonym: 痛苦 (tòngkǔ)
- 故劫殺死亡之君，此其心之憂懼、形之苦痛也，必甚於厲矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  故劫杀死亡之君，此其心之忧惧、形之苦痛也，必甚于厉矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Han Feizi, circa 2^nd century BCE
  Gù jiéshā sǐwáng zhī jūn, cǐ qí xīn zhī yōujù, xíng zhī kǔtòng yě, bì shèn yú lì yǐ. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (苦痛):

→ Japanese: 苦(く)痛(つう) (kutsū)
→ Korean: 고통(苦痛) (gotong)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
苦	痛
く Grade: 3	つう Grade: 6
on'yomi

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くつう [kùtsúú] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟̊t͡sɨː]

Noun

苦(く)痛(つう) • (kutsū)

agony, pain
distress, torment, anguish

Synonyms

苦悩(くのう) (kunō)

See also

痛(いた)み (itami)

Korean

Hanja in this term
苦	痛

Noun

苦痛 • (gotong) (hangeul 고통)

hanja form^? of 고통 (“pain”)

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