膏

Translingual

Han character

膏 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 卜口月月 (YRBB), four-corner 0022₇, composition ⿱高月)

Derived characters

𭳇𣎪𧀎

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 992, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29800
Dae Jaweon: page 1444, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2103, character 8
Unihan data for U+818F

Chinese

trad.		膏
simp. ^#		膏

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (高) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
高	*kaːw
膏	kaːw, kaːws
篙	*kaːw
稿	*kaːwʔ
稾	kaːwʔ, kʰaːws
槁	kaːwʔ, kʰaːwʔ
縞	kaːwʔ, kaːws
暠	*kaːwʔ
槀	*kaːwʔ
藁	*kaːwʔ
燺	*kʰaːwʔ
薧	kʰaːwʔ, kʰaːws, *qʰaːw
犒	*kʰaːws
蒿	*qʰaːw
藃	qʰaːws, qʰraːw, *qʰraw
豪	*ɡaːw
毫	*ɡaːw
壕	*ɡaːw
濠	*ɡaːw
鎬	*ɡaːwʔ
滈	ɡaːwʔ, qʰraːwɢ
鄗	ɡaːwʔ, kʰraːw, *qʰaːwɢ
鰝	ɡaːwʔ, qʰaːwɢ
薃	*ɡaːwʔ
搞	*kruːʔ
敲	kʰraːw, kʰraːws
髇	*qʰraːw
嗃	qʰraːw, qʰraːws, *qʰaːwɢ
巐	*kʰl'awʔ
歊	qʰraw, qʰoːwɢ
謞	qʰaːwɢ, qʰraːwɢ
熇	qʰaːwɢ, qʰoːwɢ, *qʰoːɡ
碻	*kʰraːwɢ
塙	*kʰraːwɢ
毃	*kʰraːwɢ
翯	qʰraːwɢ, ɡraːwɢ, *ɡoːwɢ
瀥	*qʰraːwɢ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːw, *kaːws) : phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 肉 (“meat”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gāo (gao¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄠ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gou¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâu / kò
Eastern Min (BUC): gŏ̤
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ko / ko͘ / kō

(Teochew, Peng'im): go¹
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹kau

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gāo
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄠ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gao
  - Wade–Giles: kao¹
  - Yale: gāu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gau
  - Palladius: гао (gao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gou¹
  - Yale: gōu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gou¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gou¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâu / kò
  - Hakka Romanization System: gau^ˊ / go^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gau¹ / go²
  - Sinological IPA: /kau̯²⁴/, /ko¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gŏ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ko⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko
  - Tâi-lô: ko
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koy
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ko³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ko⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘
  - Tâi-lô: koo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kof
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kō
  - Tâi-lô: kō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: koi
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɤ³³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ko³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: go¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ko
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ko³³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹kau
  - MiniDict: kau^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹kau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kɔ⁵³/

Middle Chinese: kaw

Rime
Character	膏
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古勞切
Baxter	kaw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑu/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑu/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑu/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaw/
Li Rong	/kɑu/
Wang Li	/kɑu/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑu/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gāo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gou¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.kˤaw/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːw/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	膏
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāo
Middle Chinese	‹ kaw ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə.kˁaw/
English	lard (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膏
Reading #	1/2
No.	3727
Phonetic component	高
Rime group	宵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	髙
Old Chinese	/*kaːw/

Definitions

膏

fat; grease; oil
fatty; oily; rich
paste; cream; ointment; poultice
sleek; glossy
fertile
(historical) fatty tissue located at the tip of the heart

Compounds

二冬膏 (èrdōng gāo)
刺五加浸膏 (cìwǔjiā jìngāo)
土膏
太陽膏／太阳膏
少林風濕跌打膏／少林风湿跌打膏 (shàolín fēngshī diēdǎ gāo)
投膏止火
枇杷膏 (pípágāo)
梨膏
橡皮膏 (xiàngpígāo)
歪膏揤斜 (oai-ko-chhi̍h-chhoa̍h) (Min Nan)
殘膏賸馥／残膏剩馥
民脂民膏 (mínzhīmíngāo)
民膏民脂
泉石膏肓
浸膏
溲膏
焚膏繼晷／焚膏继晷 (féngāojìguǐ)
煙膏／烟膏 (yāngāo)
煎膏炊骨
熟石膏
熬膏
燒石膏／烧石膏
燃膏繼晷／燃膏继晷 (rángāojìguǐ)
牙膏 (yágāo)
狗皮膏 (gǒu pí gāo)
狗皮膏藥／狗皮膏药
生石膏
病入膏肓 (bìngrùgāohuāng)
病在膏肓
病染膏肓
石膏 (shígāo)
石膏像
石膏模型 (shígāo móxíng)
硬石膏 (yìngshígāo)
硬膏
福壽膏／福寿膏
繼晷焚膏／继晷焚膏 (jìguǐféngāo)
脂膏 (zhīgāo)
脂膏不潤／脂膏不润
脣膏／唇膏 (chúngāo)
腴膏
膏劑／膏剂
膏壤
膏子
膏恩
膏捐
膏沐
膏潤／膏润
膏澤／膏泽
膏火
膏火自煎
膏粱 (gāoliáng)
膏粱之子
膏粱厚味
膏粱子弟
膏粱文繡／膏粱文绣
膏粱紈綺／膏粱纨绮
膏粱錦繡／膏粱锦绣
膏肓 (gāohuāng)
膏肓之疾
膏脣拭舌／膏唇拭舌
膏腴 (gāoyú)
膏腴之地 (gāoyúzhīdì)
膏藥／膏药 (gāoyào)
膏藥油子／膏药油子
膏血
膏雨
膏露
茅膏菜
茶膏
藥膏／药膏 (yàogāo)
蘭膏／兰膏
豨膏 (xīgāo)
賣膏藥的／卖膏药的
身膏鼎鑊／身膏鼎镬
軟膏／软膏 (ruǎngāo)
阿魏化痞膏 (āwèi huàpǐ gāo)
雪花膏 (xuěhuāgāo)
餘膏剩馥／余膏剩馥
鷿鷈膏／䴙鷈膏
龜苓膏／龟苓膏 (guīlínggāo)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gào (gao⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄠˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gou³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kò
Eastern Min (BUC): gó̤

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gào
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄠˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gào
  - Wade–Giles: kao⁴
  - Yale: gàu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaw
  - Palladius: гао (gao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gou³
  - Yale: gou
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gou³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gou³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kò
  - Hakka Romanization System: go^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: go²
  - Sinological IPA: /ko¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gó̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔ²¹³/

Middle Chinese: kawH

Rime
Character	膏
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古到切
Baxter	kawH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑu^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑu^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑu^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaw^H/
Li Rong	/kɑu^H/
Wang Li	/kɑu^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑu^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gào
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gou³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤaw-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːws/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	膏
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gāo
Middle Chinese	‹ kaw^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁaw-s/
English	smear with lard (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	膏
Reading #	2/2
No.	3736
Phonetic component	高
Rime group	宵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	誥
Old Chinese	/*kaːws/

Definitions

膏

to moisten; to grease; to lubricate
to apply (cream, ointment)
to dip a brush in ink

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

膏

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

On (unclassified): こう (kō)
Kun: あぶら (abura)

Compounds

亜鉛華軟膏(あえんかなんこう) (aenkanankō)
按摩膏(あんまこう) (anmakō)
内股膏薬(うちまたこうやく) (uchimatakōyaku), 内股膏薬(うちまたごうやく) (uchimatagōyaku)
眼軟膏(がんなんこう) (gannankō)
膏血(こうけつ) (kōketsu)
膏肓(こうこう) (kōkō)
膏薬(こうやく) (kōyaku)
石膏(せっこう) (sekkō)
石膏像(せっこうぞう) (sekkōzō)
軟膏(なんこう) (nankō)
絆創膏(ばんそうこう) (bansōkō)
二股膏薬(ふたまたこうやく) (futamatakōyaku)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
膏
あぶら Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 膏 – see the following entry.

【あぶら】

[noun] 油, 膏: oil

Alternative spelling
油

(This term, 膏, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

膏 • (go) (hangeul 고, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

膏: Hán Việt readings: cao

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

石膏 (thạch cao)